基于抛物线拟合的十字激光图像屋脊边缘检测

针对工程测量中对十字激光图像交点和倾角检测精度要求较高特点,提出了一种十字激光图像亚像素屋脊边缘检测方法.在十字亮条有用区域内,首先利用局域亮度极大方法检测亮条像素级屋脊边缘点;然后提取像素级边缘点水平或垂直方向上一定范围内的像素点亮度进行抛物线拟合,计算亚像素边缘点坐标;最后利用最小二乘法拟合出两条直线,计算十字交点及横亮线倾角.对距离光源4.5 m处连续拍摄的50幅图像(图像分辨率为640pixels × 480 pixels,光靶分辨率为0.082 7 mm/pixei)进行了处理,十字交点x方向标准差为0.013 4 mm,y方向标准差为0.015 8 mm,横亮条水平方向倾角标准差为1.950',精度明显优于像素级边缘点.该方法应用于导轨直线度和扭曲度检测仪中,取得了很好的效果.     

一种无衍射激光图像亚像素边缘检测方法

为进一步提高无衍射激光图像的定中精度,提出了一种亮环亚像素级边缘点检测方法.首先,采用局域亮度最大方法,提取亮环像素级屋脊边缘点;然后,利用线性插值算法对每一像素级边缘点进行亚像素处理进而获得亚像素边缘点;最后,用最小二乘方法,将亚像素边缘点拟合定中.分别对距离光源40 m、50 m、60 m处,各连续拍摄的50幅图像(图像分辨率为640×480,光靶分辨率为0.057 2 mm/pixel)进行了处理,各位置处的亚像素级边缘点x方向定中标准差分别为0.021 4 nm、0.037 2 mm和0.042 3mm,y方向定中标准差分别为0.022 8 mm、0.035 1 mm和0.043 7 mm,明显优于像素级边缘点,实验结果表明,该方法切实可行.     

基于局部滤波模板的双边滤波算法研究

双边滤波器是一种以高斯核为基础的具有图像边缘保留和噪声滤除双重滤波作用的滤波器,能同时兼顾各像素值几何上的临近信息和亮度上的相似信息.为了进一步增加双边滤波器的保边作用,在传统双边滤波器的基础上,结合图像的梯度信息,将传统滤波模板改进为局部滤波模板,使图像自适应地在给出的滤波模板中选择较优模板进行滤波.实验结果证明,改进的双边滤波算法能够更好地保留图像边缘,与经典的双边滤波算法相比,在峰值信噪比和结构相似性上有了提升.     

一种改进的灰度矩亚像素边缘定位方法

针对传统边缘检测方法存在的定位精度差、抗噪声干扰能力弱等问题,提出了一种运用一维灰度矩确定亚像素边缘位置的新方法.首先采用阈值分割来获得图像边缘所在的位置范围,然后以阈值分割边界点拓展像素做边缘粗定位,再以粗定位边缘点拓展像素做精定位,直到两次精定位结果相差小于0.01像素即可确定边缘位置.实验结果证明,与其他亚像素边缘定位方法相比,基于所提方法的边缘定位精度分别为0.05个像素(标准图像)和0.14个像素(实际图像).     

基于不同空间结构Hadamard融合的图像边缘提取算法

目的针对图像边缘提取算法中噪声对边缘的影响,易导致边缘定位精度不高,出现虚假边缘与漏检等不足,设计一种不同空间结构Hadamard融合的图像边缘提取方案。方法首先,通过计算像素与相邻点之间的方差来分析像素的结构,得到边缘点的最大概率分布矩阵(MPDM),利用MPDM来表示候选边缘集。其次,通过分析邻域点之间的亮度,计算像素与其4个相邻像素之间的最大和最小差值,得到相应的差异矩阵,并引入Logistic回归分析对2种矩阵归一化处理,得到一个权重矩阵(WM)。然后,通过Hadamard乘积模型将MPDM与WM进行融合,从而设计边缘分割阈值函数。最后,通过比较WM和分割阈值,去掉非边缘点,检测出真实图像边缘。结果实验表明,与当前边缘提取方法对比,文中方法能够有效抑制噪声,得到的边缘清晰、完整,边缘细化度与平滑度良好,在客观评价FOM与ROC中具有更大的优势。结论所提算法具有良好的边缘提取精度,在图像处理与包装条码领域具有良好的应用价值。     

模糊推理在边缘检测中的应用

针对传统边缘检测算法边缘轮廓模糊、易产生伪边缘等缺点,提出一种基于模糊逻辑推理策略的边缘检测新方法,在无需确定阈值的情况下对数字图像进行边缘提取。给出一种以变化的3×3模板为基准的模糊推理规则,通过对周围像素点的垂直和水平方向以及连续四点像素的黑白分布的判断,提取出图像中的黑点、白点和边缘部分。实验结果表明:与Robert算法相比,该方法对图像中噪声和双重边缘的抑制以及对曲线的圆度轮廓的提取都有很好的效果。     

双边张量滤波

针对双边滤波去噪时将像素亮度差别大的噪声边界当成图像边缘保留的问题,提出了双边张量滤波算法,该算法在双边滤波的基础上,利用图像的局部结构各向异性程度和像素亮度相似度,自适应地构造图像结构保留函数,将该函数取代双边滤波的边缘保留项,使滤波器在边缘区域沿着平行于局部结构的方向滤波而在平缓区域近似退化为各项同性滤波,保护图像...     

滚珠螺母形位误差的CCD测量

亚像素定位精度是影响图像测量精度的关键因素之一.提出一种改进的二次多项式插值法,将Canny边缘检测算子与3×3方向模板相结合确定边缘方向,再利用Sobel边缘检测算子计算边缘的亚像素位置,并推导了定位误差公式,使CCD的分辨率提高40倍.计算测量了滚珠螺母的滚道圆度、圆柱度、径向圆跳动及同轴度等形位误差,误差分别f1=0.013mm,f2=0.016mm,f3=0.022mm,f4=0.014mm.在测量滚珠螺母的滚道圆度误差时,提出了离散点非对称分布在圆周附近时圆度误差的最小区域评定方法.用简单的解析方法论述了算法的实现过程,只需进行数次循环计算即可准确求出最小区域宽度(圆度误差).消除了方法误差,减小了误废率,提高了测量精度.     

基于Gabor小波变换的图像轮廓角点检测

传统的基于图像轮廓角点检测方法大都对图像轮廓采用高斯平滑,使得角点定位准确性较低,且对局部细微变化和噪声比较敏感.针对此问题,本文利用Gabor滤波器可以很好的表征边缘和角点梯度幅值变化信息的优良特性,采用Gabor滤波器虚部对图像轮廓进行平滑,提出基于Gabor滤波器的图像轮廓角点检测算法.与将轮廓的几何特性作为角点测度的传统算法不同,本文将Gabor滤波器平滑后轮廓像素的主方向与相邻像素方向角度差作为角点测度,提高了对噪声的鲁棒性和角点定位的准确性.实验结果表明,新算法具有较优的定位性和噪声鲁棒性.     

基于GA-BP算法噪声检测的椒盐噪声滤波算法

基于噪声检测的中值滤波器已广泛用于消除图像中的椒盐噪声,然而在高噪声密度情况下,对噪声像素的定位不准确很容易造成图像边缘的模糊.本文提出了一种基于GA-BP的椒盐噪声滤波算法,克服了这一缺陷.算法首先用遗传算法优化的BP网络对图像中的噪声像素定位,然后引入保边函数和PRP算法求目标函数的极值进而实现图像的去噪处理.实验...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.