Polyurethane Dispersions Based on Interesterification Product of Fish and Linseed Oil

Alkyd and styrenated alkyd resins based on fish oil and their interesterifications with linseed oil were synthesized. The various properties of fish oil, such as its iodine value, acid value, saponification value and moisture content were determined. The interesterification product of fish oil and linseed oil can be used to partially replace the commercially available linseed oil alkyd resin. Alkyd resin and styrenated alkyd resin were modified with 2,2 dimethylolpropionic acid to introduce acid functionality and then sequentially reacted with isophorone diisocyanate, neutralized with amine, chain extended with ethylenediamine and dispersed in water to form a polyurethane dispersion. The newly synthesized resins and polyurethane dispersions were studied for coating properties such as scratch hardness, adhesion, flexibility, impact, solvent and chemical resistance. The polyurethane dispersions exhibited superior coating properties to those of their respective alkyds and styrenated alkyds.     

Tall oil fatty acid mixtures as a new approach to quality alkyds

Conclusions Tall oil fatty acids may replace up to 50% of linseed or soya fatty acids, using the High Polymer Alkyd Technique, to obtain similar dry rates and resistances of conventional all-linseed or soy long-oil vehicles. Tall oil fatty acids also can be substituted for 25% of either linseed or soya fatty acids without adverse effects on the drying rates of conventionally prepared long-oil alkyds. Tall oil fatty acids likewise may be used in conjunction with the alcoholysis type of alkyds by the use of the High Polymer Technique. These vehicles show properties similar to conventional resins prepared from linseed oil and improvements over resins based on soybean oil.     

The effect of alkyd resins on the properties of AA‐NC semi‐IPNs as binders in wood finish

Wood coatings of AA‐NC semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs), made from acid curing amino‐alkyd resins (AA) and nitrocellulose (NC), were prepared by sequential polymerization method. To investigate the effects of oil length on the properties of AA‐NC semi‐IPNs, three grades of alkyd resins (Alkyd) containing 38, 48, and 58% oil were synthesized with phthalic anhydride, glycerol, and soybean oil, employing alcoholysis method. The butylated urea formaldehyde resin (UF) and melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) were also prepared in this study. The AA‐NC semi‐IPNs were maintained at a weight ratio of AA : NC of 25 : 75, where the AA was the composition of MF : UF : Alkyd of 7.5 : 22.5 : 70 (by weight), and 10% of p‐toluene sulfonic acid solution (concentration, 25% in isopropyl alcohol) based on the weight of amino resins was added as acid catalyst. The properties of coatings such as viscosity, drying time, and gel time, and the properties of films including adhesion, hardness, abrasion resistance, impact resistance, tensile strength, released formaldehyde, lightfastness, solvent resistance, and durability were examined. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1923–1927, 2004     

Synthesis of alkyd resin from jatropha and rapeseed oils and their applications in electrical insulation

Alkyd resin based on jatropha and rapeseed oils using glycerol, phthalic, and maleic anhydride were synthesized to obtain the resins suitable for electrical applications. These resins were characterized for the physical and electrical properties. Varnishes were prepared using these resins and characterized as per standard methods. In general, both the varnishes prepared from alkyd resin from jatropha and rapeseed oils meet the standard requirements. However, the varnish prepared from rapeseed oil was found to be superior in terms of adhesion, break down voltage, and volume resistivity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Alkyd Resins from Polymerised Rubberseed Oil

Abstract

Rubberseed oil (RSO) was thermally polymerised at different temperatures. It was also polymerised at the same temperature using various percentage of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as free radical catalysts. During polymerisation, the free fatty acid content increased as revealed by increasing acid value and unsaturation decreased as indicated by decreasing iodine value. The FFA, unsaturation, viscosity and refractive index of the polymerised oil samples were determined.

Alkyd resins were prepared from as it is and polymerised rubberseed oil samples. The physical properties and air dried and baked film properties of these alkyd resins were studied and compared.     

Resins and additives for powder coatings and alkyd paints, based on renewable resources

Due to limited fossil resources and an increased need for environmentally friendly, sustainable technologies, the importance of using renewable feedstocks in the paint and coatings area will increase in the decades to come. This paper highlights some of the perspectives in this area. Alkyd resins for high-solid paints and reactive diluents, completely based on commercially available renewable resources, were prepared and characterized. Alkyd resins based on sucrose and unsaturated fatty acids or oils showed a low intrinsic viscosity, making them suitable to be used in high-solid alkyd paints. Reactive diluents based on similar starting materials showed excellent properties with regard to thinning behavior and effect on drying characteristics. Powder coating polyester resins were synthesized, starting from isosorbide and diacids. Polyester resins with glass transition temperatures up to 70°C were obtained. Incorporation of small amounts of other diols and trifunctional components was found to improve color and coating properties. In order to create completely renewable resin systems, the development of renewable drying agents for alkyds and crosslinkers for powder coatings is in progress. Presented at the XXVIII FATIPEC Congress, in Hungary, June 2006.     

Molecular weight distribution in alkyd resins. Part III. Presence of microgel in alkyd resins

Alkyd resins which have the same overall chemical composition and the same degree of polymerization have been prepared from synthetic mixtures of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of linoleic acid, glycerol, and phthalic anhydride. The properties of these resins differend significantly. Microgel particles are present in all resins, but the quantity and size of the gel particules is a function of the glyceride composition. The concept of microgel is used to explain the solution and film forming properties of these resins. Examination of a range of commercially available alkyd resins has shown that microgel particles are present where the functionality is greater than two.     

Effects of urea formaldehyde resin to film properties of alkyd–melamine formaldehyde resins containing organo clay

Organo clay modified alkyd resins were prepared and these modified alkyd resins were cured with different ratios of melamine formaldehyde and urea formaldehyde resins in this work. Alkyds formulated to have oil content 40% were prepared with phthalic anhydride (PA), glycerine (G), coconut oil fatty acid (COFA), dipropylene glycol (DPG) and organo clay. “K alkyd constant system” was used for the formulation calculations of the alkyd resins. Alkyd resins were blended with 40% of a commercial melamine formaldehyde. The films of the alkyd–amino resins were prepared from 60% solid content xylene solutions using 50 μm applicators. After the films were cured at 140 °C for 2 h in an oven, properties of the films were determined. The film properties of the alkyd–amino resins such as drying degree, hardness, adhesion strength, abrasion resistance, water, acid, alkaline, solvent resistance, and resistance to environmental conditions were investigated. The addition of the urea formaldehyde resin and organo clay has positive effect on the physical and chemical resistance of the alkyd–amino resins.     

Alkyd resins modified with cyclic fatty acids a preliminary evaluation

Alkyd resins were modified to 50% oil length with crude, flash-distilled, and 78% pure cyclic fatty acids. These resins were compared with ones modified with naturally occurring fatty acids and with vegetable oils. Those modified with the cyclic acids process more rapidly than those prepared with linseed, safflower, or soybean fatty acids, and they also have good nonyellowing properties. Resins modified with 78% pure cyclic acids show definite improvement in drying time, hardness, and chemical resistance in air-dried films, and an almost equal improvement in baked films, over resins obtained with the other modifiers. Distilled cyclic acids also improve alkyd resins although not to the extent that pure acids do. Both give resins superior to commercial oil-modified resins under the test conditions. Resins with crude cyclic acids are as good in air-dried films as are the others, but are poorer in baked films. Presented at the American Chemical Society Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri, March 21–30, 1961. A laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division. Agricultural Research Service, USDA.     

A Novel Type of Organo Clay Containing Alkyd-Melamine Formaldehyde Resins

In this study, organo clay-modified alkyd resins were synthesized and these modified alkyd resins were cured with different ratios of melamine formaldehyde resin for the first time. Alkyd resins were blended with 30% and 40% of a commercial melamine-formaldehyde resin. Alkyd-melamine formaldehyde resin films were cured at 140°C for 2 h in an oven. The effect of organo clay addition on the physical and chemical film properties was investigated. These surface coating properties of the resins enhanced with amount of organo clay up to 2–3%. These resins are suitable for manufacturing of high-performance industrial baking enamels.     

Über den Effekt der Einarbeitung von Diolen in Alkydharze auf Basis verzweigter Carbonsäuren

The Effect of the Use of Dihydric Alcohols in the Alkyd Resins Based on Branched Chain Fatty Acids By the modification of alkyd resins, based on the branched chain fatty acids with dihydric alcohols, the properties of the resins are strongly influenced. Not only the length but also the structure of the chain between two hydroxyl groups of the dihydroxy alcohol exert a considerable influence on the mechanical properties of the lacquer film. In addition, the structure of this chain is also important for the chemical resistance. The influence of the dihydroxy alcohol on the mechanical properties of the hardened lacquer films is partly due to the greater flexibility of the cross-linked system and partly due to the better plasticizing effect of the unbound alkyd part.     

Trends in industrial use of vegetable oils in coatings

Alkyd resins continue to be a major factor in coatings. Increased oil consumption in alkyd manufacture is not expected to be significant. Projections indicate a modest growth in total coatings usage at 2–3% per year. The industry is facing diverse coating performance demands that will bring unusual, more costly ingredients into use, probably at the expense of traditional oil-based alkyd resins. Offsetting this oil usage decline, perhaps, will be the continuing cost advantage of the relatively low-priced vegetable oils and the general versatility of alkyd resins. Increased use of oil-based resins is expected in emulsion (latex) paint modifiers to improve adhesion and early water resistance. The coatings industry, at least in maintenance and industrial coatings, is adopting a cost/sq ft/year economic evaluation, facotoring in the useful life of the coating.     

Design and synthesis of bio-based epoxidized alkyd resin for anti-corrosive coating application

Alkyd resins with long aliphatic chain in their backbone are not suitable for high-performance applications. To overcome this limitation of alkyd resins, their backbone structure is usually chemically modified. In this study, an alkyd resin was successfully synthesized from renewable resources, including itaconic acid and linseed oil. Subsequently, the unsaturated backbone of the alkyd resin was converted to oxirane ring through epoxidation reaction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. The epoxidized alkyd (EA) resin backbone was modified with various amounts of 3-amino propyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) from 10 to 40 mol percent to enhance the anti-corrosive properties of coatings prepared from the alkyd resins. The structural elucidation of synthesized resins was described by physicochemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The EA resin and APTMS-modified EA resin were cured by itaconic acid in 1:1 stoichiometric ratio on the equivalent weight basis. The differential scanning calorimetric and thermogravimetric analysis results showed that thermal properties improved with increasing APTMS content. The cured coatings were characterized for their mechanical properties, chemical and solvent resistance, gel content, and water absorption. The corrosion-resistance performance of coatings was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt-spray test. It was observed that the highly cross-linked structure of the APTMS-modified EA coatings enhanced the corrosion protective property of coating films.     

Development of PU Coatings from Neem Oil Based Alkyds Prepared by the Monoglyceride Route

This work deals with the preparation of alkyd resins from neem oil and their utilization in preparation of polyurethane coatings. Alkyd resins were synthesized by reaction of neem oil monoglycerides with four different divalent acids like phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, itaconic acid, and dimer fatty acid. The alkyds formation was studied by determining the acid number of the reaction mixture at regular intervals of time and the extents of the polyesterification reactions were calculated during the formation of alkyds. The structures of synthesized alkyds were confirmed by FT‐IR and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopic analysis and also by end group analysis such as hydroxyl and acid values. The synthesized alkyds were reacted with TDI to prepare PU coatings and their performance was compared with PU coatings prepared from a commercial alkyd.     

Verwendung eines neuen Typs verzweigtkettiger Fettsäuren zur Modifizierung von Alkydharzen

Use of a New Type of Branched Chain Fatty Acids for the Modification of Alkyd Resins It was established that the modification of drying alkyd resins with branched chain fatty acids invariably leads to change in properties of the paint films. By this modification the drying time is reduced, and the film hardness as well as the limit of wrinkling increased. Simultaneously, the other technological properties are not affected so that the rate of drying and the hardness of the film can be increased without altering the elasticity. Based on the above results, fatty acids suitable for modification are suggested.     

374—3醇酸树脂的制备及应用

用Ｔａ尔油和聚酯废料生产３７４－３树脂，用于制铁红醇酸底漆，漆膜性能优良，介绍了３７４－３树脂的生产配方、合成工艺及应用。     

The use of natural (Pinus pinaster) resin in the production of printing ink and the printability effect

Alkyd resins are generally used in the production of printing inks. All industries look for alternative raw materials in the production of ink with the growing inclination toward using natural products. Resins forming the vehicle of the ink to be obtained from natural resources will provide benefits for the environment, nature, and living creatures. The aim of the study was to promote the use of natural resin in the ink system. Natural Pinus pinaster resin was added into vegetable and mineral oil-based solvents in pure form with alkyd resin in different amounts and ink varnishes of different combinations were prepared. Then, printing inks were produced from these varnishes in pure and hybrid form. Following the assessment of the rheological properties of the inks prepared, printing tests were conducted to assess the printing quality parameters. Ideal mixing ratios of the natural resins in the ink were determined for printability. The environmental importance and advantages of the use of natural resins were discussed. Recommendations were given in line with the results to encourage widespread use of natural resins in near future.     

Fatty acid‐based comonomers as styrene replacements in soybean and castor oil‐based thermosetting polymers

In this study, a fatty acid‐based comonomer is employed as a styrene replacement for the production of triglyceride‐based thermosetting resins. Styrene is a hazardous pollutant and a volatile organic compound. Given their low volatility, fatty acid monomers, such as methacrylated lauric acid (MLA), are attractive alternatives in reducing or eliminating styrene usage. Different triglyceride‐derived cross‐linkers resins were produced for this purpose: acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), maleinated AESO (MAESO), maleinated soybean oil monoglyceride (SOMG/MA) and maleinated castor oil monoglyceride (COMG/MA). The mechanical properties of the bio‐based polymers and the viscosities of bio‐based resins were analyzed. The viscosities of the resins using MLA were higher than that of resins with styrene. Decreasing the content of MLA increased the glass transition temperature (T_g). In fact, the T_g of bio‐based resin/MLA polymers were on the order of 60°C, which was significantly lower than the bio‐based resin/styrene polymers. Ternary blends of SOMG/MA and COMG/MA with MLA and styrene improved the mechanical properties and reduced the resin viscosity to acceptable values. Lastly, butyrated kraft lignin was incorporated into the bio‐based resins, ultimately leading to improved mechanical properties of this thermoset but with unacceptable increases in viscosity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Monomer and amino resin modified tall oil fatty acid alkyds

Summary Monomer modified tall oil fatty acid trimethylolethane medium type of phthalic alkyds made by the High Polymer Alkyd Technique show improved properties in dry time, mar resistance, and flexibility as compared with monomer modified conventional prepared systems. Greater hardness, less color degradation, greater resistance to extended periods at high temperature, and alkali and detergent resistances result from the urea and melamine resin modifications of tall oil fatty acid High Polymer alkyds than is obtained with similarly modified conventional alkyds.     

Preparation and curing of alkyd based on ricinoleic acid/melamine coatings

Three alkyd resins of high hydroxyl numbers based on ricinoleic acid, phthalic anhydride and glycerin, trimethylolpropane or ethoxylated pentaerythritol as polyol were prepared. Afterwards synthesized alkyds were made into baking enamels by blending with commercial melamine-formaldehyde resins (weight ratio of 70:30 based on dried mass). Alkyd/melamine resin mixtures were cured in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) under non-isothermal mode. Apparent degree of curing as a function of temperature was calculated from the curing enthalpies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify characteristic peaks of resin mixtures before and after being cured. The gel content, hardness, elasticity and impact resistance of coated film cured at 150 °C for 60 min were measured. The onset of film thermal degradation, determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was observed at the temperatures from 281 to 330 °C. Based on the results obtained we suppose that the combinations of synthesized alkyds based on ricinoleic acid with used melamine resins could be employed as the compositions for the preparation of baking enamels.