Influence of Liquid Height to the Oxidation Process of Landfill Leachate by Using Ozone

The influence of liquid height on chemical oxygen demand (COD) of leachate was investigated. When 400 mL leachate was filled in a thick tube reactor (TTR) with height of 0.063 m, COD removal efficiency was 45.69%, while ozone dosage was 3.35 mg_O3/mg_COD. As leachate was filled in a slender tube reactor (STR) with a height of 0.815 m, removal efficiency was 51.81%, and ozone dosage was 3.12 mg_O3/mg_COD. The results indicated that COD removal efficiency increased with the height of liquid. It is believed that the liquid height increased hydraulic pressure and resulted in COD removal efficiency.     

Post-Treatment of Composting Leachate by Ozonation

The post-treatment of composting leachate via an ozonation process in laboratory scale was studied in batch mode. According to the experiments, the COD removal was 47% after 30 min of ozonation via 0.4 g/h ozone (equivalent to 2.8 mg O₃/mg COD removed) at pH 9. In this circumstance, the removal of color and turbidity was also 86% and 89%, respectively. Increasing the ozone mass flow rate higher than 0.4 g/h had no considerable effect on the process variables. However, increasing the reaction time had a significant effect on both the removal of color and on COD of the leachate. Experimental data indicated that complete removal of color and 51% removal of COD were achieved after about 40 min of ozonation via 0.4 g/h ozone (equivalent to 3.3 mg O₃/mg COD removed). The ozone consumption rate increased as the reaction progressed and reached 4.1 mg O₃/mg COD removed after 60 min.     

Application of Regression Analysis for Ozone and Catalytic Ozonation of Organic Compounds from Landfill Leachate with Ceramic Raschig Rings and Natural Manganese Ore

Treatment of landfill leachate could be improved by adding ceramic raschig rings and manganese ore as catalysts for ozonation. Regression analysis were carried out to assess effects of parameters (pH, reaction time, the amount of H₂O₂, the surface area of ceramic raschig rings and the amount of manganese ore) on removing organic compounds from landfill leachate by ozone alone, peroxone, ozone/ceramic raschig rings, peroxone/ceramic raschig rings, ozone/manganese ore and peroxone/manganese ore. Results showed that parameters of reaction time, the amount of H₂O₂ and the amount of manganese ore were the high effects on removal of organic compounds from landfill leachate, following by pH paremeter. Ceramic raschig rings did not have significant effect on color, COD and TOC removal.     

Toxicity and Biodegradability Behavior of Xenobiotic Chemicals Before and After Ozonation: A Case Study with Commercial Textile Tannins

Ozonation of a natural tannin (NT; COD_o?=?1195 mg/L; TOC_o?=?342 mg/L; BOD_5,o?=?86 mg/L) and a synthetic tannin ST; COD_o?=?465 mg/L; TOC_o?=?55 mg/L; BOD_5,o?=?6 mg/L) being frequently applied in the polyamide dyeing process was investigated. Synthetic wastewater samples containing these tannins individually were prepared and subjected to ozonation at varying ozone doses (625– 1250 mgO₃/L wastewater), at pH?=?3.5 (the application pH of tannins) and pH?=?7.0 at an ozone dose of 1125 mgO₃/L wastewater. The collective environmental parameters COD, TOC, BOD₅, UV₂₅₄ and UV₂₈₀ (UV absorbance at 254 nm and 280 nm, representing aromatic and unsaturated moieties, respectively) were followed during ozonation. Changes in the biodegradability of the tannins were evaluated in terms of BOD₅ measurements conducted before and after ozonation. In addition, activated sludge inhibition tests employing heterotrophic biomass were run to elucidate the inhibitory effect of raw and ozonated textile tannins towards activated sludge biomass. Partial oxidation (45% COD removal at an ozone dose of 750 mg O₃/L wastewater and pH?=?3.5) of ST was sufficient to achieve elimination of its inhibitory effect towards heterotrophic biomass and acceptable biodegradability improvement, whereas the inhibitory effect and biodegradability of NT could not be reduced via ozonation under the same reaction conditions.     

Degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution by ozone-based processes

The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of conventional ozonation and catalytic ozonation (ozone/activated carbon (O₃/AC) and ozone/TiO₂/activated carbon (O₃/TiO₂/AC)) in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) component from MB aqueous solution. The removal rates of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD_Cr) were assessed to screen the most appropriate oxidative process of MB treatment. In this experiment conditions, the color was completely disappeared in the presence of TiO₂/AC catalyst, after 40 min of reaction time. However, only ozone system still existed 11.8% MB in aqueous solution, while in case of O₃/AC system MB of 4.6% was not removed. In the COD removal experiment, the catalytic ozonation process showed a superior performance, compared to that of the conventional ozonation. COD removal efficiency was significantly promoted in the presence of catalysts such as AC and TiO₂. O₃/TiO₂/AC was found to be the most effective approach to eliminating the color and enhancing COD removal efficiency. The catalyst of TiO₂/AC was characterized by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).     

Ozonation as a Means to Optimize Biological Nitrogen Removal from Landfill Leachate

In this study, we investigate factors that can affect nitrification and denitrification in a moving bed biofilm system, treating partly stabilized landfill leachate. The optimization of biological treatment by means of controlled ozonation is additionally evaluated. Results obtained with a laboratory-scale, continuous-flow biofilm system suggest that nitrogen removal can be limited by the low influent biodegradable substrate concentrations, and that autotrophic nitrification can be adversely impacted by the high alkalinity buffer and ammonium/ammonia concentration. Our results suggest an optimum ozone dosage as high as 0.5 g/L O₃ can be required to effectively decrease the effluent soluble COD concentration and pH profile in the aerobic reactors, improve the biodegradable COD production from inert compounds, and induce chemical nitrification in the system. The specific cost of ozonation evaluated is 0.36–0.73 euro/m³ with 911 mg/L average effluent soluble COD measured in the biofilm system.     

Removal Characteristics of Organic Pollutants in Sewage Treatment by a Pre-Coagulation,Ozonation and Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide Process

The applicability of a sequential process of ozonation and ozone/hydrogen peroxide process for the removal of soluble organic compounds from a pre-coagulated municipal sewage was examined. 6–25% of initial T-COD_Cr was removed at the early stage of ozonation before the ratio of consumed ozone to removed T-COD_Cr dramatically increased. Until dissolved ozone was detected, 0.3 mgO₃/mgTOC₀ (Initial TOC) of ozone was consumed. When an ozone/hydrogen peroxide process was applied, additional COD_Cr was removed. And we elucidated that two following findings are important for the better performance of ozone/hydrogen peroxide process; those are to remove readily reactive organic compounds with ozone before the application of ozone/hydrogen peroxide process and to avoid the excess addition of hydrogen peroxide. Based on these two findings, we proposed a sequential process of ozonation and multi-stage ozone/hydrogen peroxide process and the appropriate addition of hydrogen peroxide. T-COD_Cr, TOC and ATU-BOD₅ were reduced to less than 7 mg/L, 6 mgC/L and 5 mg/L, respectively after total treatment time of 79 min. Furthermore, we discussed the transformation of organic compounds and the removal of organic compounds. The removal amount of COD_Cr and UV₂₅₄ had good linear relationship until the removal amounts of COD_Cr and UV₂₅₄ were 30 mg/L and 0.11 cm^?1, respectively. Therefore UV₂₅₄ would be useful for an indicator for COD_Cr removal at the beginning of the treatment. The accumulation of carboxylic acids (formic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid) was observed. The ratio of carbon concentration of carboxylic acids to TOC remaining was getting higher and reached around 0.5 finally. Removal of TOC was observed with the accumulation of carboxylic acids. When unknown organic compounds (organic compounds except for carboxylic acids) were oxidized, 70% was apparently removed as carbon dioxide and 30% was accumulated as carboxylic acids. A portion of biodegradable organic compounds to whole organic compounds was enhanced as shown by the increase ratio of BOD/COD_Cr.     

Purification of Phenolic Wastewater Using Aerobic Bio-oxidation Combined with Activated Carbon Treatment and Ozonation

The combined process – aerobic bio-oxidation with activated carbon addition and ozonation was studied (ABO/AC/O3). The performance of the process was compared with conventional aerobic bio-oxidation (ABO). The studies were carried out in two continuous and periodic reactors to evaluate the purification efficiencies (in terms of COD, BOD and resorcinols removal), excess sludge generation and stability of the bioreactors against shock loadings. The parameters in continuous combined process were as follows: organics loading was 620 mgCOD/(day·L), activated carbon concentration 1g/L and ozone dose 2.45 mgO₃/L (mg ozone per liter of treated water). In periodic reactors the combined process was studied at lower activated carbon concentration and ozone dose (0.3 g/L and 0.57 mg/L respectively).

The results indicated that compared with conventional ABO, the co-effect of AC addition and short-termed (less than 1 week) or intermittent ozonation improved the removal of COD and BOD, while the longer period of ozonation resulted in reduction of excess sludge concentration in the bioreactor. The impact of AC and ozone on the ABO in the combined process did not concern only increased biomass activity, but AC and ozone improved also settleability of activated sludge and enhanced stability of the bioreactor to shock loadings.     

Comparison of Different Oxidation Methods for Recalcitrance Removal of Landfill Leachate

In this work several oxidation methods, such as conventional ozonation, O₃/UV, O₃/UV/ferrous iron and Fenton oxidation, for the removal of recalcitrant organic matter present in landfill leachates are evaluated. The samples of the leachate are taken after a biological treatment and membrane ultra-filtration (UF). The contribution of the UV radiation and the effect of ferrous iron ions on the ozone process efficiency is discussed. At lower ozone dosages, the partial oxidation efficiency is reduced as compared to conventional ozonation and therefore, a higher degree of mineralization of the organic matter is achieved. Finally, the best results are obtained by the Fenton oxidation, however, based on economic considerations this method is not recommended.     

Sludge Ozonation and its Application to a New Advanced Wastewater Treatment Process with Sludge Disintegration

The applicability of sludge ozonation on wastewater treatment processes was investigated to reduce the amount of excess sludge without losing phosphorus removal efficiency. Solubilization degree per ozone consumption for general sludge was in the range from 2.4 to 5.8 gSS/O₃ and from 4.1 to 7.7 gCOD/gO₃. Around 80 to 90% of solubilized organics was biodegradable at a solubilization degree of 0.3. Based on the experimental results, a lab-scale plant with sludge ozonation and phosphorus crystallization was constructed to investigate the treatment performance. Amount of excess sludge was reduced by 93% with almost complete removal of soluble BOD and phosphorus removal efficiency of more than 80%. The percentage of the effluent COD_Cr discharge increased from 10% to 14–17% after installing ozonation and crystallization because of the formation of non-biodegradable organic substances in ozonation process. Energy consumption of the innovative advanced process is comparable or can be even smaller than that of the conventional anaerobic/oxic (A/O) process in spite of the installation of ozonation and crystallization.     

混凝-Fenton法对中晚期垃圾渗滤液预处理研究

利用混凝-Fenton法对中晚期垃圾渗滤液进行预处理研究。首先以PAC为混凝剂,PAM为助凝剂对垃圾渗滤液进行混凝处理,然后对混凝后渗滤液进行Fenton氧化。考察混凝剂用量,起始pH值,H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O投加比,Fenton试剂投药量和搅拌速度对垃圾渗滤液COD去除的影响,并进行正交试验分析。结果表明:混凝法的最佳投药量为1 L渗滤液投加1.5 g PAC和5 mg PAM;Fenton法的最佳条件为:起始pH值为3,H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O投加比为8∶1,Fenton试剂投药量为135 g/L,搅拌速度为150 r/min;各因素对Fenton试验影响大小为:起始pH值Fenton试剂投药量搅拌速度。在最佳条件下,混凝-Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液COD去除率可达91.41%。     

Pilot Study on Pre-Ozonation Enhanced Drinking Water Treatment Process

The enhancement of TOC, COD_Mn, and UV₂₅₄ reduction in the conventional drinking water treatment process by pre-ozonation was investigated in South China on treating dam source water with a pilot plant consisting of pre-ozonation, coagulation-sedimentation, and filtration units. Pre-ozonation enhanced the reduction of NOM in the conventional coagulation-sedimentation and filtration process, and the total removals of UV₂₅₄, COD_Mn and TOC were improved for 34.6%, 18.1% and 15.3%, respectively by the adoption of pre-ozonation under an ozone dose (in ozone consumption base) of 0.85 mg/L. The enhancement of UV₂₅₄ and COD_Mn removals was mainly achieved through direct ozonation on humic substances, and that for TOC removal was achieved through biodegradation in sand filtration. In comparison with the TOC removal of 38%, a removal of 49% was acquired for SDS-THM under a pre-ozonation dose of 0.80 mg/L, indicating the selective removal of THMFP. The reduction of SDS-THM paralleled the reduction of COD_Mn to a significant degree, suggesting that the COD_Mn might be an effective surrogate parameter for SDS-THM if the raw water does not contain the reductive inorganic matters. Although the source water contains 13.2–27.0μg/L bromide, the formation of bromate was negligible when the ozone dose was below 1.0 mg/L.     

Post-Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater by Advanced Oxidation Processes

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of chemical oxidation by applying ozonation, combination of ozone and hydrogen peroxide and Fenton's processes for decolorization and residual chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of biologically pretreated pulp and paper industry effluents. The batch tests were performed to determine the optimum operating conditions including pH, O₃, H₂O_2, and Fe²⁺ dosages. H₂O₂ addition reduced the reaction times for the same ozone dosages; however combinations of ozone/hydrogen peroxide were only faintly more effective than ozone alone for COD and color removals. In the Fenton‘s oxidation studies, the removal efficiencies of COD, color and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) for biologically treated pulp and paper industry effluents were found to be about 83, 95, and 89%, respectively. Experimental studies indicated that Fenton oxidation was a more effective process for the reduction of COD, color, and UV₂₅₄when compared to ozonation and ozone/hydrogen peroxide combination. Fenton oxidation was found to have less operating cost for color removal from wastewater per cubic meter than the cost for ozone and ozone/hydrogen peroxide applications.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Humic Acids Degradation by Ozone in the Presence of CeO2/AC

This work investigated the catalytic ozonation of humic acids extracted from landfill leachate in the presence of CeO₂/AC with focus on the kinetics of humic acids degradation. It was confirmed that the degradation of humic acids mainly took place in the solution bulk. The direct and indirect reaction constants of ozone against humic acids were determined. By analyzing the contributions of direct ozone oxidation and indirect ?OH radicals oxidation to humic acids removal, it was found that ?OH radicals oxidation predominated at all pH, indicating that the catalytic ozonation of humic acids with CeO₂/AC involved ?OH radicals mechanism.     

多相催化臭氧化处理采油废水试验研究

采用多相催化臭氧化技术在实验室条件下去除采油废水中的COD。考察了催化剂的种类、吸附作用和投加量以及pH、反应时间、HCO3-和CO32-对多相催化臭氧化去除采油废水COD的影响。试验最佳工艺条件为:臭氧质量浓度为80 mg.L-1、催化剂为A3、催化剂投加量为1 000 mg.L-1、pH为10.8和反应时间为50 min。结果表明,在最佳工艺条件下,采用A3/O3氧化工艺处理采油废水,COD去除率可达到79.40%,比O3、A1/O3和A2/O33种氧化工艺对COD的去除率分别提高了33.00%、14.00%和18.10%,出水COD为118.450 mg.L-1,达到了国家污水综合排放标准的二级排放标准;催化剂对采油废水中的有机物具有一定的吸附作用;pH对反应影响显著,pH越大越有利于COD的去除;COD去除率随反应时间的延长其增幅逐渐减小,最终趋于平衡;HCO3-和CO32-对多相催化臭氧化去除COD的效果具有很大的抑制作用,在HCO3-和CO32-质量浓度为200 mg.L-1时,COD去除率分别为39.89%和27.59%,比HCO3-和CO32-质量浓度为0 mg.L-1时的COD去除率分别降低了39.51%和51.81%,试验还发现,CO32-对自由基的抑制作用强于HCO3-。这在某种程度上证明了多相催化臭氧化对有机物的降解遵循羟基自由基氧化机理。     

Ozone treatment of textile effluents and dyes: effect of applied ozone dose,pH and dye concentration

The ozonation of wastewater supplied from a treatment plant (Samples A and B) and dye‐bath effluent (Sample C) from a dyeing and finishing mill and acid dye solutions in a semi‐batch reactor has been examined to explore the impact of ozone dose, pH, and initial dye concentration. Results revealed that the apparent rate constants were raised with increases in applied ozone dose and pH, and decreases in initial dye concentration. While the color removal efficiencies of both wastewater Samples A and C for 15 min ozonation at high ozone dosage were 95 and 97%, respectively, these were 81 and 87%, respectively at low ozone dosage. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal efficiencies at several ozone dose applications for a 15 min ozonation time were in the ranges of 15–46% and 10–20%, respectively for Sample A and 15–33% and 9–19% respectively for Sample C. Ozone consumption per unit color, COD and DOC removal at any time was found to be almost the same while the applied ozone dose was different. Ozonation could improve the BOD₅ (biological oxygen demand) COD ratio of Sample A by 1.6 times with 300 mg dm^?3 ozone consumption. Ozonation of acid dyes was a pseudo‐first order reaction with respect to dye. Increases in dye concentration increased specific ozone consumption. Specific ozone consumption for Acid Red 183 (AR‐183) dye solution with a concentration of 50 mg dm^?3 rose from 0.32 to 0.72 mg‐O₃ per mg dye decomposed as the dye concentration was increased to 500 mg dm^?3. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

臭氧预氧化强化煤气废水生化处理研究

煤气废水生物处理出水存在着色度、NH3-N和COD等指标超标的问题,需要进行深度处理。臭氧氧化是一种比较常用的深度处理方法,然而单独依靠臭氧氧化去除废水中的COD和NH3-N需要较高的臭氧投加量,处理成本很高。探讨了臭氧对煤气废水生物处理出水的预氧化效果及其对后续生物处理过程的强化作用。实验表明,臭氧对废水的色度去除很有效,投加<160mg/L的臭氧就可去除90%的色度,废水pH较低时色度去除效果较好;臭氧氧化对废水残留COD有一定的去除作用,不同的pH条件下去除率有差异,总体每mg臭氧可去除0.44～0.64mg的COD;臭氧有效投加质量浓度为240mg/L时,废水COD去除率降低,氧化后出水BOD上升,有利于后续生物处理;臭氧氧化对废水NH3-N的去除效果不明显。对比原水与臭氧氧化出水的分子质量分布特征,发现废水经臭氧氧化后其成分有两种变化趋势,既有一定量的小分子物质产生,又有大分子物质聚合生成,因此臭氧预氧化后续处理工艺应以生物处理为主,同时配合混凝处理工艺。     

Ceramic Raschig Rings—Improving Removal of Organic Compounds from Landfill Leachate by Perozone (O3/H2O2)

For improving the treatment of landfill leachate by combination O₃/H₂O₂, ceramic Raschig rings (CRR) with different surface areas were added to enhance mass transfer of ozone into liquid phase. To determine optimal conditions of reaction, pH and reaction time was also studied. The optimal pH range of 8–9, optimal reaction time of 80 min was identified in this research. CRR contribute to the significant improvement of efficiency of landfill leachate treatment by O₃/H₂O₂ systems. With added CRR of 728 m²/m³ surface area, color, COD and TOC removal was increased in comparison with experiment without CRR is 8%, 14%, and 9%, respectively. In this condition, the ozone utilization efficiency was also higher than that of experiment without CRR. Content of O₃ was also identified uses 3.441 kg O₃/kg COD.     

生物流化床-Fenton-曝气生物滤池组合工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液的中试研究

针对杭州市某垃圾填埋场的技术改造要求,采用生物流化床-Fenton高级氧化-曝气生物滤池组合工艺对填埋场渗滤液进行深度处理。通过建立中试装置,着重探讨各工艺单元对其处理效果的影响。研究表明,经过生物流化床处理后,氨氮平均去除率可达89.9%,出水氨氮质量浓度稳定低于10 mg.L-1。Fenton单元在系统运行参数为:反应pH为2,n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)=1:1,m(H2O2):m(COD)=2:1,出水pH调整至8,采用两级加药的投加方式,反应时间约为80 min,此时COD平均去除率为71.3%,再经过两级BAF处理后,出水COD稳定低于100 mg.L-1。渗滤液经该组合工艺处理后,除总氮外其它指标可稳定达到生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB 16889-2008)排放限制标准。渗滤液的处理费用约为14.69元.m-3。     

Enhancing Biodegradability of Textile Wastewater by Ozonation Processes: Optimization with Response Surface Methodology

ABSTRACT

In this study, an ozonation process was used to increase biodegradability of textile wastewater by considering chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal. Response surface methodology was applied in order to determine the significance of independent variables which are initial pH, reaction time and ozone dose. While a biological oxygen demand (BOD)/COD rate of 0.315 was obtained at optimum conditions, which are pH 9, 75 min of reaction time and 26 mg/L ozone dose, color and COD removal was obtained at 74% and 39%, respectively. BOD/COD ratio value increased from 0.18 to 0.32 by ozonation process. In addition, k coefficient for BOD also increased from 0.21 to 0.30 d^?1.