表面电荷积聚对绝缘子沿面闪络影响的研究

通过对典型绝缘子表面电荷分布特点的分析，研究了表面电荷与放电起始间的关系。研究表明在表面电荷作用下绝缘子沿面闪络起始电压会发生变化。对110kV三相共箱式GIS绝缘子的闪络实验表明，表面电荷可使绝缘子沿面闪络电压下降23．4％。对位移电流作用下的绝缘子沿面闪络先导发展模型进行改进，补充了表面电荷对该模型的影响。指出表面电荷产生的附加电场会影响流注电晕内部正负电荷的分离速度及放电的进一步发展。     

GIS绝缘子在冲击电压下沿面闪络的分析

利用计算和试验两种方法,对在SF_6气体中的绝缘子施加冲击电压下的电场及其引起的沿面闪络原因进行了剖析,指出在冲击电压作用下,增加屏蔽罩是减弱电极结构所引起的电场垂直分量的一条行之有效的途径;沿面闪络主要取决于电场分布的均匀度和绝缘子表面受周围环境导电微粒污染这两个基本因素;电极形状导致的局部场强增大,靠增加绝缘子沿面闪络距离不能明显提高沿面闪络电压。     

纳秒脉冲下圆台形可加工陶瓷真空沿面耐电特性测试与仿真分析

真空中绝缘子表面的沿面闪络现象极大地限制了电真空设备的发展进程。为此,将一种具有优良可加工性能和良好耐电性能的可加工陶瓷引入真空绝缘领域,结合工程实际中经常采用圆台形绝缘结构,将其加工成不同角度的圆台形绝缘子,在ns脉冲电压下对试品进行了真空沿面耐电性能的测试,并分析了锥角对阴极三结合点处电场、表面电荷分布和初始电子运...     

冲击电压下真空中固体沿面闪络的试验研究

在分析真空中沿面闪络放电机理的基础上,综述了真空中绝缘子表面闪络的各种主要影响因素。选用尼龙材料在真空条件下施加冲击电压,采用平面平行电极,开展沿面闪络试验。试验结果表明,当气压在3×10－3 Pa到9.4×10－2 Pa范围内时,绝缘材料闪络电压在8~12 kV波动;气压在2×10－1 Pa变化到4.5×10－1 Pa时,绝缘材料闪络电压骤降。由此可见,在3×10－3Pa到4.5×10－1 Pa范围内,随着气压的变化,闪络电压先有一个小的波动,后下降再上升的变化趋势。该结果为相关的研究工作提供了试验数据。     

真空中氧化铝陶瓷表面耐压试验研究

为提高真空中陶瓷绝缘子的整体耐压水平．对真空中氧化铝陶瓷的沿面闪络行为进行研究，选用95氧化铝陶瓷和掺锰铬氧化铝陶瓷进行表面耐压试验，结果表明：测试过程对陶瓷绝缘子沿面闪络电压有较大影响；在相同条件下，掺锰铬瓷的沿面耐压能力明显比95氧化铝陶瓷高；同时，真空中原始表面较磨加工表面具有更高的耐压强度。     

真空冲击电压下氧化铝陶瓷沿面闪络现象的发展过程

真空沿面闪络的发生与发展的过程是电气与电子领域众多学者长期以来所关注的问题,这一复杂的放电现象至今还不能完全从机理上给予说明.本文采用电气、光学联合检测的方法,利用增强型电荷耦合器件(ICCD)对真空冲击电压下氧化铝陶瓷沿面闪络现象的动态发展过程进行了研究,考察了在试样表面溅射金属薄膜电极对闪络发光现象的影响.从闪络的电压、电流和发光波形看出,闪络发生时的电流和发光峰值出现时间一致,并滞后于电压截断点.从ICCD图像可以发现,在试样表面发生完全闪络之前其表面已经出现预闪络发光通道,而沿面闪络发光的最强阶段出现在闪络发生之后的几十纳秒,此时电流出现最大值,能够发现在电极的边缘位置发光最为强烈;溅射电极之后试样的沿面闪络电压有所降低,闪络发生时的发光强度提高,在闪络发生时电极之间的材料内部可能出现体内的复合过程.     

表面粗糙度对绝缘材料真空闪络特性的影响

在高电场作用下,在真空、气体或液体介质中常常会发生沿固体绝缘表面的破坏性放电现象,即表面闪络,而发生闪络的电压往往远低于固体和氛围介质本身的击穿电压,其中尤以真空中的闪络现象最为严重.本文针对真空条件下PTFE和可加工陶瓷在冲击电压下的沿面闪络现象进行了观测和研究.发现改变绝缘材料粗糙度对其闪络特性有明显的影响,并对这些现象进行合理解释.     

表面电荷对SF6中绝缘子沿面放电的影响

通过直流电晕放电将正、负极性电荷附到绝缘子表面 ,然后将电压从直流快速切换成雷电波或陡波 ,研究 SF6气体中绝缘子沿面闪络特性。实验结果表明 ,绝缘子表面电荷极性对冲击电压下的闪络电压有极大的影响     

平板模型沿面工频沙尘闪络特性的试验研究及放电机制分析

风沙对电力系统外绝缘放电的影响已引起广泛关注,由于污秽绝缘子的闪络与沉积在绝缘子表面的污秽性质有关,沙尘环境下的沙粒性质、状态、大气环境等均对绝缘子闪络特性有影响。因此以典型的平板模型为研究对象,在沙尘模拟实验室,对沙尘环境下外绝缘沿面工频放电特性进行了试验研究和机制分析。得到了风沙速度、风沙带电量、沙粒沉积量及沙粒含水量等因素对沿面放电的影响规律;在有风有沙和有风无沙时,平板模型沿面闪络电压Uf随风速的增大而增大,当风速达到4.5m/s后增大趋势变缓;Uf受沙尘的电荷量影响较小;当干沙粒沉积在绝缘表面时,随着沉积密度的增加,Uf存在着极小值;同时,平板模型的闪络电压还与沉积沙粒的含水量有关。在此基础上分析了风沙环境下绝缘子的沿面闪络过程和放电机制,得出了无沙区域在沿面闪络过程中起重要影响这一结论。     

纳秒脉冲下真空绝缘子表面电荷的三维分布形态EI北大核心CSCD

表面电荷的积聚会改变电场分布,也会参与放电的电子倍增过程,导致真空绝缘子的沿面闪络电压显著降低。工程中的真空绝缘子是45°圆台形,现有的表面电荷二维测量不能满足研究要求。为研究表面电荷分布特性,研制了表面电荷三维测量平台,获得了表面电荷的三维分布形态。在正极性脉冲电压作用下,表面电荷全部为正,在负极性脉冲电压作用下,表面电荷全部为负。靠近上电极表面电荷密度大。随着脉冲电压幅值和次数的增加,电荷积聚量明显增大。表面电荷的积聚使闪络电压有一定程度的降低。45°圆台绝缘子上电极处的强电场导致的场致发射是表面电荷产生的原因。     

Influence of sintering temperature on the flashover performance of alumina insulators in vacuum

This paper reports on the influence of sintering conditions on the flashover/pre-flashover characteristics of alumina insulators in vacuum under an impulse voltage. Four kinds of alumina insulator were studied, which were prepared using the same formula with different sintering conditions. The surface pre-flashover and flashover phenomena of different samples in vacuum have been observed under impulse voltage. Based on the experimental results, the characteristics of pre-flashover and flashover vary with different kinds of test samples. It was found that the insulators with a higher sintering temperature had a lower flashover voltage, and more active preflashover. From a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of alumina insulators, we conclude that the methods of preparing alumina samples can affect their microstructure resulting in a change in the pre-flashover and flashover performance as alumina insulators.     

真空中绝缘子闪络前表面带电现象的仿真研究

真空中绝缘子发生沿面闪络之前存在绝缘子表面的带电现象,该现象对闪络的发展具有重要影响,到目前为止对该现象进行实时测量还存在很大的难度。基于二次电子发射雪崩(secondary electron emission avalanche,SEEA)模型,利用Monte Carlo法研究了真空中圆柱型和圆台型绝缘子在闪络前表面电荷密度的二维分布。仿真中采用了氧化铝陶瓷、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚酰亚胺(PI)以及聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)等不同绝缘材料。考察了绝缘材料、施加电压以及圆锥绝缘子不同锥角对表面电荷密度和分布的影响。仿真结果表明,在靠近阴极处的绝缘子表面存在小区域的负电荷区,而后变为较大区域的正电荷区;二次电子发射系数较小的绝缘子表面的正电荷密度较小;随外施电压升高,负电荷的密度及区域减小,而正电荷的密度及区域增大,且正电荷区域的峰值向靠近阴极方向移动;圆台绝缘子的锥角为负时其表面正电荷密度大于锥角为正时的情况,当锥角在-22.5°~-30°之间时表面正电荷密度达到最大,而此时对应的闪络电压最低。仿真结果与实验结果有较好的对应关系。     

Insulator surface charge accumulation under impulse voltage

The surface charge distribution under impulse voltage is measured using a static capacitance probe. A probe with very small charge leakage is designed. The condition of surface charge accumulation under impulse voltage is analyzed, and it is concluded that micro discharges in the gas near the insulator surface such as the corona caused by free and fixed metal particles is usually a prerequisite condition. The dynamic equation describing the relationship between surface charge density and the applied voltage is established, and the process of surface charge accumulation under impulse voltage is analyzed. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the decrease of wave front time of the impulse voltage can result in an increase of surface charge accumulation. A GIS spacer is used to investigate the influence of charge accumulation on the flashover characteristics. It is shown that the 50% impulse flashover voltage can be reduced by 23.4%, and the lower limit of the V-t characteristics can be lowered drastically if the polarity of the surface charge is opposite to that of the applied voltage.     

表面电荷积聚对冲击电压下绝缘子沿面放电的影响

绝缘子的表面缺陷会导致表面电荷积聚，使绝缘子表面的电场发生畸变，影响冲击电压下绝缘子的沿面放电。研究了表面电荷对绝缘子沿面放电进程的影响，发现表面电荷积聚可以降低绝缘子沿面放电的起始电压。外施冲击电压的极性与绝缘子表面电荷极性是否相同会影响绝缘子的电晕起始时刻、由流注向先导的转变时间间隔和流注电晕电流。表面电荷对GIS支撑绝缘子的50％冲击闪络电压和伏秒特性也有一定的影响。     

Characteristics of preflashover light emission from dielectricsurfaces in vacuum

Luminescence from dielectric surfaces during preflashover in vacuum was observed under pulse excitation. By preflashover luminescence, we mean light emission under no flashover conditions. Study of light emission with respect to electrode configurations and spacing between the two electrodes shows that preflashover light emission is related to electron emission from the cathode and trapping/detrapping processes on the dielectric surface layer. Spectroscopic observations of the light emission indicate that the preflashover spectrum changes from one voltage shot to another voltage shot of the same amplitude and that the spectral distribution of the light emission depends on the dielectric material used. We believe that the light emission from preflashover is electroluminescence which may be attributed to de-excitation of excited species in the surface layers of the dielectric material     

Insulation performance and flashover mechanism of bridged vacuum gaps

The insulation performance and the flashover mechanism of a vacuum gap bridged by an insulator in the shape of a conical frustum have been studied. The cone angle of the insulator is varied from 0 to 45 deg and the thickness of the insulator is varied from 5 to 15 mm. The gap is subjected to a lightning impulse voltage of 2/50 μs. The insulation performance is investigated by observing the ratio of the flashover voltage of the bridged gap to that of the gap without insulators. The flashover mechanism is investigated by observing the distribution of traces on the cathode surface due to flashovers and by analyzing the electric field near the insulator-cathode junction. Charging of the insulator due to electron collisions on its surface is considered in this analysis. As a result, it is found that the ratio is greater than 90 percent for a cone angle greater than a critical one when the top of the frustum is subjected to the positive impulses. It is found also that the trace distribution is related closely to the insulation performance.     

Optical investigation of AC preflashover of alumina ceramic in vacuum

Optical phenomena accompanying the preflashover along a planar metal-alumina-metal structure were investigated under stepped AC voltage in vacuum. Two kinds of electrode contacts with and without sputtered gold films were employed. For sputtered alumina, the luminescence became observable at /spl sim/1 kV/sub peak/, and revealed two stages depending on the amplitude of applied voltage. For non-sputtered alumina the optical emission appeared at a much higher voltage and presented irregular and discrete light pulses. The energy band at the metal-alumina interface for the two kinds of electrode contacts is responsible for the relevant optical mechanisms. For non-sputtered contact, the light emission was initiated by field electron emission from the triple junction. While for the sputtered contact, prior to the electron emission, electrons/holes could be injected from electrodes into the surface layer of alumina and electroluminescence phenomena occur due to the radiative electron-hole recombination. Injected electrons form a long-term negative space charge region away from each electrode and hence at a critical applied voltage, the trapped electrons are detrapped resulting in intense light emission. These processes play a significant role in the development of flashover.     

Numerical design of HV insulators based on charge accumulation invacuum

A MCS (Monte Carlo simulation) method of charge accumulation based on the SEEA (secondary emission electron avalanche) mechanism is applied to the design of effective corrugation on an insulator surface used in vacuum. The electric field distribution on the cathode in the vicinity of a triple junction is analyzed taking the SEEA charge accumulation into account. Considerable relaxation of field strength takes places due to negative charge accumulation with appropriate corrugation. The flashover voltage obtained experimentally increases as the field strength decreases. The results of the MCS agree well with experiment     

强风环境下绝缘子闪络特性分析

在绝缘子各种闪络故障中,不明原因引起的闪络占有相当比例,这其中环境因素的影响较为突出.为此,特设计风洞试验,模拟绝缘子受大风影响的实际运行情况,研究不同风速对绝缘子闪络电压的影响,找出强风环境下绝缘子闪络特性,进而提出相应防范措施.试验结果表明,复合绝缘子闪络电压随风速增大而升高,而对瓷质绝缘子,超过20 m/s风速后...