复合中空热管传热性能研究

为了解决工业中的大量低品质烟气余热的回收利用和烟气酸露点腐蚀导致设备容易失效的工程问题,提出了一种复合中空热管传热元件,介绍了其结构及工作原理;对其内部传热机理进行了分析,并对其启动特性、等温性能和传热性能进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:复合中空热管在外管壁温度30℃时,加热时间2 min之内就能正常快速启动工作;在自然空气对流冷却条件下,具有较好的等温特性;复合中空热管的传热系数随着冷却水雷诺数的增加而增加;在加热蒸汽温度低于125℃的低温蒸汽加热条件下,当冷却水的雷诺数为6650时,复合中空热管的传热系数为1350W/(m2.℃)。试验研究结果为复合中空热管换热器的工程应用提供了基础。     

Investigation of a heat pipe cooling system in high-efficiency grinding

The high grinding temperature is one of the problems restricting on the further development of high-efficiency grinding due to the workpiece burnout and excessive wheel wear. An original method about enhancing heat transfer in the contact zone based on heat pipe technology is put forward to reduce the grinding temperature in this paper. Drawing on the structure of rotation heat pipe, one heat pipe cooling system, heat pipe grinding wheel (HPGW) applied to high-efficiency grinding, is developed and its heat transfer principle is illustrated. Besides, the cooling effect in the contact zone using HPGW is simulated through a three-dimensional heat transfer model in grinding, and the influence of different parameters of the wheel speed, cooling condition, and heat flux input on the grinding temperature is analyzed. Eventually, preliminary grinding experiments with HPGW were carried out to verify the cooling effect by comparing with non-HPGW in grinding of 0.45 wt.% C steel and titanium alloy Ti-6A1-6V. Results show that using HPGW can significantly reduce the grinding temperature and prevent the burnout.     

A study on the heat transfer characteristics of a self-oscillating heat pipe

In this paper, the heat transfer characteristics of a self-oscillating heat pipe are experimentally investigated for the effect of various working fluid fill charge ratios and heat loads. The characteristics of temperature oscillations of the working fluid are also analysed based on chaotic dynamics. The heat pipe is composed of a heating section, a cooling section and an adiabatic section, and has a 0.002m internal diameter, a 0.34m length in each turn and consists of 19 turns. The heating and the cooling portion of each turn has a length of 70mm. A series of experiments was carried out to measure the temperature distributions and the pressure variations of the heat pipe. Furthermore, heat transfer performance, effective thermal conductivity, boiling heat transfer and condensation heat transfer coefficients are calculated for various operating conditions. Experimental results show the efficacy of this type of heat pipe.     

95CrMo锥形钎杆热处理工艺的探索

通过对95CrMo钎杆经过相同的温度加热保温,分别进行风冷、空冷、缓冷,以及两种不同加热方式处理之后,对比四种工艺处理的差异及与中空钢原材料的检验分析比较,研究表明在相同中空钢原材料的前提下,随着冷却速度的加快,沿晶碳化物级别越低,硬度越高;在相同加热温度和冷却条件下,感应加热处理的珠光体类型组织比井式炉加热处理的珠光体类型组织更细。     

18—8型奥氏体不锈钢导管焊接防腐工艺研究

分析了18—8型不锈钢焊缝产生晶间腐蚀的机理,提出了在焊缝中添加Ti、Nb等合金元素,改善焊接时的加热与冷却条件以及采用焊后热处理等防晶间腐蚀的措施。     

Investigation of tool-chip interface temperature in dry turning assisted by heat pipe cooling

Aiming to effectively remove the cutting heat in machining process, the cutting tool with heat pipe cooling has been developed in recent years; however, there were few reports on the quantitative investigation of temperature at the tool-chip interface of this tool. In this work, a heat pipe cooling system was used to decrease the temperature of the cutter. The temperature at defined locations of the cutter in the dry turning of an AISI-1045 steel was obtained by the cutting test. The finite difference solution and an inverse procedure were used to determine the tool-chip interface temperature. It was found that with the increase of cutting speed, the tool-chip interface temperature and effective heat flux of the cutter will increase. The tool-chip interface temperature could be reduced by the heat pipe cooling. The temperature reduction was more obvious in higher cutting speed.     

余热驱动多功能热管型吸附制冰机组的性能

介绍一种以氯化钙/活性炭复合吸附剂和氨作为吸附工质对的多功能热管型吸附式制冰机组,该机组利用低品位余热作为驱动热源进行制冰。为了强化机组换热及防止余热腐蚀现象,采用热管技术完成吸附床的加热解吸、冷却吸附及回热过程,吸附床加热解吸时,形成以余热发生装置为热管蒸发段、以吸附床为热管冷凝段的热管型加热回路;两吸附床间回热时形成以高温解吸床为热管蒸发段、以低温吸附床为热管冷凝段的热管型回热回路;吸附床冷却吸附时,形成以吸附床为热管蒸发段、以冷却器为热管冷凝段的热管型冷却回路。在此基础上采用新回质回热循环方式对机组性能进行了研究。试验结果表明：新回质回热方式与传统回质回热方式相比,可大幅度增加机组制冷量,单位质量吸附剂制冷功率,(Specific cooling power,SCP)和性能系数(Coefficient of performance,COP)增大幅度均在17 %以上;相对基本循环,传统回质回热方式可使机组COP提高43.8 %,新回质回热方式可使机组COP提高幅度高达68.7 %。可见采用新回质回热方式更有利于提高吸附制冰机组的工作性能。     

Control of surface temperature of an aluminum alloy billet by air flow during a heating process at elevated temperature

The procedure of semi-solid forming is composed of heating a billet, forming, compression holding and ejecting step. There are several methods to heat a billet during semi-solid forming process such as electric heating and induction heating. Usually in semi-solid forming process, induction heating has been adopted to achieve more uniform temperature of semi-solid material. Although induction heating is better method than any others, however, there is still difference of temperature between internal part and surface part of semi-solid material. Worse yet, in case of high liquid fraction of semi-solid material, liquid of the billet will flow down though solid of the billet still remains, which is very difficult to handle. In the present study, induction heating of the billet during thixoforging process with forced surface cooling has been performed to obtain more uniform distribution of temperature, microstructure and shape of the billet. Distribution of temperature of the billets was measured and compared with that of conventional distribution of temperature. Microscopic and macroscopic aspects of the billets were discussed according to location of the measuring points. By this new induction heating method, not only temperature distributions over the whole billet become uniform, but also control of temperature distribution between inside and outside part of the billet is possible as user’s experimental intentions.

     

Investigation of the effects of cooling in hard turning operations

As a means to overcome the limitations of cutting fluids in machining, more and more attention is being paid to the internal cooling of cutting tools. The elevated cutting zone temperature in hard turning causes the instant boiling of coolant in the cutting zone, which pulls down the tool life and surface finish, by making thermal distortions and hence in most of the hard turning operations, the coolant is not used at all. The absence of coolant also reduces the tool life and surface finish to some extent. As an alternative solution to the direct application of coolant in the metal cutting zone to improve tool life and surface finish, the heat pipe cooling system is introduced in this investigation. A parametric study is conducted to analyze the effects of different heat pipe parameters such as diameter of heat pipe, length of heat pipe, magnitude of vacuum in the heat pipe and material of heat pipe. All these parameters are varied to three levels. In this analysis, it is assumed that the single point cutting tool is subjected to static heating in the cutting zone which verifies the analysis and feasibility of using heat pipe cooling in turning operations. The heat pipe parameters are optimized by using Taguchi’s Design of Experiments and a confirmation test is conducted by employing the heat pipe fabricated with the best values of parameters. The results of the confirmation test are compared with the previous experimental results. The comparison shows that the use of a heat pipe in hard turning operations reduces the temperature field by about 5%, improves tool life by reducing tool wear and improves surface finish significantly. The result of this analysis is applicable to define controlling parameters of heat pipes for optimal design and set-up for various related studies. The finite element analysis also shows that the temperature drops greatly at the cutting zone and that the heat flow to the tool is effectively removed when a heat pipe is incorporated.     

辊底式连续热处理炉在线控制模型的研究与应用

以辊底式连续热处理炉为研究对象，建立了连续加热和摆动加热过程钢坯二维非稳态传热在线控制数学模型，并与现场实测数据比较分析。表明所建立的数学模型是正确可信的，该模型可以确定在不同的热处理工艺下不同规格和不同钢种的钢坯的最佳运行方式和加热制度，由此开发的辊底式连续热处理炉在线优化控制系统已成功地在某公司应用。     

Experimental analyses to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness in using heat pipe-embedded drills

This paper presents an experimental investigation to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of heat pipe cooling in drilling operations. The basic idea is to insert a heat pipe at the center of the drill tool with the evaporator close to the drill tip and the condenser at the end of the drill. Consequently, the heat generated at the tool–chip interface can be removed by convection heat transfer. Experimental studies were involved in three cases, including solid drill without coolant, solid drill with coolant, and heat pipe drill. Drilling tests were conducted on a CNC machining center with full immersion cutting. The cast iron square block was used as the workpiece, and the high-speed steel was chosen for the drill tool material. Flank wear is considered as the criterion for tool failure, and the wear was measured using a Hisomet II Toolmaker’s microscope. The tests were conducted until the drill was rejected when an average flank wear greater than 0.10?mm was recorded. The results demonstrate that using a heat pipe in the drilling process can effectively perform thermal management comparable to the flooding coolant cooling used pervasively in the manufacturing industry, extending the tool life of the drill.     

Investigation of the feasibility and effectiveness in using heat pipe-embedded drills by finite element analysis

Drilling is a sufficiently severe machining process coupled with thermomechanical effect, in which mechanical work is converted to heat through the plastic deformation involved in chip formation and friction between tool and workpiece. The elevated temperature at the tool–chip interface has deleterious effects on the dimensional accuracy of the workpiece and shortens the service life of the tool. In this paper, the feasibility and effectiveness of heat pipe cooling in drilling operations are investigated numerically. A new embedded heat pipe technology was utilized to remove the heat generated at the tool interface in the foregoing cutting process. Numerical studies involved four different cooling conditions, i.e., dry drilling, fluid cooling, heat pipe cooling, and heat pipe cooling with cutting fluid supplied. The thermal, structural static, and dynamic characteristics of the drill were investigated using a numerical calculation with fast finite element plus solvers based on explicit finite element analysis software COSMOS\works. The results demonstrate that the heat pipe drill is most feasible and effective in the actual drilling processes.     

基于有限元的圆钢环缝旋流两段控冷过程温度场模拟

借助ANSYS有限元分析软件,进行了温度场模拟,并建立了圆钢温度场预报模型.研究了圆钢环缝旋流控冷过程的热边界条件,分析了4种情况下圆钢温度场的分布及其变化规律.结果表明,相比常规控冷圆钢的晶粒度有明显细化,获得了圆钢在环缝旋流两级控冷过程中的温度-时间历程曲线及其组织变化特点.模型的温度场数值模拟的结果与现场实验结果吻合良好.分析结果对于掌握圆钢的冷却规律、优化圆钢控冷工艺,以及开发新控制冷却技术具有实际指导意义.     

Consteel-LF-VD-CC流程生产55SiMnMo钎具钢气体变化的研究

针对在使用55SiMnMo中空钢实心坯制钎过程出现的质量问题,对55SiMnMo中空钢生产工艺Consteel-LF-VD-CC进行全流程取样,分析各工位钢中T[O]、[N]和[H]含量变化情况,找到影响55SiMnMo钢中气体控制的限制性环节,并由此得出改进措施。     

Temperature distributions in the high speed drawing of high strength steel wire

High carbon steel wire is known to be susceptible to low-temperature ageing effects, and it is thought that wire properties can be significantly affected by the heat generated during the drawing process. In this paper, the spherical velocity field used in upper bound calculations has been used in conjunction with a model of frictional heating to calculate temperature distributions arising in wire as a result of drawing. The subsequent temperature profiles existing during cooling by direct water quenches are modelled using a commercial finite-element program. Surface temperature histories calculated using the model have been compared with experimental data. The thermal history of the wire during drawing can thus be established, in order to assess the likely effects of strain ageing on the mechanical properties of the wire.     

The influence of temperature on the characteristics of piezoelectric transducers and errors of localization of acoustic-emission signals

The experimental dependences of changes in the output signals of standard and high-temperature acoustic-emission transducers (AETs) during heating and cooling are considered. It is shown that high-temperature AETs have a hysteresis that must be taken into account in high-temperature tests of various materials. The errors in localizing acoustic-emission signals from a simulator during heating and cooling of high-temperature and standard AETs are analyzed using the two-interval method.     

Heat dissipation in high-power semiconductor lasers with heat pipe cooling system

This study focuses on the application of heat pipes in thermal management for high-power semiconductor lasers. The heat pipe cooling systems are used for heat dissipation in high-power semiconductor lasers. These systems are used instead of water cooling machines to realize a compact and lightweight laser module. The n-shaped heat pipe cooling system, which consists of eight 6 mm copper heat pipes with sintered powder wicks, can easily handle a heat load of up to 73 W from a single-laser unit. The fabricated U-shaped heat pipe cooling system, which consists of ten 12 mm copper heat pipes with sintered powder wicks, can easily handle a heat load of up to 300 W from five laser units. The optical power of the multi-laser module cooled by the U-shaped heat pipe cooling system reaches 210 W. These results indicate that high-power semiconductor lasers can be cooled using heat pipe cooling systems instead of water cooling machines.     

Manufacturing and temperature measurements of a sodium heat pipe

A high-temperature sodium stainless steel heat pipe was fabricated and its performance has been investigated. The working fluid was sodium and it was sealed inside a straight tube container made of stainless steel. The amount of sodium occupied approximately 20% of the total volume of the heat pipe and its weight was 65.7gram. The length of a stainless steel container is 1002mm and its outside diameter is 25.4mm. Performance tests were carried out in a room air condition under a free convective environment and the measured temperatures are presented. The start-up behavior of the heat pipe from a frozen state was investigated for various heat input values between 600W and 1205W. In steady state, axial temperature distributions of a heat pipe were measured and its heat transfer rates were estimated in the range of vapor temperature from 500°C to 630°C. It is found that there are small temperature differences in the vapor core along the axial direction of a sodium heat pipe for the high operating temperatures. But for the range of low operating temperatures there are large temperature drops along the vapor core region of a sodium heat pipe, because a small vapor pressure drop makes a large temperature drop. The transition temperature was reached more rapidly in the cases of high heat input rate for the sodium heat pipe.     

基于结晶收缩特性的连铸矩形坯成形曲线研究

针对传统连铸结晶器效率低、拉坯速度慢、铸坯表面及形状缺陷等问题,设计并加工了一种高效、高速、高质（Efficient,speedy and quality,ESQ）连铸结晶器内腔形线。基于矩形坯结晶器内传热和结晶收缩行为特性,推导并建立了结晶器铜管内腔形线几何模型,运算得到形线曲线表达式和锥度表达式。根据连铸坯热交换收缩组成模型,针对高碳钢材料大矩形坯规格修正原模型及表达式,将优化结果与钢厂传统形线对比分析。依托Matlab/GUI二次开发了结晶器形线尺寸输出系统,为现有钢厂设计并加工了230 mm×170 mm断面U71Mn钢种结晶器芯棒和铜管,保持其他连铸条件基本不变,使现有连铸机拉坯速度从1.1 m/min提高至1.6～1.7 m/min。结果表明,得到的连铸坯产品表面质量与原产品相近,且并无形状缺陷,验证了模型计算的合理性和正确性。相比于传统连铸结晶器内腔形线,新形线曲线提高了结晶器的换热效率,且保证了铸坯质量,这为增加连铸坯产量提供了基础。     

The study of cooling channel optimization in blast furnace cast steel stave based on heat transfer analysis

The three-dimensional heat transfer and thermal stress of a steel cooling stave in a blast furnace at Maanshan Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. are built. The temperature and thermal stress fields of cooling stave are calculated by using finite element method software ANSYS. The results show the rise in maximum temperature and thermal stress of the stave hot surface is not high when cooling pipe is replaced by cooling elliptical tube. Because of the decrease in the cross-sectional area for cooling elliptical tube, the thickness of the cooling stave is reduced and cooling water flow is saved. As a result, the iron-making cost can be reduced.