驾驶员BMI对肌肉疲劳度的影响研究

目的 探究在相同驾驶条件下，个体BMI差异对驾驶员肌肉疲劳累积的影响。方法 采用对照试验对驾驶员不同BMI与腰背肌肉疲劳之间的关系进行研究。12名被试以标准驾驶姿势进行时长60 min的模拟驾驶，采集被试驾驶期间腰背部竖脊肌及背阔肌表面肌电信号MPF。试验从主观测评、客观数据两个维度入手，分析各被试BMI与表面肌电信号之间的关系，从而判断长时间驾驶状态下，驾驶员不同BMI对腰背部肌肉疲劳度是否具有显著性影响。结果 两组肌肉MPF值与驾驶时间均呈现显著性负相关。3组不同被试组间背阔肌、竖脊肌MPF值存在显著性差异。两组肌肉MPF趋势变化图均表明BMI值越大，MPF值越早出现下降趋势，且竖脊肌MPF值波动明显>背阔肌。结论 驾驶员BMI值越大，肌肉越早出现疲劳，且腰部竖脊肌比背部背阔肌更容易出现疲劳现象。研究结果可为驾驶疲劳个体差异问题研究、驾驶座椅设计及驾驶疲劳检测因素研究提供一定参考。     

作业休息制度和搜索区域移动速度对搜索绩效和视觉疲劳的影响

目的本研究旨在探究不同的作业休息制度和搜索区域移动速度对动态视觉搜索任务的搜索绩效和视觉疲劳的影响。方法采用作业休息制度(3)×搜索区域移动速度(2)二因子组内设计的人因实验进行研究。被试(N=15)在不同的作业休息制度和移动速度条件下完成视觉搜索任务。测量指标包括单次任务反应时间、各个时间节点被试的闪光融合频率和主观疲劳感受评分。结果移动速度对搜索绩效和视觉疲劳主观感受有显著影响,闪光融合频率随移动速度的增加有降低的趋势。结论高移速的搜索任务比低移速的搜索任务带来的视觉疲劳程度更高,绩效更差。作业休息制度对搜索绩效、视觉疲劳主观感受有显著影响。研究结果对动态视觉搜索作业的劳动作业休息制度设计具有指导意义。     

驾驶员主观疲劳状态与方向盘转角对事故倾向性的综合预测模型

为研究驾驶员驾驶任务前的主观疲劳状态对事故倾向性的影响,采用瑞典行业疲劳问卷(SOFIC)对驾驶员驾驶任务前和驾驶任务后的主观疲劳状态进行测量,使用驾驶模拟器采集驾驶员的驾驶绩效指标(速度变异性、方向盘控制、刹车深度、油门大小、车道位置变异性、速度)和碰撞次数,并检验驾驶员驾驶任务前疲劳状态、驾驶绩效和碰撞次数的相关关系和回归关系。结果表明:驾驶员驾驶任务前疲劳状态、方向盘转角和碰撞次数有显著相关性,并且驾驶任务前的主观疲劳状态能够有效预测驾驶绩效和事故次数,自我评估的缺乏动力感受对碰撞次数的影响过程中,方向盘转角起完全中介作用。结论:任务前越疲劳的驾驶员,方向盘转角波动幅度越大,事故倾向性越强,可以结合使用SOFI-C量表和方向盘转角波幅对事故倾向性进行综合预测。     

认知负荷对驾驶员识别行人意图的影响

目的 准确识别行人意图对人车安全非常重要,但驾驶员在操作车辆时往往会面临一定的认知负荷。本研究考察认知负荷对驾驶员识别行人意图的影响。方法 通过听觉N-back任务操纵认知负荷,要求被试(N=90)在模拟驾驶场景中识别行人意图。结果 在2-back双任务的高负荷下,驾驶员识别行人意图的辨别力显著低于1-back双任务和单任务,且后两者没有差异。结论 增加认知负荷会削弱驾驶员识别行人意图的辨别力,提示对行人意图的识别需要认知资源的参与。因此,驾驶员应保持较低水平的认知负荷驾驶以提高人车交互安全。     

基于sEMG的渣土车驾驶员肌肉疲劳与恢复研究

目的 为了解渣土车驾驶员肌肉疲劳发展与疲劳恢复特征,避免疲劳累积,降低肌肉骨骼损伤风险。方法 设计并组织渣土车模拟驾驶实验。招募8名被试参与实验,测量驾驶过程和恢复阶段驾驶员主观疲劳评分数据与颈部左右斜方肌、腰部左右竖脊肌、左右多裂肌共6个肌群的肌肉活动信息,运用统计学分析方法分析肌肉疲劳随驾驶时间和恢复时间而变化的特征。结果 经过180 min模拟渣土车驾驶任务后,驾驶员达到非常疲劳状态,所测量6个肌群肌肉疲劳,腰部CR-10评分高于颈部;经过5 min静坐和30 min静坐且听音乐休息后,驾驶员恢复至较清醒状态,所测6个肌群中,身体左侧相关肌群逐渐恢复,身体右侧相关肌群仍然处于疲劳状态。结论 渣土车驾驶过程肌肉疲劳明显,静坐恢复方式有利于疲劳恢复,但是身体右侧斜方肌、竖脊肌和多裂肌仍处于疲劳状态。     

驾驶绩效与视觉听觉干扰

本文结合调查问卷和模拟行车实验,研究了不同程度的视觉、听觉干扰对驾驶绩效和行车安全的影响,以及驾驶行为对脑力负荷的影响。运用统计检验方法对实验结果进行分析,结果表明:不同程度的视觉、听觉干扰对驾驶绩效和行车安全的影响有显著性差异;在复杂程度的干扰下,视觉较听觉对驾驶绩效的干扰程度更大;驾驶过程中的干扰行为对驾驶员脑力负荷有显著影响。     

列车运行噪声暴露下的驾驶疲劳实验研究

目的 为了探究在城市轨道交通列车运行过程产生的噪声对驾驶员驾驶疲劳的影响,进一步为轨道交通管理人员制定预防和减缓驾驶疲劳策略提供理论依据。方法 本研究通过设计50/60/70/80 dB噪声值下的模拟驾驶实验,采集被试人员的脑电信号数据并对其功率谱密度和样本熵指标进行分析。结果 (1)随着噪声值的增大,θ波和α波的功率谱密度整体呈增大趋势,β波的功率谱密度整体呈现减小趋势;(2)与50 dB噪声环境相比,80 dB高噪声环境下的脑电的样本熵平均值下降最大,其带来的疲劳增长最为显著。结论驾驶疲劳程度与环境噪声值成显著正相关,且80 dB高噪声环境显著增加了驾驶员进入疲劳驾驶状态的风险,而在脑电活动方面,θ波的变化可以更好地表征噪声导致的疲劳效应。     

自动驾驶接管中的分层振动警示设计研究

目的驾驶员在自动驾驶系统遇到无法处理的交通情况时需要尽快恢复情景意识,进行驾驶操控权的接管,由于自动驾驶中驾驶员将更多的从事驾驶次任务,需要进行有效的自动驾驶接管信息提示设计,降低认知负荷,提高接管绩效,改善驾驶体验。方法触觉显示是在视听通道失效的情况下,获取驾驶情景信息的有效方式。基于自主开发的触觉坐垫,研究分层振动警示接管策略对情景意识恢复和用户体验的影响。实验共有24名被试,每个被试将进行单层级、双层级和三层级接管实验。被试在接收到振动警示后,需要中止当前的非驾驶相关任务,接管汽车的控制,并躲过风险情境。结论实验结果表明,相对于单层级振动警示,多层振动警示能提高接管绩效,尤其在高负荷道路和低负荷道路中。三层级振动警示的综合评价最高,但同时也带来了额外的认知负荷。     

基于眼动特征及ECG的轨道交通驾驶员疲劳分析与识别

目的分析城市轨道交通驾驶员眼动特征及心电信号(ECG)的变化趋势,探究适宜的疲劳等级划分方法,构建有效的疲劳识别模型。方法招募6名志愿者进行城市轨道交通列车驾驶模拟实验,全程佩戴EQ02+型ECG数据采集套件和Dikablis眼镜式眼动仪,分析被试瞳孔面积变化,采用聚类分析法划分疲劳等级,分析被试SDNN、RMSSD、HF、HFnorm、LF/HF五项心电指标的变化,采用心电信号指标构建支持向量机(SVM)疲劳识别模型。结果 (1)被试瞳孔面积总体呈现波动下降的趋势,且与聚类分析法划分的疲劳等级具有一致性。(2)心电指标随实验时间变化明显,反映了交感神经和迷走神经的调节功能,可用于被试疲劳状态分析与识别。(3)对比三种不同核函数下模型的训练结果,高斯核函数识别效果最好,识别率达87.5%。结论眼动特征疲劳等级划分与心电指标SVM疲劳识别模型构建的结合,可为城市轨道交通驾驶员疲劳监测与预测的进一步研究提供依据。     

驾驶疲劳的心电和肌电信号分析

目的探讨疲劳情境下驾驶员心电信号和肌电信号的有效特征。方法被试为12名年轻驾驶员,标准刺激为96张不同驾驶情景图片,要求被试连续2.5 h对图片进行按键反应。结果随着疲劳程度的增强,心率变异性呈整体上升趋势,平均功率频率呈下降趋势。结论心率、表面肌电值可以作为测量驾驶员疲劳程度的有效指标,人体的疲劳程度可能不是连续的增加,而是疲劳和清醒交替不断出现。     

驾驶疲劳对随意注意影响的ERP研究

目的：基于事件相关电位（ERP）来探讨驾驶疲劳对于随意注意的影响。方法：采用组间对照,对照组为12名充分休息的出租车司机,实验组为15名连续驾驶10h的司机。采用听觉及视觉Oddball范式,要求被试对靶刺激进行按键反应。结果：听觉、视觉P300以中央顶区为主,驾驶疲劳后靶刺激引起的P300潜伏期没有显著变化,幅值显著降低。结论：驾驶疲劳后听觉、视觉随意注意能力下降。     

驾驶行为量表(中国版)的制订及信效度检验

目的检验中文版驾驶行为量表(Driving Behavior Scale,DBS)在国内驾驶员群体中的信度、效度和适用性。方法采用中文版驾驶行为量表对360名驾驶员进行了测量,获得328份有效问卷,通过项目分析和因素分析,形成最终中文版量表。结果量表共有21个题目,分为3个维度:过度的安全/谨慎行为、驾驶功能缺陷和敌意/攻击行为。累计方差解释率为62.48%。量表的内部一致性系数为0.86,各个因素的内部一致性系数在0.81-0.93之间,P均0.001。修订后中文版驾驶行为量表各维度与驾驶安全态度量表各维度之间显著相关。这说明该量表的相容效度良好。结论最终中文版驾驶行为量表信效度良好,能够可靠而有效的测量国内焦虑驾驶行为。     

Alertness maintaining tasks (AMTs) while driving

We evaluated the effectiveness of alertness maintaining tasks (AMTs) on driver performance, subjective feelings, and psychophysiological state in monotonous simulated driving in two experiments. In the first experiment, 12 professional truck drivers participated in five sessions of simulated driving: driving only, driving with one of three AMTs (counterbalanced), and driving while listening to music. AMTs were not equally effective in maintaining alertness. The trivia AMT prevented driving performance deterioration, and increased alertness (measured by standardized HRV). The choice reaction time AMT was least demanding but also increased subjective sleepiness and reduced arousal (measured by alpha/beta ratio). The working memory AMT caused a significant decrement in driving speed, increased subjective fatigue, and was regarded by the participants as detrimental to driving. Trivia was preferred by the majority of the drivers over the other two AMTs. Experiment 2 further examined the utility of the trivia AMT. When the drivers engaged in the trivia AMT they maintained better driving performance and perceived the driving duration as shorter than the control condition. The two experiments demonstrated that AMTs can have a positive effect on alertness. The effect is localized in the sense that it does not persist beyond the period of the AMT activation.     

驾驶疲劳对执行功能的影响

本研究的主要目的是探讨驾驶疲劳对于执行功能的影响。文章采用连续驾驶10小时的出租车司机作为驾驶疲劳组,组间对照研究设计,对照组为充分休息的出租车司机。主要选择Stroop色词测验、卡片分类测验和词汇流畅性测验进行测试。结果表明,驾驶疲劳后执行功能显著降低,表现为行为抑制能力、定势转移能力、分析／综合能力的下降。结论：驾驶疲劳后执行功能降低。     

驾驶疲劳对视觉非随意注意影响的ERP研究

目的：探讨驾驶疲劳对于视觉非随意注意的影响。方法：采用组间对照,对照组为12名充分休息的出租车司机,实验组为15名连续驾驶10h的司机。采用视觉Oddball范式,标准刺激：正立三角形,70％;靶刺激：倒立三角形,15％;新异刺激：乱线条,15％。共2个block,每个block有300个刺激,刺激间隔（SOA）900—1000ms,刺激呈现时间50ms。要求被试对靶刺激进行按键反应。结果：疲劳引起新异刺激额区P170幅值显著降低,枕区N1幅值显著降低;新异刺激产生明显的额中央区分布的N2和P3a,P3a无明显的疲劳效应,疲劳组N2幅值的显著降低。结论：驾驶疲劳引起对视觉新异刺激的早期认知障碍,并且视觉非随意注意能力下降。     

车联网信息对驾驶员视觉注意与行为的影响

目的探讨不同驾驶情景下车联网信息呈现形式及复杂度对驾驶过程和绩效的影响。方法采用3(信息复杂度:无、简单、复杂)*2(信息通道:视、听)*3(驾驶场景:纵向、横向、转角)多因素混合设计,以驾驶员视觉注意指标、驾驶行为指标为因变量,共招募60名驾驶员,分两组。结果 (1)车联网信息以听觉通道呈现会增加行车稳定性及方向盘控制稳定性,且不会损害驾驶员的视觉注意行为,视觉则相反;(2)信息简单也会增加行车稳定性及方向盘控制稳定性。结论横向与纵向路径以听觉呈现简单信息有利于促进安全驾驶行为,转角路径中应避免车联网信息。     

Commentary training improves responsiveness to hazards in a driving simulator

Can commentary driving produce safer drivers? Producing a verbal commentary of potential hazards during driving has long been considered by the police to improve hazard perception skills. In this study we investigated whether learner drivers would benefit from being trained to produce a commentary drive. All learners were initially assessed on a virtual route in a driving simulator that contained 9 hazards. One group of drivers was then trained in commentary driving, and their subsequent simulated driving behaviour was compared to a control group. The results showed that the trained group had fewer crashes, reduced their speed sooner on approach to hazards, and applied pressure to the brakes sooner than untrained drivers. Conversely the untrained drivers’ behaviour on approach to hazards was symptomatic of being surprised at the appearance of the hazards. The benefit of training was found to be greater for certain types of hazard than others.     

The effects of age and workload on 3D spatial attention in dual-task driving

In the present study we assessed whether the limits in visual–spatial attention associated with aging affect the spatial extent of attention in depth during driving performance. Drivers in the present study performed a car-following and light-detection task. To assess the extent of visual–spatial attention, we compared reaction times and accuracy to light change targets that varied in horizontal position and depth location. In addition, because workload has been identified as a factor that can change the horizontal and vertical extent of attention, we tested whether variability of the lead car speed influenced the extent of spatial attention for younger or older drivers. For younger drivers, reaction time (RT) to light-change targets varied as a function of distance and horizontal position. For older drivers RT varied only as a function of distance. There was a distance by horizontal position interaction for younger drivers but not for older drivers. Specifically, there was no effect of horizontal position at any given level of depth for older drivers. However, for younger drivers there was an effect of horizontal position for targets further in depth but not for targets nearer in depth. With regards to workload, we found no statistically reliable evidence that variability of the lead car speed had an effect on the spatial extent of attention for younger or older drivers. In a control experiment, we examined the effects of depth on light detection when the projected size and position of the targets was constant. Consistent with our previous results, we found that drivers’ reaction time to light-change targets varied as a function of distance even when 2D position and size were controlled. Given that depth is an important dimension in driving performance, an important issue for assessing driving safety is to consider the limits of attention in the depth dimension. Therefore, we suggest that future research should consider the importance of depth as a dimension of spatial attention in relation to the assessment of driving performance.     

重型长途货运汽车夜间驾驶疲劳测试研究

为了预防重型长途货运汽车驾驶员夜间的驾驶疲劳,在京珠高速公路进行实车试验,采集驾驶员的历时心率数据,并以心率增加率和疲劳综合评价值为指标分析和评价驾驶疲劳情况。结果表明：驾驶仓栅式载货车属于轻级劳动强度,疲劳综合评价值为1.300;而驾驶半挂车属于中级劳动强度,疲劳综合评价值为1.624~1.929。进一步通过安全阈值分析得出,重型货车驾驶员每次连续驾驶的时间不宜超过3.0 h。研究结果为夜间重型货车驾驶员合理安排驾驶时间,有效预防驾驶疲劳提供了参考依据。     

Young drivers who obtained their licence after an intensive driving course report more incidents than drivers with a traditional driver education

This paper studies the effectiveness of intensive driving courses; both in driving test success and safe driving after passing the driving test. The so-called intensive driving course (IDC) consists of a limited number of consecutive days in which the learner driver takes driving lessons all day long; and is different from traditional training in which lessons are spread out over several months and in which learners take one or two driving lessons of approximately 1 h each per week. Our study indicates that – in the first two years of their driving career – IDC drivers (n = 35) reported an incident significantly more often (43%) than 351 drivers who obtained their driving licence after traditional training (26%). Our study also indicates that the IDC drivers underwent almost the same number of training hours as the drivers who had traditional training, although spacing of these hours was different. There was no difference in the number of attempts to pass the driving test. We did not find any evidence that a self-selection bias was responsible for the difference in reported number of incidents.