Appeals to image and claims about quality: Understanding the psychology of advertising.

Examined, in 3 studies, the evaluative and behavioral reactions of 130 undergraduates with high and low self-monitoring personalities to 2 advertising strategies: appeals to a product's image and claims about a product's quality. High self-monitoring Ss reacted more favorably to image-oriented advertisements, were willing to pay more for products if they were advertised with an image orientation, and were more willing to try a product if it was marketed with an image appeal. By contrast, low self-monitoring Ss reacted more favorably to product-quality oriented ads, were more willing to pay more for products if they were advertised with a quality orientation, and were more willing to try a product if it was marketed with a quality claim. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On Zookology, counseling psychology, and clinical psychology.

Responds to the comments of A. Zook (see record 1987-20037-001) on the present author's (see record 1986-12878-001) work on the merging of clinical and counseling psychology, suggesting that a training base in remedial, educational/developmental, and preventive functions is important regardless of whether one is a clinical or counseling psychologist. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sampling of empirically supported psychological treatments from health psychology: Smoking, chronic pain, cancer, and bulimia nervosa.

Interventions in health psychology and behavioral medicine represent an integral area of research for the development of psychological therapies to enhance health behaviors, manage symptoms and sequelae of disease, treat psychological symptoms and disorders, prolong survival in the face of a life-threatening illness, and improve quality of life. A sampling of interventions in health psychology and behavioral medicine is offered that meet the criteria for empirically supported treatments for smoking cessation, chronic pain, cancer, and bulimia nervosa. Evidence for empirically supported treatments is identified, along with promising interventions that do not yet meet the criteria as outlined by D. L. Chambless and S. D. Hollon (1998). Evidence for the effectiveness and clinical significance of these interventions is reviewed, and issues in this area of research are outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social psychology, experimental psychology and the social psychology of the experiment.

Discusses the recent growth of experimental social psychology which has involved wholesale adoption of classical methodology as conceived by experimental psychology. Paradoxically, research and writings on the "social psychology of the experiment" raise serious questions about certain assumptions implicit in classical methodology, i.e., those concerning the nature of the subject matter and the relationship between E and S. The views of R. Rosenthal, M. T. Orne, and others are discussed in this context and general implications considered in the light of the humanistic movement in American psychology. The general conclusion is that the values and criteria for all experimentation in psychology may be destined to undergo a radical reorientation. (French summary) (32 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Genetics, psychology, and determinism.

Comments on the article by A. F. Patenaude et al (see record 2002-12457-022) that discusses advances in genetics and genetic testing and the role of psychology and psychologists in this field. Patenaude et al's article raises the issue that adequate genetic interventions may provide some benefit for individuals with predispositions for mental disorders to cope with the vulnerability and possibly help reduce the risk of the development of serious psychopathology. However, Kéri thinks that the concretization of such interventions is premature, and several scientific, ethical, and practical issues must be clarified. This position is further discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Modernity, postmodernity, and psychology.

Responds to the S. Greer (see record 2001-00625-016), J. D. Raskin (see record 2001-00625-017), and M. Glassman (see record 2001-00625-018) comments on the J. Martin and J. Sugarman (see record 2000-08148-003) discussion on finding the middle ground between modern and postmodern approaches to psychology. All of the critiques are responded to in turn. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Values, politics, and psychology.

Comments on H. H. Kendler's positivist critique regarding the role of value in the world of psychology (see record 1999-11644-004). Smith objects to Kendler's interpretation of Smith's justification for a socially activist psychology. He argues that psychologists, as scientists and professionals, have just as much justification as anybody else, and more than many, to enter into democratic controversy about value choices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Chaos, self-organization, and psychology.

A variety of investigators in recent years have proposed models of psychological systems based on the concepts of chaos, nonlinear dynamics, and self-organization. Unfortunately, psychologists in general have little understanding of these important ideas. These terms are defined, and their relationships are discussed. The value of applying these concepts to psychological systems is demonstrated by exploring their utility in areas ranging from neuroscience to clinical psychology. Some of the difficulties in using nonlinear concepts and methodologies in empirical investigations are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Existentialism, psychology, and psychotherapy.

The basic elements of existentialism and its relevance to psychology and psychotherapy are considered. "Existentialists are concerned with the meaning of life… . The existential analysts emphasize the study of the experiencing individual. Events are looked at in terms of their meaning for the individual… . In an attempt to get at the patient's inner universe of experience, the existential analyst studies how the phenomenological coordinates of time, space, causality, and materiality are experienced… . Logotherapy focuses upon the search for meaning in human existence." If it is approached as an area representing possible suggestions for further study "existentialism may have much to offer and psychology considerable to gainp" (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Philosophy, psychology, and reality.

Comments on the implications of the discussion of P. T. Manicas and P. F. Secord (see record 1984-00037-001) on psychology and the new philosophy of science. It is suggested that they indicated that (1) the realist approach is coextensive with the new philosophy of science, (2) the version of realism (the transcendental realist approach) put forward by R. Bhaskar (1983) is equivalent to all other forms of realism, and (3) the contentions of the new philosophy of science are not problematic. The present author offers critiques in these areas, although he states that the discussion of Manicas and Secord is worthy of serious attention. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ghosts, taxonomies, and social psychology.

This article critically analyzes social psychology's assumption that psychological states can explain social behavior. On the basis of an analysis of the logic of classification systems, the author argues that there are no procedures available to independently verify the existence of these psychological states. As a consequence, explanations of social behavior are subject to continual challenge and replacement. Furthermore, it is argued that focusing on psychological states serves to inhibit the systematic study of societal changes (particularly changes in technology) that are affecting and shaping all aspects of human existence. This article describes an alternate paradigm that coordinates one dimension of societal events—technology—with changes in people's consciousness and subsequent behavior. A taxonomy of technology is described in the closing section of the article. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

U.S. psychology and world psychology.

Contends that although US psychology at present occupies a major position in world psychology, the field is growing more rapidly in many other countries. An example of international cooperation in an endeavor that could not be achieved by the psychological community of any single nation (i.e., securing the admission of the International Union of Psychological Science to the International Council of Scientific Unions) is given. A list of suggestions is presented outlining ways in which individual psychologists can take part in international psychological activities. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Humanistic psychology and positive psychology.

Comments on M. E. P. Seligman and M. Csikszentmihalyi's (see record 2000-13324-001) introduction to the special issue on positive psychology (American Psychologist, 2000[Jan], Vol 55[1]). The commenting authors wish that Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi had done a more scholarly job of investigating humanistic psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Military psychology and general psychology.

Suggests the relevance of many findings, methods, and viewpoints of military psychology to approaches taken by behavioral and social scientists in solving contemporary problems. 4 factors which have promoted utilization of the results of military psychology are discussed: organizational continuity, membership in the research and development community, comprehensiveness of individual projects, and concern about implementation. (35 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Aristotle, teleology, and modern psychology.

After first discussing the symbiotic relationship between science and philosophy of science in mind, the author then presents a very selective glimpse of the path that science traversed from Aristotle and the ancients to the modern science of psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ageism, psychology, and public policy.

Chronological age—either young or old—may be the basis for prejudicial attitudes, discriminatory practices, and institutional policies. The importance and role of ageism differs greatly between societies, such as the United States and Japan. Psychological research has documented a variety of examples of negative attitudes toward older people in the United States, but these results may reflect the methods used or may indicate a preference for age similarity rather than prejudice against the aged. Vulnerability to ageism in old age is associated demographically with being a woman, living alone, and having a poor health status. Discriminatory attitudes, mental health services, and employment policies are examples of the interface of ageism and psychology. Ageism may be reduced by emphasizing diversity among older people, paying attention to compensations for reduced abilities, and developing public policy based on need rather than on age. The importance of ageism as a psychological issue must be recognized and included in the public debate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Automation, human engineering, and psychology.

"The age of automation presents a challenge for the industrial psychologist. At the same time it clearly presents problems of interest to other areas of psychology besides industrial—social, counseling, and experimental among them." "Broadly defined, human engineering is a phase of engineering which applies knowledge of human factors to design of machines—or of products." "The age of automation confronts not only the industrial psychologist but the entire profession with changes in research and training." "Let the engineer learn more about man—and the psychologist more about the machine. Together with other human factor experts, they will help industry to supply all of us products of greater efficiency, comfort and safety." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Community psychology, networks, and Mr. Everyman.

Proposes and defends the separation of community psychology from clinical psychology and community mental health. The proposal is not intended to assert the superiority of one field over another but rather to demonstrate that they require different conceptual rationales to achieve their different purposes. Clinical psychology and the community mental health movement rest on theories and practices that cannot provide an understanding of a community; indeed, they stand in the way of coming to grips with the complexity of a community. The need for a "divorce" is illustrated in several ways, with particular attention paid to the potential productiveness of the concept of a network as a way of looking at and studying a community. The characteristics of a community psychologist are defined, and their similarities to the "Mr. Everyman" of historian C. Becker (1935) are stressed. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Community and psychology and community psychology.

Community psychology has become an increasingly active speciality with promise of providing a relevant link to current social issues. It's province and dimensions are not yet clear, however. A traditional antipathy toward field and community studies has fostered prejudice and misinformation about the nature of inquiry. The logic of research suggests a need for naturalistic studies, with an ecological orientation as an effective framework. The community is seen as a productive domain for the study of psychology. (28 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Smoking, stress, and coronary heart disease.

Smoking is a major coronary heart disease risk factor that has proven to be very resistant to treatment efforts. For many smokers, environmental stressors, which have also been related to coronary heart disease risk, appear to be strong determinants of smoking behavior and of relapse after cessation. This review focuses on the interrelation between stressors and smoking and on the potential impact of this interrelation on coronary heart disease risk beyond that which is due to stressors or to smoking alone. First, evidence supporting the interrelation between stress and smoking and its relevance to the risk of heart disease is reviewed. Second, mechanisms that may explain why smokers smoke more during stress and why stress may cause relapse are discussed. Finally, new directions in the development of individualized methods to assess, understand, and treat stress-related smoking and relapse are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)