Rigorous modeling of ultrawideband VHF scattering from tree trunksover flat and. sloped terrain

Three electromagnetic models are employed for the investigation of ultrawideband VHF scattering from tree trunks situated over flat and sloped terrain. Two of the models are numerical, each employing a frequency-domain integral-equation formulation solved via the method of moments (MoM). A body-of-revolution (BoR) Mote formulation is applied for a tree trunk on a flat terrain, implying that the BoR axis is perpendicular to the layers of an arbitrary layered-earth model. For the case of sloped terrain, the BoR model is inapplicable, and therefore the MoM solution is performed via general triangular-patch basis functions. Both MoM models are very accurate but are computationally expensive. Consequently, the authors also consider a third model, employing approximations based on the closed-form solution for scattering from an infinite dielectric cylinder in free space. The third model is highly efficient computationally and, despite the significant approximations, often yields accurate results relative to data computed via the reference MoM solutions. Data from the three models are considered, and several examples of application to remote sensing are addressed     

The calculation of radiation characteristics of antennas near a rectangular cylinder reflector by GTD

The horizontal radiation patterns of dipoles and double-loop antennas near a rectangular cylinder reflector are calculated and analyzed by the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). The magnitudes of the direct field, the reflected field and the diffracted field at a field point are studied. The effects on the resultant field pattern of the size of the reflecting cylinder, of the relative position between the antennas and the reflecting cylinder, and of the methods of feeding of antennas are analyzed. The results obtained show that in order to obtain the optimum omni-directional characteristics of rediation, the optimum design for the parameters of antenna system is needed. The method and results in this paper provide means and bases for the optimum design of this kind of antenna system.     

Short medium frequency AM antennas

Short antennas have again attracted broadcaster attention. These kinds of antennas have been used since the 1920s. At that time it was the logical antenna as a new application of this service after more than twenty years of telegraphic transmissions. Telegraphic transmissions were the most important radio communication service at that time, and because of the long range needed the lowest frequencies as possible were employed. For this reason very short antennas were used even if their size was enormous. Top loaded monopoles were very popular and this technique was employed for broadcast use before the vertical transmitting mast exhaustive study was carried on in the thirties. Nowadays a short antenna would be useful for low power applications and specially to be mounted on building tops. Of course this kind of antennas is not intended to replace the optimum monopoles or vertical dipole where maximum efficiency, maximum gain and antifading properties were achieved after exhaustive studies and after long experience theoretically and practically achieved. CFAs, short monopoles, short dipoles and short folded monopoles have been analyzed from the theoretical and practical point of view in order to choose the simplest and most efficient. model to fulfill downtown stringent requirements     

The Millimeter Wave Radiation of a Traveling Wave Sinusoidal Wire Antenna

In this paper, investigation of radiation properties of the traveling-wave sinusoidal wire antennas is extended to the millimeter-wave frequencies (Ka-band) for the antennas whose geometrical dimensions vary in a wide range. Far-field patterns and S-parameters of composed three antenna sets were measured. A mathematical model was constructed for the structure and a MATLAB code based on this theoretical approach was written to calculate patterns, phase and attenuation constants of all investigated antennas. Frequency characteristics and the relation of antenna dimensions with wave parameters were investigated. Measured and calculated patterns were also compared with the constructed far-field patterns obtained by MoM (method of moments) and the MoM current distributions were used to explain the loss mechanisms of antennas. A directive, undistorted and smooth radiation can be achieved only choosing small undulated antennas whose peak-to-peak amplitude to period ratio κ is smaller than 0.4 (κ?<?0.4). It is shown that wavelength of broadside radiation is not equal to antenna period for all antennas, except for very small undulated antennas (κ?<?0.2). This antenna type can be used as a frequency-scan antenna for millimeter wave radars.     

Two port analysis of dielectric resonator antennas excited in TE01 mode

Results of a numerical and experimental study of the transmission and input reflection coefficients of a two element array of half-split cylindrical dielectric resonator (CDR) antennas are presented. The antenna elements are situated on a ground plane and fed by a coaxial probe. A procedure based on the method of moments (MoM) for the coupling of a body of revolution (BOR) to a non-BOR geometry together with classical microwave network theory is implemented. Some of the numerical results are verified experimentally     

圆柱导体上天线的辐射特性及互耦分析

基于几何绕射理论,计算了位于导体圆柱上的单极子天线和惠更斯元面天线的辐射方向图;利用该方向图,分析比较了不同天线之间的隔离随天线指向的变化情况。结果表明:选择适合的天线类型及适合的安装角度能够改善天线间隔离度;几何绕射理论是解决导电圆柱体上天线的辐射问题的一种有效方法;应用远区辐射场的方向函数估算耦合系数是一种简单可行的方法。     

Multiport network description and radiation characteristics ofcoupled dielectric resonator antennas

An efficient procedure is presented to investigate the mutual coupling effects and radiation characteristics of dielectric resonator (DR) antennas operating in an array environment. The procedure is based on the method of moments (MoM) as applied to a system of surface integral equations (SIEs) for the coupling of a dielectric body of revolution (BOR) to a nonBOR geometry. The antenna array elements are situated on a ground plane and fed by coaxial probes. Multiport network impedance parameters computed by this method show good agreement with those obtained by measurement. Computed driving point impedances are given for arrays exhibiting optimum pattern performance in terms of low cross polarization and good pattern symmetry     

Single- and dual-polarized millimeter-wave slot-ring antennas

Single- and dual-polarized dielectric lens-supported slot-ring antennas have been developed for operation at millimeter-wave frequencies. The antennas are fed with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) to be compatible with uniplanar mixers and low-noise amplifiers, and the feedline is shown to have a minimal effect on the antenna performance. The measured antenna patterns agree well with theoretical results and have symmetric main beams, low sidelobe levels (<-15 dB), low cross polarization (<-20 dB), and 27 dB directivity. A 2×2 array of single-polarized slot-ring antennas for monopulse applications demonstrates excellent patterns at 94 GHz with -3 dB crossover power levels in both elevation and azimuth scans. The dual-polarized slot ring antenna patterns are nearly identical to those of the single-polarized antenna, and two-port isolation is as low as -25 dB. The dielectric lens-supported slot-ring antenna is an excellent candidate for compact, low-cost millimeter-wave systems with fixed or variable polarization capabilities     

Radiation and scattering from infinite periodic printed antennaswith inhomogeneous media

The hybrid method of moments (MoM)/Green's function method technique is applied to infinite periodic printed antenna arrays containing dielectric inhomogeneities. The solution uses an integral equation for an infinite periodic printed array on or over a homogeneous dielectric substrate, coupled with equivalent volume polarization currents for dielectric inhomogeneities on top of the homogeneous substrate. Volume pulse-basis functions were used to expand the volume polarization currents. A hybrid MoM/Green's function method solution was then obtained through the matrix form of the problem. The two-dimensional (2-D) solution of plane wave scattering from a grounded dielectric slab was used to validate the reaction impedance of the dielectric inhomogeneity. Several infinite periodic printed dipole arrays with dielectric supports and overlays were studied with this solution and good agreement was observed between the hybrid MoM/Green's function method and waveguide simulator experiments     

Finite-difference time-domain method for antenna radiation

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to model and predict the radiation patterns of wire and aperture antennas of three basic configurations. A critical step in each is the modeling of the feed. Alternate suggestions are made and some are implemented. The first antenna is a quarter-wavelength monopole and the second is a waveguide aperture antenna. In both bases the antenna is mounted on ground planes, either perfectly conducting or of composite material. The results obtained using the FDTD technique are compared with results obtained using the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) and measurements. The third configuration of interest is a pyramidal horn antenna. To model the flared parts of the horn, a staircase approximation was applied to the antenna surface. The computed radiation patterns compared well with measurements     

Directive properties of antennas for transmission into a material half-space

The directive properties of antennas for transmission into a material half-space are investigated. In a practical situation, the antennas might be located in air with the directive transmission into the earth. The field of a general antenna over the half-space is expressed as a spectrum of plane waves. The integrals representing the field are evaluated asymptotically to obtain the "geometrical optics" field of the antenna, and this field is used to define quantities that describe the directive properties of the antenna (pattern function, gain, and directivity). Numerical results are presented for infinitesimal electric and magnetic horizontal dipole antennas in a dielectric half-space, region 1, with directive transmission into the adjacent dielectric half-space, region 2, and the ratio of permittivitiesepsilon_{2}/epsilon_{1}greater than one. The theory for the infinitesimal dipoles completely explains the directive properties previously obtained for the resonant circular-loop antenna over a material half-space. Measured field patterns and gains for dipole and loop antennas near an interface between air and fresh water are in good agreement with the theory.     

低风载平面抛物面天线研究

低风载平面抛物面天线的反射面为网格状,网格上粘贴作为移相器的偶极子单元。该天线可极大地降低风载并减轻重量。文中采用矩量法分析了交叉偶极子单元的散射特性,并探讨了天线的性能、特点和设计方法。制作了一个2 m×2 m的C波段试验天线,测量结果与分析计算结果较为一致。     

Disk-loaded monopoles with parallel strip elements

Design considerations and experimental performance data are presented for disk-loaded folded monopoles in which the vertical elements consist of flat parallel strips separated by a dielectric. The presence of the dielectric and the flat strip geometry permit control of resonance frequency, susceptance slope, and impedance step-up ratio over ranges suitable for the design of electrically small antennas with a broad double-tuned response. Graphs are presented giving the impedance step-up ratio due to folding for various strip dimensions derived from static calculations. Experimental results are shown for antennas with heights in the range of one-eighth to one-tenth wavelength     

Medium wave skywave beams

The author discusses the advantages and drawbacks of skywaves and why they are avoided by domestic medium-wave broadcaster. He reports some results of a computer investigation of problems encountered with medium-wave antennas coupled to a skywave propagation medium. Experimental results are given showing skywave patterns for broadcasts from Alaska, one using a horizontal and the other a vertical antenna. It is concluded for these two examples that remarkable medium-wave coverage could be obtained using available frequencies     

A Lumped Circuit for Wideband Impedance Matching of a Non-Resonant, Short Dipole or Monopole Antenna

A new technique is proposed for wideband impedance matching of short dipole- or monopole-like antennas in the VHF-UHF bands. Instead of constructing the network topology for every particular antenna, we propose a simple network of one fixed topology. This network is an inductive L-section cascaded with a high-pass T-section. The network includes five discrete components—three inductors and two capacitors. Although the approach is not general, the paper proves that matching with the present network is close to the theoretical limit impedance matching confirmed by Bode-Fano theory. The matching performance also approaches the performance of the Carlin's equalizer for short dipoles and monopoles. The dipoles and monopoles may have different shape and different matching bandwidths. By using the matching circuit of fixed topology we avoid greater difficulties related to the practical realization of the Carlin's equalizer. The key point is to minimize the antenna's matching network complexity (and loss) so that the circuit can be designed and constructed in a straightforward manner.      

Rigorous Analysis of Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna With a Finite Ground Plane

A probe-fed rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) placed on a finite ground plane is numerically investigated using method of moments (MoM). The whole structure of the antenna is exactly modeled in our simulation. The feed probe, coaxial cable and ground plane are modeled as surface electric currents, while the dielectric resonator (DR) and the internal dielectric of coaxial cable is modeled as volume polarization currents. Each of the objects is treated as a set of combined field integral equations. The associated couplings are then formulated with sets of integral equations. The coupled integral equations are solved using MoM in spatial domain. The effects of ground plane size, air gap between dielectric resonator and ground plane, probe length, and position on the radiation performance of the antenna including resonant frequency, input impedance, radiation patterns, and bandwidth are investigated. The results obtained for the antenna parameters based on the MoM investigation shows that there is a close agreement with those obtained by measurement. Moreover it is shown that the MoM results are more accurate than other simulation results using software package such as High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).      

Formulation for wire radiators on bodies of translation with and without end caps

A formulation, based on the method of moments (MM), is presented for active and passive wire radiators attached to, or near, a broad class of bodies and surfaces, including open or closed cylinders of arbitrary cross section as well as finite flat or curved panels. The development expands the utility of the MM theory for various antenna problems. The analysis incorporates a special junction basis set for the antenna attachment points. Total domain and piecewise continuous expansion functions are used on the surfaces. The formulation is primarily intended for prediction of radiation patterns of wire antennas (such as monopoles and loops) on asymmetric bodies of translation, open or closed (capped). The present method has shown satisfactory agreement with published data in the prediction of antenna input impedances as well.     

矩量法结合网络理论分析对数周期偶极天线

本文利用路－阵方法分析了对数 周期偶极天线。采用矩量法分析天线阵网络,网络理论分析集合线网络。借助集合线网络、天线阵网络和矩量法分段上电压电流的联系,把两个网络有机结合,给出形式简洁的天线电流分布解,并减少了计算量。     

一种双模式短波对数周期天线设计

为了适应电离层传播特性,使短波天线更好地与电离层环境匹配,进行大纵深覆盖,设计了一种双模式短波对数周期天线.天线在垂直方向上由两层水平极化对数周期天线构成,通过同相和反相两种激励模式,使得天线能够同时形成低仰角辐射和高仰角辐射.理论仿真和实际测试表明:双模式短波对数周期天线在6～30 MHz频带内,两种模式的电压驻波比...     

Efficient analysis of input impedance and mutual coupling of microstrip antennas mounted on large coated cylinders

An efficient and accurate hybrid method, based on the combination of the method of moments (MoM) with a special Green's function in the space domain is presented to analyze antennas and array elements conformal to electrically large material coated circular cylinders. The efficiency and accuracy of the method depend strongly on the computation of the Green's function, which is the kernel of the integral equation that is solved via MoM for the unknown equivalent currents representing only the antenna elements. Three types of space-domain Green's function representations are used, each accurate and computationally efficient in a given region of space. Consequently, a computationally optimized analysis tool for conformal microstrip antennas is obtained. Input impedance of various microstrip antennas and mutual coupling between two identical antennas are calculated and compared with published results to assess the accuracy of this hybrid method.