纳米球状碳酸钙对水中铀酰离子的吸附

在添加剂聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)作用下合成了纳米球状CaCO3,并使用扫描电镜(SEM)对其形貌进行表征。通过静态批实验的方法研究了pH值、离子强度、温度等因素对铀酰离子在纳米球状CaCO3上吸附的影响。结果表明:铀酰离子的吸附率随体系pH的增大而升高,随体系离子强度的增大而降低;温度增加时,纳米球状CaCO3对铀酰离子的平衡吸附量明显增加。热力学研究表明,UO22+在纳米球状CaCO3上的吸附反应是吸热自发进行的。     

Am(Ⅲ)在铁氧化物上的吸附行为

为了解放射性核素在可能作为高放废物固化体包装容器材料腐蚀产物上的吸附行为,以我国高放废物处置库预选场址--甘肃北山地区深部地下水为介质,研究了包装容器材料的主要组分铁的腐蚀产物Fe2O3, Fe3O4对Am(Ⅲ)的吸附,讨论了pH值、总CO2-3, SO2-4、腐殖酸、Am(Ⅲ)浓度等对吸附的影响,并就可能的吸附机理进行了探讨.实验结果表明,Am(Ⅲ)在铁氧化物上的吸附分配比随水相pH值增大而增大;地下水的化学组分是影响Am(Ⅲ)存在形态和吸附的关键,Am(Ⅲ)在Fe2O3和Fe3O4上的吸附机理为界面配合,可用Freundlich吸附等温式描述.     

高温气冷堆大晶粒二氧化铀核芯研究

大晶粒的UO₂核芯可更有效地阻止反应堆运行时裂变气体的释放,实现反应堆燃耗的加深和延长反应堆燃料元件的运行寿命。采用溶胶凝胶工艺制备高温气冷堆燃料元件的UO₂核芯,在胶液中加入含有Al的化合物Al(NO₃)₃•9H₂O,以增大核芯晶粒尺寸。研究了添加剂对核芯晶粒尺寸的影响及烧结过程中分解的O离子与核芯U离子的扩散系数之间的关系。通过添加含有Al的化合物,UO₂核芯的平均晶粒尺寸由18μm增加到30μm。对添加Al(NO₃)₃•9H₂O的UO₂核芯的烧结机理研究表明,UO₂核芯晶粒的长大主要受空位扩散机制的影响。     

Eu(Ⅲ)和Am(Ⅲ)在Th4(PO4)4P2O7上的吸附行为

通过静态法研究了Am(Ⅲ)和Eu(Ⅲ)在Th4(PO4)4P2O7上的吸附行为,主要包括吸附平衡时间、固液比、pH值、离子强度以及富里酸(FA)等因素对吸附的影响.实验结果表明,Am(Ⅲ)和Eu(Ⅲ)在Th4(PO4)4P2O7上的吸附具有相似的pH吸附曲线,pH值的变化对吸附的影响较大,吸附率在pH=2~5时出现剧增;在其他条件相同时,KNO3离子强度从0.01 mol/L增大到0.1 mol/L,吸附率随着离子强度的增大而减小.通过对比实验发现,FA对Am(Ⅲ)和Eu(Ⅲ)在Th4(PO4)4P2O7上的吸附具有促进作用.Am(Ⅲ)和Eu(Ⅲ)在Th4(PO4)4P2O7表面可能形成了表面络合物.吸附剂的表面特征及其吸附机理研究是进一步深入研究的重点.     

二氧化铀对CO和CO2的吸附热力学

采用静态吸附容量法,测定了温度273～303K、压力0～1kPa范围内,CO和CO₂在UO₂表面的吸附等温线,研究了CO和CO₂的吸附热力学性质。结果表明,Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程分别是描述CO和CO₂吸附的最优模型方程。CO₂的吸附强度明显高于CO的,实验条件下,CO和CO₂的最大吸附量分别为0.36和1.25μmol/g。CO的吸附热为26kJ/mol,表明吸附为物理吸附;CO₂的吸附热随吸附量增加而减小,当吸附量由0.3μmol/g增至0.8μmol/g时,吸附热由46kJ/mol降至37kJ/mol,表明吸附同时存在化学吸附和物理吸附。     

空心玻璃微球D2/Ne混合气体充气工艺

本工作主要研究空心玻璃微球对D₂和Ne气体渗透系数的差异，以及研究采用热扩散法在高压充气系统上向空心玻璃微球充入D₂/Ne混合气体的充气工艺。利用干涉条纹法测量了在充气和保气时Ne的气体渗透系数，它们分别为K_Ne,350℃=2.6×10^-18和K_Ne,25℃=8.0×10^-22mol•m^－1•s^－1•Pa^－1。根据D₂的气体渗透系数确定了玻璃微球充D₂/Ne混合气体的充气方法和充气平衡时间，平衡时间以充纯Ne时间为准。此外，还研究了空心玻璃微球充入混合气体后的保气性能。     

共沉淀法制备AUGdC的工艺研究

本工作试验研究以碳酸铵溶液作沉淀剂从硝酸铀酰和硝酸钆的混合溶液中共沉淀AUGdC的方法。试验结果表明：控制铀浓度为300~400g/L、饱和碳酸铵溶液与硝酸铀酰溶液体积比为2.0~2.4等主要工艺参数,可制备出还原、压制和烧结性能良好的AUGdC粉末;UO₂-Gd₂O₃芯块烧结密度达理论密度的96%以上,钆铀分布均匀,形成UO₂-Gd₂O₃固溶体,平均晶粒尺寸在18μm以上。     

Am(Ⅲ)在Al2O3和石英上的吸附行为

研究了Am(Ⅲ)在Al2O3和石英上的吸附行为,探讨了水相pH值、总CO2-3和SO2-4浓度(1.0×10-3～2.0×10-1 mol/L)、腐殖酸和Am(Ⅲ)浓度等因素对吸附的影响,并对可能的吸附机理进行了分析,同时以1.0 mol/L HCl做为解吸剂,对吸附平衡后的固相进行了解吸实验.结果表明,随着水相pH值的升高,Am(Ⅲ) 在Al2O3和石英上的吸附分配比增大,水相的化学组分及其相应浓度增大对Am(Ⅲ)在石英上的吸附影响较明显;Am(Ⅲ)在Al2O3和石英上以界面配合物的形式吸附,且可用Freundlich吸附等温式描述;水相中腐殖酸浓度增大,Am(Ⅲ)在Al2O3和石英上的吸附降低.     

纳米磁性Fe3O4粉体掺杂聚苯乙烯ICF靶丸材料制备

为实现惯性约束核聚变中无接触点打靶实验构想,探索在聚苯乙烯(PS)中掺杂纳米磁性粉体,以制备磁性靶丸。采用本体聚合工艺制备了Fe₃O₄/PS磁性靶丸复合材料,通过FTIR、TG-DSC、SEM、VSM等手段对该材料进行了分析表征。结果表明：Fe₃O₄/PS靶丸复合材料的饱和磁化强度随磁性粉体含量的增加而增大;适量粉体的掺入提高了复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度,且随粉体含量的增加而增强;所制备的磁性靶丸复合材料悬浮时所需的外界磁场相对较弱,其磁性能满足磁悬浮的条件。     

UO2核芯还原炉设计模拟研究

以N-S方程和k-ε湍流模型为基础,针对UO₂核芯颗粒制备过程中的焙烧还原炉设备,采用计算流体力学方法模拟考察了南非和国内正在使用的两种还原炉体设计及入流速度对内部流场的影响。从模拟结果中可发现,两种炉体设计均无法实现气流在轴向上的均匀分布,而是呈现出炉体顶部气量大、底部气量小的分布状态,这是导致颗粒还原不均匀的原因之一,且这种不均匀性随气速增加变化不大。在分析轴向压力变化影响径向气流分布的基础上对还原炉体进行了改进,提出了一种新型设计,模拟结果证实改进后的炉体设计能够实现径向气流在轴向上更为均匀的分布,因而可推定该新型炉体设计可使炉内不同轴向高度处的颗粒还原更加均匀。     

基于实验数据的吊篮表面脉动压力分析

基于堆内构件缩比模型流致振动实验实测得到的吊篮表面脉动压力数据,分析了吊篮表面不同位置脉动压力功率谱密度的分布特征,并对脉动压力功率谱密度的相关性进行分析得到相关长度的特性。结果表明,吊篮表面的脉动压力功率谱密度随频率的增大快速减小然后趋于平缓,是一种频率成份十分丰富的宽带衰减谱,在吊篮同一高度区域的脉动压力功率谱密度基本相同,不同高度区域的脉动压力功率谱密度的能量差别较大;脉动压力功率谱密度的相关长度随频率递增而急剧减小然后趋于常值;吊篮流致振动响应对脉动压力功率谱密度的影响较小,将吊篮流致振动简化为弱耦合问题是合理的。      

Influences of physical properties of two-phase mixture on voidfraction in an annular vessel

To keep the void fraction of two-phase hydrogen in the moderator cell of the cold neutron source (CNS) of China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR) to a specified range, an annular vessel with the same size as the actual moderator cell was used as test section. Deionized water and alcohol, sucrose, and sodium chloride solutions with different concentrations were used as working fluid to find out influences of physical properties, such as density, viscosity and surface tension, of the two-phase mixture on void fraction. The tests proved that the ratio of surface tension to density of liquid phase has great influence on void fraction: the larger the ratio, the smaller the void fraction. Since the ratio of surface tension to density of Freon 113 is lower than that of liquid hydrogen, Freon 113 can be used as a working fluid to study the void fraction in the two-phase hydrogen thermosiphon loop in the CNS of CARR and the results will be conservative.     

A Study on the Vibration of the Charging Belt in an Electrostatic Accelerator

1. IntroductionAn electrostatic arcelerator ascelerates particlesby the extremely high electrostatic voltage (up toMV order) which is produced by charging the stain-less steel ball--like terminal [l]. The charging beltis designed for transferring the charge to the terminal. A special circuit sprays the charge to the beltthrough a row of pins, then the beIt picks up thecharge and transfers it to the terminal continuously.The jitter of the belt directly influences the pick--upof the charge, so…     

The optimum design of tight lattice reactor core with thin rod bundles

The fuel height, rod diameter, pitch, and the loading pattern are all important parameters in the reactor core design process. Based on the analysis of the core performance, optimization calculation is performed on the three objective functions of ABV-6M reactor, i.e., power density, coolant temperature difference between the inlet and outlet, and flow-induced vibration are proposed for optimization calculation. Then a multi-objective problem (MOP) model is applied and computed optimally by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with the aim of maximizing power density and temperature difference as well as minimizing the flow-induced vibration. The results of optimal designs called ‘Pareto-optimal solutions’ are a set of multiple optimum solutions, from which the final optimization can be chosen after sensitivity analysis is performed. On the basis of lattice parameters optimization, the radial one-dimensional fuel loading pattern was optimized for achieving the optimum fuel utilization. The typical optimum design considered to be safe in a verification check showed that tight lattice effectively improved the reactor performances and saved the fuel consumption.     

Ta离子注入Ti6Al4V合金的抗腐蚀性能

用注量为1.2×1016、3×1016、1.5×1017、3×1017、4.5×1017/cm2的Ta离子对Ti6Al4V合金进行表面改性,加速电压为146.5 keV。Ta离子注入后,用动电位极化曲线研究其抗Hank’s溶液腐蚀性能,用小角掠射X射线衍射研究其表面物相结构,用X射线光电子能谱分析其腐蚀样品的表面元素化合态。结果表明,Ta离子注入改善了Ti6Al4V合金抗Hank’s溶液腐蚀性能,但试样的腐蚀电流密度并非随Ta离子注量增加而单调减小,试样表面合金层、单质Ta和氧化物,共同形成腐蚀阻挡层,提高其抗腐蚀性能。     

High temperature physical properties of fast reactor materials

Physical properties of materials of interest in fast reactor safety are presented. These include enthalpy and heat capacity, vapor pressure, density, surface tension, speed of sound, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. The emphasis is on saturated fuel materials and coolant. Much of the data is the result of direct experimental measurement while the remainder was obtained by extrapolative techniques from data at lower temperatures.     

Thermophysical properties of molten core materials: Zr–Fe alloys measured by electrostatic levitation

In order to investigate the progression of a core meltdown accident, it is necessary to understand the behavior of molten core materials. Zr–Fe alloys are one of the low-melting-temperature liquid phases that are thought to form in the early stages of bundle degradation. The objective of this study is to measure the thermophysical properties of Zr–Fe liquid alloys. Alloy samples with a composition of Zr_1?xFe_x (x = 0.12, 0.24, and 0.50) were synthesized by arc melting, and their density, viscosity, and surface tension were measured using an electrostatic levitation technique. The results indicate that the density of Zr–Fe liquid alloys can be estimated by a linear combination of the measured or extrapolated densities of pure Zr and Fe. The viscosities of the Zr–Fe liquid alloys can be roughly estimated by extrapolating those of Zr to lower temperatures, although this method tends to underestimate the viscosity of alloys, especially for eutectic compositions. The values of the Zr–Fe liquid alloys’ surface tensions are close to those of pure Zr.     

Vibration Compacted UO2 Fuel, (I) Effects of Sinusoidal Vibration on Compacted Density

A systematic study has been made on the effect of differences in conditions of applied vibration on the density obtained with a ternary grained powder of arc-fused and crushed UO₂ powder packed in a stainless steel cladding tube.

Comprehensive analysis is made of the relationships between densities obtained and vibration conditions, defined by combinations of two factors among four-i.e., frequency, displacement, velocity and acceleration. The highest density has been found to be obtained at the highest acceleration, provided that displacement is in the range of 10~30 μm, and this range is found to be the optimum condition for all levels of acceleration.

The process of vibratory compaction is discussed on the basis of the combination of different factors conducive to the compaction, segregation and disintegration of the powder particles.     

地面放射性异常引起电离层扰动的计算研究

地面的放射性主要来源于空间辐射、地壳放射性元素衰变和人工核活动等,地面放射性可引起地表电场的变化,地表电场变化的区域和强度达到一定的条件后可引起电离层的扰动。基于LAIC电场机制假设,本文从地面放射性引起空气电离开始推导地表大气电导率变化、地面垂直电场至电离层底部传导过程,根据临界电场理论计算地面大气垂直电场、大气附加电流密度以及电离层准静态电场的电势分布,最后通过格林函数法求解得到电离层中水平电场的分布。建立了基于地面放射性活度的地表大气电导率公式,改进了地表异常电场传播到电离层的计算过程,给出了电离层电场扰动的计算公式。利用氡和地面电场仪的实例观测数据对地面放射性异常引起的电离层扰动的计算过程进行了验证,理论计算得到的地面电场和电离层扰动的结果与实际测量结果基本一致。     

横掠管束的两相流湍流激振力的包络谱研究

蒸汽发生器等换热器中存在大量受两相流冲刷的管束结构。计算两相流湍流导致的管束振动响应时,需先确定流体激振力的功率谱密度（PSD）。由于缺乏有公认合理的两相流激振力的无量纲归一化方法,从而导致没有可供工程应用的两相流激振力的PSD包络谱。本文通过修改de Langre无量纲归一化方法中的混合物流速定义,获得1组新的两相流激振力PSD的包络谱。通过将本文包络谱与基于单相流的包络谱和de Langre包络谱的对比,并针对非均匀横向两相流作用下的蒸汽发生器U型传热管,计算了3种包络谱作用下的湍流激振响应。结果表明,基于单相流激振力PSD包络谱作为输入计算两相流湍流激振响应并不保守,而本文包络谱在保证安全性的前提下适当降低了de Langre包络谱过高的保守性。