浅析固定床煤气发生炉中的流体力学特性

常压固定床间歇式煤气发生炉是当今氮肥行业的关键设备之一，研究并探索出流体在常压状态下和固定床层中的气化特性，对提高煤气发生炉生产负荷，强化生产，降低消耗，起着至关重要的作用。     

改进造气工艺设备建立合理的循环周期与阶段时间分配

针对煤气发生炉生产中出现的火层结块和炭层易吹翻以及炉膛挂疤现象,改进设备、优化工艺条件,建立科学的循环周期与阶段时间分配。     

灰盘直径没必要改大

文章以火层结构分析入手，论述了火层的架构，火层跟灰层的关系，火层灰层的稳定依靠灰盘上灰渣暂存区的容积空间作保障。采用SN型炉算，灰盘直径没有必要改大．     

固定层煤气发生炉节能降耗的措施

基于生产实践,从改进流程、改造设备、控制渣层等几个方面入手,阐述了合成氨生产中固定层煤气发生炉节能降耗的几项主要措施.     

浅议新形势下工作循环的选择与优化

当前，煤头氮肥厂家都在寻求降低煤耗和稳定生产的有效途径，以应对能源危机的挑战。在以煤为原料，常压固定层间歇式气化工艺的过程中，选择适宜的工作循环周期及其备阶段循环时间百分比，能够促使煤气发生炉气化层温度谷、峰值波动不大，气化层位置及其厚度适宜，从而提高了煤气发生炉总体气化效率，真正地不失为一项有效的节能措施。     

论固定层煤气发生炉的设计改进

对目前固定层煤气发生炉易出现的问题进行了剖析，并提出了改进煤气炉的方法。     

改进煤气炉用劣质煤生产优质煤气

为适应目前玻璃厂优质煤供不应求的实际情况,对13型煤气发生炉进行改造,达到用劣质煤生产优质煤气的需要。作者提出了五项改进,解决了偏炉、窜火、气化不均、炉篦 底座炸裂等一系列问题,生产出优质煤气。     

造气循环时间与阶段时间分配的改进

针对煤气发生炉生产中出现的火层结块的炭层易吹翻以及炉膛挂疤现象 ,改进设备 ,优化工艺条件 ,建立科学的循环周期与阶段时间分配。     

煤气发生炉炉出煤气含水量计算

煤炭中的水和气化剂中的水等因素，对煤气发生炉炉出煤气含水量影响最大，通过气化反应过程中氢的平衡，推导了炉出煤气含水量计算公式。同时指出探火、打钎操作时汽封带入的水，和高温灰渣落入灰盘水封时汽化的部分水封水，以及煤炭中和空气中的氢元素等，也同样会不同程度地影响发生炉炉出煤气含水量，实际工程计算时应考虑据此进行适当修正。     

提高煤气发生炉气化效果的一条有效途径

论述了实际生产中适当增加煤气发生炉内料层高度以提高气化效果的理论依据，并对加高料层前后的气化效果进行了比较。     

多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉内火焰声学特性分析

气化炉内火焰声学信号是表征水煤浆气化炉内火焰燃烧及流动特性的重要信息。为了更好地了解气流床气化炉内撞击火焰的燃烧特性及其对气化炉的影响,在多喷嘴对置式气流床气化炉中,进行了两喷嘴撞击火焰和四喷嘴撞击火焰的变工况试验。应用统计理论和Hilbert-Huang变换对炉内火焰声学信号分别进行了时域和频域的分析。结果表明,随着燃料或氧气的增大,火焰化学反应速率加快,燃烧越来越剧烈,火焰的稳定性越来越差,其中氧气对火焰的影响大于燃料。四喷嘴工况的撞击火焰噪声的标准偏差值要大于两喷嘴,但标准偏差随工况的变化小于两喷嘴,说明四喷嘴撞击火焰燃烧剧烈但稳定。低氧燃比工况时,四喷嘴能量和频率的分布主要集中在45 Hz以下的低频段和45～100 Hz的中频段,比两喷嘴工况更集中于低频段。     

造气炉气化层温度测量与控制技术

针对造气炉操作中温度控制存在的实际问题，采用气化层温度在线检测技术，改进传统的煤气化工艺操作方法，以实现造气炉温度控制生产操作自动化。     

应用炉膛压力诊断气流床气化炉的火焰状态

气化炉是煤气化技术中的关键设备 .气化炉内火焰燃烧稳定性下降 ,会出现燃烧噪音增加、气化燃烧效率降低及熄火等现象 ,对安全性和经济性产生严重的影响 .对气流床气化炉内不同气化燃烧状态下的火焰压力信号进行了小波分析 .结果表明 ,压力信号在一定频段内的分布与气化炉内火焰燃烧的状态密切相关 ,发现随着火焰燃烧稳定性加强 ,气化炉内压力信号向高频方向移动 ,以此可以建立气流床气化炉燃烧诊断模型 .     

气流床煤气化炉壁面反应模型

建立了气流床煤气化炉煤灰渣颗粒沉积和壁面反应模型,相应完善了渣层流动、传热传质和相变模型,发展了数值模拟方法,并以国内某型两段式干煤粉加压气流床煤气化中试炉为对象进行了模拟。利用建立的模型可以得到壁面反应速率、渣层含碳量、固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度、渣层平均温度和液态渣层平均速度等。结果表明:氧煤比升高,渣层平均温度升高,固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度和气化炉出口灰渣含碳量降低。计算得到的灰渣含碳量在14%左右,整体碳转化率为95.2%左右,与实际值相近。通过模拟发现壁面反应对于所分析气化炉的碳转化率、排渣含碳量、壁面渣层流动和温度状态具有重要影响,进而影响气化炉的安全稳定运行。     

Intumescent flame retardant TPO composites: Flame retardant properties and morphology of the charred layer

Intumescent flame retardant thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) composites were prepared to study the relationships between their structure of charred layer (including of the multicellular intumescent layer and the charry layer) and flame retardant properties. They were characterized using the LOI and UL‐94 test, which indicated that the best fire retardant behavior (V‐0 rating and LOI reach to 28.1%) was obtained at the formulation of TPO/ammonium dihydrogen phosphate/starch (100/60/20). Thermal gravimetric analysis demonstrated that the presence of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate/starch promoted the esterification and carbonization process in lower temperature range while enhancing the thermal stability of intumescent flame retardant TPO in high‐temperature range. Scanning electron microscope and optical microscope were shown that, with combustion time prolonged, the intumescent layers obtained greater number of cells, and the charry layer became more compact while the size of the carbon granules became smaller on the surface. Introduction of starch had an obvious effect on the structure of the intumescent and charry layers. The charry layer of the composites with the content of 20 phr starch was more compact and uniform than that of the composites with 50 phr. The weight ratio of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate to starch in the intumescent flame retardant was fixed as 3 : 1 which cooperated with each other well to promote a compact charry layer and to obtain the better flame retardancy performance. Therefore, the better the charred layers produced, and the better flame retardant properties they obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

强负荷条件下煤气炉稳定工况对策

从炭层、灰层、气化剂和生产操作方面提出了煤气炉在高气化强度条件下稳定工况和优化工艺的要领。提出了相应的解决措施。     

Application of poly(diphenolic acid‐phenyl phosphate)‐based layer by layer nanocoating in flame retardant ramie fabrics

Poly(diphenolic acid‐phenyl phosphate) [poly(DPA‐PDCP)], obtained from diphenolic acid (a well‐known biomass chemical), was used together with polyethylenimine (PEI) to construct a flame retardant surface coating for ramie fabric using layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer (EDX) were used to confirm the successful formation of layer by layer assembly. Assessment of the thermal and flammability properties for poly(DPA‐PDCP)/PEI‐coated ramie fabrics showed that the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and residual char were enhanced as the concentration of poly(DPA‐PDCP) and the BL number in the LbL process increased as well as the treatment of KH550 was applied. SEM and EDX analysis of the char residue confirmed further the intumescent flame retardant mechanism. This work demonstrated the great potentials of poly(DPA‐PDCP)/PEI flame retardant nanocoating constructed by LbL assembly method in the application of ramie fabric. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44795.     

多喷嘴气化炉气体浓度及撞击火焰高度分析

基于多喷嘴对置热模实验平台,以柴油为模拟介质,对其气化过程进行了实验研究.采用水冷取样管,对气化炉喷嘴平面及轴线上方进行气体取样,经气体净化系统,由质谱仪实时在线分析.结果表明,喷嘴平面内,距中心5 cm处,CO,CO2和H2浓度开始发生较大变化,即为火焰撞击区域,且该区域同由火焰图象拍摄结果一致;气化炉中心轴线方向,气体浓度曲线在距离中心29 cm处出现拐点,表明气化火焰高度与炉内径之比约为1.0.     

Gasification of coal by a pilot flame in a modified fluidized bed

Coal is successfully gasified in the presence of a pilot flame in a modified fluidized bed. Except for the pilot flame, no external heat is required to operate this gasifier. The results showed that increasing the solid-to-air ratio in the feed increased the temperature and the products, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. About 95% of the volatile materials and 80% of the fixed carbon of the feed coal could be gasified by this pilot-flame gasification method. The ash could be efficiently separated during gasification by a distributor within the dead-zone collector of this gasifier.     

固定层间歇生产造气炉吹风量分析

通过对固定层造气炉在吹风阶段建立吹风氧化层高温区和吹风过渡层高温区的基本机理的分析，揭示出造气炉内气化层固相和气相温度的分布特点以及各层面对气化反应强弱、炭消耗指标高低的影响。提出了造气炉吹风量应达到使固相蓄最大量热于炉内、气相只移最少量热于炉外的定性要求和定量准则。