Performance of RAP in the system of cold inplace recycling of asphalt pavement

The property of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP) mixture will be affected mainly by composition of old asphalt/soil and cement content in CIR system. We studied the relationship between A/S and cementitious materials. It showed that if there was no soil in RAP, the unconfined compressive strength was only from 0.18 MPa to 1.07 MPa even if adding cement was from 2% to 6%, and RAP samples collapsed during conserving in water. The optimum water content rose from 6.5% to 11% with the declining of A/S from S=0 to A/S=1/5. Five RAP samples all got the maximum compressive strength when A/S=5/5, and the maximum compressive strength of the samples adding 6% cement was 3.17 MPa. It showed that the capacity of RAP was not only affected by A/S, but also by the content of cement. The dynamic modulus of RAP will increase with the rise of loading frequency and decrease with the temperature rising. SEM test showed that C-S-H interlacing formed the netted structure, and it enwrapped the aggregate and improved the strength of RAP.     

沥青混合料回收料变异性

为了控制沥青混合料回收料(reclaimed asphalt pavement,RAP)的变异性,保证再生沥青混合料的性能,通过现场取料,测试了不同来源RAP的矿料级配、沥青含量和沥青性能,分析了各项指标的变化规律和差异性;结合普通热拌沥青混合料质量控制要求,提出了厂拌热再生沥青混合料RAP最大添加比例控制模型;分析了RAP中油石比与粒径的分布特性;最后建立了混合沥青针入度波动范围模型.结果表明:RAP的矿料级配、油石比和沥青性能变异性均较大;计算得到的RAP最大添加比例能有效保证再生混合料矿料级配和油石比的质量要求;RAP中的油石比与粒径呈指数分布,粒径越小,油石比越大;混合沥青的针入度波动范围与旧沥青的油石比和针入度密切相关,且RAP添加比例越大,波动范围越大.     

Cement-fly ash stabilization of cold in-place recycled (CIR) asphalt pavement mixtures for road bases or subbases

For lack of laboratory and field performance data on stabilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregate and stabilized soil (S) for road bases and subbases construction, the influences of RAP/S ratio, cement and fly ash content, modifying agent (MA) on the compact, unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and water stability of the CIR mixtures were investigated. The experimental results showed that the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content of the mixture changed significantly with the RAP/S ratio and cement-fly ash content. Unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and water stability were improved significantly by the addition of MA, and the water stability was improved by nearly 20% on average. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images indicated that MA accelerated the hydration of cement-fly ash system. Needle-like AFt and fibrous C-S-H gel were observed in the mixtures, which resulted in the cementation effect among the CIR mixture particles and a more compact microstructure. All these could be the cause of high strength of the CIR mixtures with MA.     

厂拌热再生过程中旧矿料颗粒的迁移行为

为提高热再生混合料的均匀性与生产质量,设计一种以回收沥青路面材料(reclaimded asphalt pavement, RAP)模拟制备、利用磁铁分离新旧矿料及迁移程度测试为关键步骤的室内试验,并通过该试验分析了RAP掺量、拌和时间及沥青用量对不同规格旧矿料颗粒迁移程度的影响。试验结果表明:热再生沥青混合料中旧矿料颗粒不能全部脱离原矿料,其迁移程度约为55%~75%;RAP掺量对迁移程度影响不大,随着拌和时间和沥青用量的增加,迁移程度不断增大;适当延长拌和时间,掺加新沥青或再生剂以及增加沥青用量可以促进旧矿料有效迁移,提高热再生沥青混合料的均匀性。     

沥青道路冷再生系统中水泥基胶结效应

设定不同配比的再生沥青混合料（RAP）和不同水泥掺量,通过标准击实、无侧限抗压强度、水稳定性、模量性能以及SEM测试,研究了水泥在RAP中的胶结效应。结果表明：RAP中沥青含量与稳定土的质量比（A／s）为0．4时,随着水泥掺量的增大,RAP的最大干密度从1．91g／cm。增加到2．00g／cm^3。水泥掺量一定时,随着废旧沥青含量的增加,RAP的最大干密度随随之增大;掺6％水泥的RAP无侧限抗压强度从1．48MPa增加到2．63MPa,随之减小到2．28MPa。使用的材料体系中,A／S=0．4,掺6％水泥,用水量9．5％时,再生料获得最好性能。试件浸水后抗压强度普遍降低,但与干燥试件无侧限抗压强度变化趋势一致。对RAP的模量试验表明高温状态下RAP混合料的路用性能最差。SEM测试表明：水泥的水化使得混合料中有针状钙矾石和纤维状C—S—H凝胶相互交织搭接,形成网络结构,将集料颗粒包裹起来,这是RAP产生强度的主要因素。     

水泥含量对乳化沥青冷再生混合料性能的影响

文章在分析路面回收料(RAP)特性基础上设计了5种水泥含量的混合料性能试验。结果表明:RAP级配与实际骨料级配之间存在差异,并且水泥含量对混合料各项性能均有较大影响。     

Optimal percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement in central plant hot recycling mixture

For determining the optimal percentage of RAP material in central plant hot recycling, binder was recovered from RAP by means of Abson recovery method, and properties tests of mixed binders consisting of recovered asphalt and fresh asphalt at different ratios were performed. In addition, the performances of mixture with different percentages of RAP such as rutting resistance, anti-cracking, moisture susceptibility and fatigue resistance were tested. The binder test results showed that the high temperature performance was improved with the increase of the percentage of the RAP, while the low temperature performance was declined. When the percentage of the recovered binder was less than 30%, the mixed binder could match the technical standards for fresh asphalt. Tests on the mixtures showed that rutting resistance increased gradually as RAP percentage increased, while thermal anti-cracking at low temperature and fatigue properties declined. The effect of the percentage of RAP on moisture susceptibility was limited. It is indicated that low temperature performance and fatigue properties are important for selecting the optimal percentage of RAP. Based on data obtained from binders and mixtures, it is concluded that the maximum percentage of RAP is approximately 30% without the addition of rejuvenating agent.     

掺加旧料对温拌沥青混合料疲劳性能的影响分析

温拌再生沥青混合料是基于沥青温拌技术和再生技术发展而来的新型环保型沥青混合料.对掺加旧料（RAP）的温拌沥青混合料的疲劳性能进行了评价,分析了不同旧料掺量对疲劳性能的影响.疲劳试验采用小梁三分点加载方法,进行了旧料掺量为0%、15%、30%、45%以及60%的混合料疲劳试验.试验结果表明,旧料掺量越大,疲劳性能越差;30%为温拌沥青混合料的临界旧料掺量,此掺量为疲劳性能的＂性能拐点＂,超过此掺量后疲劳性能大幅衰减.     

再生沥青混合料的黏弹性动态响应及疲劳性能

为了分析废旧沥青路面材料(RAP)对热拌沥青混合料的黏弹性动态响应及疲劳性能的影响,设计了不同RAP掺量(10%、20%、30%)及不同级配(AC-13和AC-16)的沥青混合料,采用沥青混合料性能试验仪(AMPT)在不同温度和加载频率下的动态模量,之后采用时间-温度等效原理,确定了不同沥青混合料的动态模量主曲线;并对不同沥青混合料进行了单轴拉伸疲劳试验,通过简化的黏弹性连续损伤模型(S-VECD),确定了不同级配、不同RAP含量的沥青混合料的损伤特征曲线(C-S),及基于能量的疲劳失效标准与疲劳加载次数之间的关系(GR-Nf).结果表明:沥青混合料的动态模量随着温度的升高、加载频率的降低而降低,温度越低、频率越高,沥青混合料越接近弹性体,反之越接近黏性体;从不同级配的沥青混合料的动态模量主曲线中可以看出,RAP含量越高,其动态模量越高,但总体来看相差不大.疲劳试验及分析表明:RAP含量较高时,其疲劳性能较低,表明其应力松弛能力较差,因此应更加关注再生沥青混合料的抗疲劳性能.     

基于数字图像的沥青混合料离散元几何建模方法

沥青混合料的性能与其细观结构密切相关,离散元方法在解决沥青混合料这种复杂、多相、不连续介质材料的细观问题时,具有很大优势。针对以往沥青混合料离散元建模不能较好模拟集料颗粒形状的问题,结合数字图像处理技术,提出了一种新的沥青混合料离散元几何建模方法,主要有3个步骤：1）使用特征聚类方法,将沥青混合料切片图像中的集料与沥青砂浆分离;2）并利用链码边界跟踪和线段表算法将分离的集料区域填充为离散元中的＂聚粒＂;3）用离散元的圆盘单元填充沥青胶砂区域,实现沥青混合料切片图像的二维离散元几何建模。利用该模型,较好地模拟了沥青混合料在贯入荷载作用下变形的动态过程。     

泡沫沥青再生混合料劈裂强度影响因素试验

为了研究不同泡沫沥青用量和旧沥青路面铣刨料(简称RAP)掺量两因素对泡沫沥青再生混合料劈裂强度的影响,采用两种不同的沥青路面铣刨旧料RAP1和RAP2,通过变化旧料掺量为0%、20%、40%、60%、80%5种比例,分别与2%、2.5%、3%、3.5%、4%5种用量的泡沫沥青混和,拌制泡沫沥青再生混合料,成型试件后进行干、湿两种条件下的劈裂强度(ITS)和残留劈裂强度比(TSR)测试.结果表明:在沥青旧料掺量比例一定的情况下,混合料的泡沫沥青用量存在最佳值;随着RAP掺量逐渐增大,泡沫沥青再生混合料的最佳沥青用量却逐渐减小,其值由RAP掺量为0时的3.5%减少到掺量为80%时的2%;随着RAP掺量的增大,泡沫沥青再生混合料干、湿ITS呈现减小趋势,但TSR却有所提高.     

多孔安山岩在沥青路面中的应用研究

采用沥青浸渍集料、浸渍集料混合料、浸渍沥青混合料3种不同的沥青浸渍法和计算法分别确定沥青混合料的最大理论相对密度,并进行配合比设计,确定最佳油石比。对比分析了沥青混合料的各项路用性能,对未掺加抗剥落剂、掺加液体抗剥落剂和掺加消石灰的安山岩沥青混合料,分别进行了常规水稳定性能试验和汉堡车辙试验。结果表明:较之计算法,采用沥青浸渍法确定安山岩沥青混合料的最大理论相对密度进行配合比设计得到的沥青混合料各项路用性能更优;汉堡车辙试验可以很好地评价沥青混合料的水稳定性能,对于多孔安山岩,掺加消石灰为提高沥青混合料水稳定性能的最佳措施。     

不同RAP掺量温拌再生改性沥青抗变形性能研究

为了评价不同RAP （旧沥青混合料reclaimed asphalt pavement）温拌再生沥青混合料的抗变形性能,通过室内试验对SBS改性沥青及4种不同RAP掺量温拌再生改性沥青进行基本性能及不同温度下黏度试验,从活化能角度揭示温拌再生改性机理,并且通过沥青混合料车辙试验对不同RAP沥青混合料抗变形性能进行研究.结果表明：温拌再生改性沥青的活化能较高;温拌再生改性沥青混合料的高温性能优于热拌沥青混合料,RAP建议掺量为40%,再生剂A及B建议掺量分别为沥青质量5%及旧沥青质量4%.     

乳化沥青冷再生混合料疲劳性能及影响因素

为研究乳化沥青冷再生混合料抗疲劳性能关键影响因素,采用应力控制模式下的间接拉伸疲劳试验,分析应力水平、水泥用量、旧料( relaimed asphalt pavement, RAP)掺量、乳化沥青类型及乳化沥青用量等因素对冷再生混合料疲劳性能的影响规律,最后,基于灰关联熵分析,对各影响因素进行了量化与比较。结果表明：乳化沥青针入度指标、RAP掺量对乳化沥青冷再生混合料疲劳寿命影响最为显著,乳化沥青用量、乳化沥青延度指标影响次之,应力水平、水泥用量影响最小。     

Effect of aggregate gradation on low temperature performance of asphalt paving mixtures

Low temperature cracking has become one of the important factors that diminish asphalt pavement’s ride quality and service life.Especially in cold region,cracking caused by low temperature is the main distress form.This paper discussed the effect of aggregate gradation on the low temperature performance in asphalt paving mixtures.A total of 11 asphalt mixtures with 11 different aggregate gradations and one asphalt binder content were studied.Volumetric properties of the coarse aggregate and asphalt mixtures showed aggregate grading has a significant impact on the degree of aggregate interlock in asphalt mixtures.A trend is existed in the low temperature performance with the change of gradation.With the aid of mathematic statistics,it indicates gradation affects the low temperature performance significantly.The findings also indicate the relationship between the degree of aggregate interlock in asphalt mixtures and the low temperature performance:With the stone-to-stone contact developed,the mixture has a high energy to resist contract and deformation at low temperature.The properties of fine aggregate and asphalt play an important part in resisting low temperature cracking in floating structure.But it provides lower energy to resist low temperature cracking compared to the skeleton structure.     

Design of small stone asphalt mixture based on anti-skidding performance

Small stone asphalt mixture(SSAM) was designed by Bailey method and coarse aggregate voids-filling method.The optimum asphalt content was determined by Marshal test.Surface texture depth for SSAM with different voidage,and the BPN of SSAM and SMA before after wet track abrasion were measured.The experimental results indicate that the surface texture depth increases with the decreasing of asphalt aggregate ratio.The SSAM with the optimal asphalt content has a good skid resistance.BPN of asphalt mixture decreases with the increasing of wearing time,but the extent of reduction is different.The reduction rate of BPN for SSAM is smaller than that of SMA,indicating that SSAM has a good skid resistance attenuation capacity.Finally,the other properties of SSAM are also evaluated,showing that the splitting strength and modulus and SSAM are higher than those of SMA,and the other properties of SSAM,such as high-temperature performance and water stability can also satisfy the technical requirements.     

Evaluation of Mixture Performance Recycled Asphalt Pavement Materials as Base Layer with or without Rejuvenator into the Asphalt

The binder properties were determined in accordance with Chinese standard such as ductility test,which allowed to measure the distance in centimeters that a standard briquette of asphalt had been stretched before breaking.Then,penetration test was carried out in order to know some properties of the asphalt,which are the hardness and the softness.Finally,softening point test was carried out in order to determine the temperature at which the bitumen attains a particular degree of softening under the specification of the test.According to Chinese standard for performance tests,firstly,Marshall test was carried out in order to measure the theoretical density,air voids,voids filled with asphalt,stability,flow,and voids in mineral aggregate of asphalt specimens.Secondly,Freeze-thaw splitting test was carried out in order to determine Splitting strength ratio.Finally,dynamic stability (rutting) test was carried out to determine average dynamic stability.Beside the tests carried out,the gradation of the extracted aggregate in accordance with American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials was carried out to determine the dimensions of the particles weight distribution.Furthermore,both the percentage of recycled asphalt pavement materials and binder in mixture were determined to know how much of the new material during the mixture was needed.However,two specimens were used to evaluate the performance of recycled asphalt pavement materials.One specimen of recycled asphalt pavement materials was ten years old,and another one of recycled asphalt pavement materials was five years old.The results show that the conditions of the environment such as moisture,temperature,and age,decrease the ductility and penetration properties of binder when increase the softening point property of binder.Then the gradation of recycled asphalt pavement aggregate is of the required values to reuse in the mixture,while the flow ratio,the splitting strength ratio,and the dynamic stability ratio,are less than the required value test.With regard to the properties of mixture of recycled asphalt pavement material binder with rejuvenator,the results show that when the penetration and ductility versus percentage of rejuvenator increase,softening point versus percentage of rejuvenator decreases.Also,when the bitumen and rejuvenator percentage increase,the air voids decrease.Consequently,voids filled with asphalt and voids in the mineral aggregate increase.Moreover,the theoretical density and stability values decrease in a mixture containing four-point fifty percent to six percent of bitumen and rejuvenator,whereas the flow values increase.More interestingly,with four percent to four-point fifty percent mixture ratio of bitumen and rejuvenator,density,stability,and flow values increase.The splitting strength ratio values of mixtures and the dynamic stability test (rutting test) values of mixtures with forty percent of specimen one and specimen two respectively are greater than the required value of the standard test.In addition,the high percentage of rejuvenator increases the rut of pavement,in the same manner,the low percentage of rejuvenator induces low rut.In conclusion,the binder content from recycled materials without rejuvenator seems not be sufficient to be reused on the new pavement while the aged recycled material seems to be performed better than no aged recycled material with rejuvenator into bitumen.Then,the rejuvenator can influence the bitumen properties and performance of the pavement.Finally,the pavement made by only recycled pavement materials as a base layer appears to be more economical but cannot be more effective than the pavement made by mixture of new and recycled pavement materials as a base layer.     

乳化沥青冷再生混合料和易性指标及影响因素

为了研究乳化沥青冷再生混合料和易性,采用自主研发的和易性测试设备,以扭矩值作为乳化沥青冷再生混合料和易性表征指标,研究了不同特性的乳化沥青、回收沥青路面材料( reclaimed asphalt pavement,RAP)掺量及拌和用水量对乳化沥青冷再生混合料和易性的影响规律,分析了乳化沥青冷再生混合料和易性影响因素的显著性,并通过反算水泥初凝时间以及旋转压实成型试件的体积参数是否在规范范围验证了测试方法及指标的合理性.结果表明：再生混合料和易性随着RAP掺量的增加而变差,合适的拌和用水量能显著改善再生混合料和易性;RAP掺量和拌和用水量对再生混合料和易性有显著影响,而乳化沥青特性的影响不明显;乳化沥青冷再生混合料在拌和后存在一个最佳压实时机,推荐扭矩阈值为20 N·m.     

SMA4.75组成设计与性能研究

SMA4.75沥青混合料在薄表层应用中具有相当优良的使用性能,在各类预防性维护项目中具有良好的前景。对SMA4.75沥青混合料进行配合比设计试验,着重从原材料试验、集料规范、混合料体积设计和最佳油石比设计等方面进行研究,并最终将其应用于西部高寒地区高速公路。     

布敦岩矿料的沥青混合料路用性能

以70号A级道路石油沥青为依据,实施了6种不同布顿岩矿料掺量的6种AC20矿料级配的布顿岩沥青混合料路用性能研究。结果表明,布敦岩沥青原材料中的岩矿料对矿料级配组成与路用性能均影响较大;合理选择布敦岩沥青油石比可显著提高综合路用性能,较优油石比为0.7%~1.3%时的路用性能接近于SBS改性沥青混合料,但对提高水稳定性能力有限;布敦岩沥青最佳掺量为23.7%,与布敦岩沥青原材料自身的油石比几乎相同。