自激振荡式天然气管道增输器设计及数值计算

基于低压大流量自激振荡射流形成及自激振荡脉冲气体的运动规律,提出了固-脉冲波峰点接触的"滚动摩擦"自激振荡脉冲式天然气管道输送运动形式。分析了下游喷嘴直径、腔室直径、腔室长度和腔室碰撞壁倾角等结构参数对天然气管道减阻增输特性的影响,并确定了较优的自激振荡脉冲腔室无量纲参数。研究结果表明:腔室下喷嘴直径反映自激振荡脉冲射流的过流特性,腔室直径影响自激振荡脉冲射流涡旋配对效果,腔室长度与自激振荡脉冲射流振荡频率及脉动幅值有关,碰撞壁倾斜角直接决定腔室涡漩中心的位置,进而产生周期性高压脉冲射流团的特殊聚能效应。计算后获得的自激振荡脉冲腔室较优无量纲参数为:腔室下游喷嘴与上喷嘴直径比为1.3,腔室长度与上喷嘴直径比为2.4,腔室直径与上喷嘴直径比为6,腔室碰撞壁倾斜角度为120°。     

自激振荡脉冲射流雾化的机理分析

建立了自激振荡雾化喷嘴的物理模型以及数学模型,通过Fluent软件对自激振荡腔室内部流场进行模拟,分析了自激振荡射流扰动波频率与喷嘴固有频率之间的关系、振荡腔室脉冲发生原因,以及射流脉冲特性其对雾化的影响,解释了自激振荡脉冲射流的雾化机理,说明了自激振荡喷嘴能明显提高射流的雾化效果。数值模拟了不同腔长配比和不同出流扩张锥角.结果表明,在其它条件一定的情况下最佳腔长配比值为腔长与上喷嘴直径之比为2.4,最佳出流扩张锥角为(60~65)°。     

自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴的空化特性研究

基于自激振荡脉冲喷嘴结构及其射流空化特性,建立了射流雾化过程中的液滴高密度区域和低密度区域破碎模型,分析了空化特性对自激振荡射流液滴破碎的影响,得到了影响自激振荡脉冲喷嘴空化特性的主要因素。研究结果表明:自激振荡脉冲射流呈周期性变化的空化特性使喷嘴出口形成超空化,出口处射流低密度区域形成一次雾化,而高密度区域则以液滴二次雾化形式破碎,增强喷嘴空化强度有利于射流雾化;自激振荡脉冲射流系统频率、喷嘴出口锥角以及射流进口压力都影响喷嘴的空化效果。     

结构参数对自激振荡脉冲射流固有频率特性的影响

运用流体网络理论建立了自激振荡脉冲射流装置的相似网络模型,分析了振荡射流喷嘴结构参数对喷嘴固有频率特性的影响规律,给出了喷嘴的设计原则。     

环形水气自振射流泵基本性能及频率数值分析

针对水气两相射流泵传能效率较低,吸气残压过大的问题,结合环形射流和自激振荡射流的优点,提出环形水气自激振荡脉冲射流的概念。以环形射流理论为基础,推导了混合相界面上的连续性方程和动量方程。采用Realizable k-ε紊流模型和欧拉多相流模型对环形水气自激振荡脉冲射流流场分别进行了定常和非定常数值模拟。计算了环形水气自激振荡射流泵的流量比q、压力比h和效率η等性能参数。对下喷嘴处的流体平均速度进行了非定常模拟计算。对下喷嘴处混合相瞬时速度脉冲进行了频率分析。与普通环形水气射流相比,环形自激振荡射流对气体的卷吸作用能力得到增强,且下喷嘴处的混合相瞬时速度值具有显著的脉冲主频。     

基于自激振荡脉冲效应的雾化喷嘴出口流道空化特性研究

喷嘴结构及射流运动参数对液体空化流动状态有重要影响。基于空化泡溃灭的雾化机理和自激振荡脉冲喷嘴出口流道空化过程,分析空化效应对自激振荡脉冲射流雾化效果的影响。依据自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴结构,分析射流来流速度和脉动压力对喷嘴出口流道空化效应的影响,提出利用来流雷诺数和脉动特征值表征喷嘴出口流道空化程度,并根据自激振荡脉冲喷嘴有限元分析得到喷嘴出口流道较好空化状态的来流雷诺数和喷嘴腔室长径比。研究结果表明:当来流雷诺数在2.14×10~5~3.05×10~5内逐渐增大时,自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴出口流道液相体积分数先减小后增大,相应的空化程度先增大后减小。雷诺数在2.44×10~5~2.75×10~5内可以使喷嘴出口流道形成较好空化效应,尤其在2.44×10~5附近时喷嘴出口流道出现最好的空化状态;脉动特征值与喷嘴出口流道处脉动压力幅值差成正比,随着自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴腔室长径比增大,脉动压力幅值差值先减小后增大。当喷嘴腔室长径比为0.60~0.70时,喷嘴出口流道空化状态较好。计算结果为自激振荡脉冲射流雾化喷嘴设计提供了理论依据。     

自激振荡型气动喷嘴的实验及数值模拟研究

设计并加工了一种自激振荡型气动喷嘴,通过开展实验研究,探讨了该喷嘴的无量纲结构参数长径比、腔径比以及运行参数对自激振荡效果的影响。运用延迟分离涡模拟方法,对自激振荡型喷嘴的内外流场进行了非定常数值模拟研究,揭示了自激振荡脉冲射流的产生机理。结果表明:内置特定空腔结构的气动喷嘴可以实现出口压力的高频振荡,实验工况范围的最优参数组合为长径比、腔径比,振荡频率达10~4数量级,振荡的标准差离散系数的范围为0.02～0.36。非定常计算结果表明,喷嘴空腔内锐边结构对高速射流剪切,造成不稳定涡系周期性产生、迁移和湮灭是喷嘴内外流场压力振荡产生的根源。     

自激振荡脉冲喷嘴空化效应及其射流形态的数值分析

基于自激振荡脉冲喷嘴空化效应和多相流模型,建立了自激振荡脉冲射流空化模型。依据自激振荡腔室结构及其几何参数建立了腔室轴对称物理模型,计算得到了振荡周期100ms内自激振荡脉冲射流的空化泡破碎、腔室内两相分布、湍动能分布和速度分布等结果。研究表明：在1.02~2.37ms时,空化泡半径减小,气泡开始径向运动形成泡面加速射流;在2.69~4.67ms时,空化泡面压力达到极限破碎值时气泡开始破碎;在自激振荡周期前25ms,主射流与空气接触边界面形成较强湍动能,自激振荡腔室中心漩涡区逐渐变大,外流场连续射流被割断成多股状射流,射流在喷射轴线附近速度达到并稳定在30~40m/s;在振荡周期的40~90ms,腔室内中心空化气囊形成并开始阻挡主射流运动,喷嘴出口流道出现大面积空化区域,湍动能最大区域集中在下喷嘴出口下游;在振荡后期,随着主射流与空气相互作用及射流贯穿距离增加,主射流速度逐渐趋于稳定且扩散作用减弱。     

自激脉冲喷嘴的机理与结构仿真分析

分析了自激脉冲喷嘴的工作原理和自激振荡产生的机理,建立了自激喷嘴的数学模型;利用Fluent仿真软件,研究不同结构参数喷嘴的脉冲射流特性;通过模拟仿真分析,得出了喷嘴的最佳结构参数。结果表明:上、下喷嘴直径和腔长对出流频率、振幅以及流速峰值都有着较为关键的影响;由于涡旋和空化对入口流速的阻碍,以及气体体积分数的不同,出口流速比进口流速大。     

自激振荡脉冲水射流喷嘴数值模拟及实验研究

自激振荡腔室是产生自激振荡脉冲射流的重要条件.为研究自激振荡腔长度对喷嘴输出射流特性的影响,采用标准k-ε方程模型,基于ANSYS建立喷嘴物理模型,分析不同腔长下流体结构特征并将其与实验结果比较.结果表明存在一最佳振荡腔长度6.9mm,使得振荡腔内平均压力及流体轴线速度达到最大;此外,当振荡腔长度小于16mm时,对应腔内压力呈负压状态.通过对腔内压力的实验数据采集及分析,验证了数值模拟结果的合理性与有效性.     

The evaluation of critical pressure ratios of sonic nozzles at low Reynolds numbers

A sonic nozzle is presently used as a reference flow-meter in the area of gas flow-rate measurement. The critical pressure ratio of the sonic nozzle is an important factor in maintaining its operating condition. ISO 9300 suggested that the critical ratio of a sonic nozzle should be a function of area ratio. In this study, 13 nozzles designed according to ISO 9300, with diffuser half angles of 2°–8° and throat diameters of 0.28 to 4.48 mm were tested. The testing result for the angles of 2°–6° are similar to that of ISO 9300. But the critical ratio for the nozzle of 8° decreases by 5.5% in comparison with ISO 9300. However, ISO 9300 does not predict the critical pressure ratio at Reynolds numbers lower than 10⁵. To express the critical pressure ratio of sonic nozzles at low Reynolds numbers, it is found that the critical pressure ratio should be related as a function of Reynolds number rather than area ratio, as used by ISO 9300. A correlated relation of critical pressure ratios and low Reynolds numbers for small sonic nozzles is suggested in this investigation, with an uncertainty of ±3.2% at 95% confidence level.     

膜片稳压溢流阀的设计计算

在对低压大流量的溢流阀建立平衡方程及确定设计基本原则的基础上，进行了阀的设计计算及性能分析。     

微水导激光稳定水束光纤的CFD仿真研究

利用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法对水射流进行了气/液两相流数值模拟分析,研究了一定喷嘴结构下获得最大稳定射流长度时所需的入口速度大小,分析了不同速度下射流破碎长度和稳定长度的及射流破碎形式,并验证了射流的缩流现象。计算结果表明,在直径为0.2mm,长径比为2.5,入口无倒角的喷嘴结构下,喷射速度50²00m/s时,可获得的水射流最大稳定长度70mm。液体经喷嘴喷出时,在喷嘴口会产生缩流,缩流后射流直径约为喷嘴直径的80%200m/s时,可获得的水射流最大稳定长度70mm。液体经喷嘴喷出时,在喷嘴口会产生缩流,缩流后射流直径约为喷嘴直径的80%⁸5%。     

Study of divergence angle influence for sonic nozzle in non-equilibrium condensation

The condensation happens generally in a nozzle during expansion of compressed steam from convergent to the divergent part of the nozzle. The divergence angle is the angle measured from the throat of the nozzle to the outlet. In this paper, the outlet is kept constant and the throat diameter is varied. In turn, the divergence angle of the sonic nozzle is altered. The effect of divergence angle on condensation phenomena is investigated with wet steam in a sonic nozzle. For analyzing the wet steam properties, the non-equilibrium condensation model is used. This model is the classical nucleation theory coupled with the droplet growth rate equation. The base nozzle is designed with the throat diameter of 4.5 mm and other dimensions are calculated according to ASME nozzle formulas. Furthermore, the chosen divergence angles are 3°, 4.2°, and 6° for which the throat diameters are 4.5 mm, 3 mm, and 1.5 mm, respectively. As the divergence angle is gradually increased, the position of maximum Mach number of the flow moves upstream, the static temperature of the flow near the throat reaches the lower value, and the droplet nucleation rate is increased. The condensation shock gets gradually stronger with decreasing the divergence angle.

     

Experimental investigation on noise of cavitation nozzle and its chaotic behaviour

The researches of cavitation noise mainly focus on the incipiency and developing of cavitation to prevent the cavititation erosion in the hydraulic machinery, while there is few report about the collapse strength of cavitation bubbles produced by water jet through the cavitation nozzle to utilize efficiently the collapse energy of cavitation bubbles. The cavitation noise signals are collected with hydrophones for the cavitation nozzle and general nozzle at the target position and the nozzle exit separately in the conditions of different standoff distance. The features of signal’s frequency spectrum and power spectrum are analyzed for various nozzles by way of classical methods. Meanwhile, based on chaotic theory, phase space reconstruction is processed and the maximum Lyapunov index is calculated separately for each cavitation signal’s time series. The results of chaotic analysis are compared with the one of conventional analysis. The analyzed data show that there are the marked differences at the spectrum between the cavitation nozzle and general nozzle at the target position while the standoff distance is 35 mm, which mainly displays at the high frequency segment (60-120 kHz). The maximum Lyapunov index calculated appear at standoff distance 35 mm, which is an optimum standoff distance for the most bubbles to collapse at the target. At the nozzle exit, the noise signal of cavitation nozzle is different from the general nozzle, which also displays at the high frequency segment. The results demonstrate that the water jet modulated by the cavitation nozzle can produce effectually cavitation, and at the target position the amplitude and energy of noise spectrum in high frequency segment for cavitation nozzle are higher than conventional nozzle and the Lyapunov index of cavitation nozzle is larger than conventional nozzle as the standoff distance is less than 55 mm. The proposed research reveals that the cavitation noise produced by collapse of cavitation bubbles attributes mainly to the high frequency segment     

双腔室自振脉冲喷嘴空化射流数值模拟

以风琴管喷嘴为基础,串联一个谐振腔形成双腔室自激振荡脉冲喷嘴,利用Fluent对其流场进行数值模拟,分析射流靶距、二级谐振腔腔长比、腔径比的变化对空化射流流场的影响。结果表明：谐振腔尺寸过大或过小均会影响涡环结构的形成,进而影响空化效果。当谐振腔腔长比为0.77、腔径比为2.6时,谐振腔内涡环结构对称性好,轴向含气率高,射流速度较高,该结构利于清洗效率的提高。靶面滞止压力可对空化效果产生影响。当射流靶距较小时,在滞止压力的作用下二级谐振腔无涡环结构产生,轴向含气率较低。当靶距增加到18 mm时滞止压力产生的影响减小,轴向含气率明显提高,因此清洗靶距应至少为18 mm。但靶距的增加会降低射流到达靶面的动能,因此最佳靶距应取18 mm。     

配备下限流导液管的环缝喷嘴雾化能力研究

高品质金属粉末是众多制造领域中的基础材料,微细粉末成型的关键技术在于气雾化制备阶段,而喷嘴及导液管结构和雾化工艺参数对气雾化粉末的质量有重要影响。基于高速射流流体动力学的数值模拟方法研究了雾化压力、雾化气体温度、导液管下口直径与伸出长度对配备下限流导液管环缝喷嘴雾化能力的影响,通过喷盘流场检测验证模型的可靠性。结果表明：环缝喷嘴装配下限流导液管临界入口压力为128.1 kPa,雾化压力2.0 MPa时既能有效增大雾化腔内的气体最大速度和降低最低温度,又能防止过高压力造成返喷而影响气雾化顺行。此外,在极限雾化压力2.0 MPa下,通过增大雾化气体温度、下限流导液管下口直径由5 mm降低至1 mm以及伸出长度由0 mm增大至2 mm均能继续提升气液质量流速比而提升其雾化能力。生产实践也证实了模型的预瞻性,在此优化工艺下生产顺行且粉末粒度D50仅为23.84μm。     

Optimization of a subsonic wind tunnel nozzle with low contraction ratio via ball-spine inverse design method

The goal of wind tunnel design is to generate a uniform air flow with minimum turbulence intensity and low flow angle. The nozzle is the main component of wind tunnels to create a uniform flow with minimal turbulence. Pressure distribution along nozzle walls directly affects the boundary layer thickness, pressure losses and non-uniformity of flow velocity through the test section. Although reduction of flow turbulences and non-uniformity through the test section can be carried out by nozzles with high contraction ratio, it increases the construction cost of the wind tunnel. For decreasing the construction cost of nozzle with constant test section size and mass flow rate, the contraction ratio and length of nozzle should be decreased; that causes the non-uniformity of outlet velocity to increase. In this study, first, three types of nozzle are numerically investigated to compare their performance. Then, Sargison nozzle with contraction ratio of 12.25 and length of 7 m is scaled down to decrease its weight and construction cost. Having scaled and changed to a nozzle with contraction ratio of 9 and length of 5 m, its numerical solution reveals that the non-uniformity of outlet velocity increases by 21%. By using the Ballspine inverse design method, the pressure distribution of the original Sargison nozzle is first scaled and set as the target pressure of the scaled down nozzle and geometry correction is done. Having reached the target nozzle, numerical solution of flow inside the optimized nozzle shows that the non-uniformity just increases by 5% in comparison with the original Sargison nozzle.     

Method of setting Nozzle intervals at the finishing scale breaker

The scale is removed from the strip by high pressure hydraulic descaling at the FSB(Finishing Scale Breaker). Recently, the spray height of nozzle has a trend to be shorter for the purpose of increasing the impact pressure by the high pressure water jet. Here, the nozzle intervals should be decided after considering the impact pressure and the temperature distribution on the strip. In other words, the minimum of impact pressure at the overlap of spray influences the surface grade of the strip due to scale and the overlap distance of the spray affects the temperature variation in the direction of the width of strip. In the present study, the impact pressure of the high pressure water jet is measured by the hydraulic descaling system and calculated with regard to the lead angle of 15° and the offset angle of 15°, and then the temperature distribution and the temperature variation are calculated at the overlap distances of 0 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm, respectively. The method of setting nozzle intervals is shown by utilizing these results.