HUNGER IN MAN: COMPARATIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES.

HUNGER AND FEEDING ARE UNDER MULTIFACTOR CONTROL. THESE FACTORS ARE INTEGRATED IN THE CNS, PARTICULARLY IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS, WHERE THERE ARE BOTH EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY MECHANISMS CONTROLLING FOOD INTAKE AND HUNGER MOTIVATION. 30 FIGURES SUMMARIZE CONCEPTIONS AND RESEARCH CONCERNING FEEDING AND DRINKING PRIMARILY IN ANIMALS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT: "1. WE CAN STUDY FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN MAN OBJECTIVELY. 2. IN OUR EXPERIMENTAL SITUATION, WE CAN REDUCE HUMAN FEEDING TO A BASIC, PHYSIOLOGICAL, REGULATORY RESPONSE. 3. MAN IS A SUPERB PHYSIOLOGICAL PREPARATION, AND UNDER THE RIGHT CONDITIONS PERMITS THE USE OF EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATIONS. 4. THE STUDY OF MAN ALSO GIVES US ACESS TO THE WHOLE SUBJECTIVE SIDE OF HUNGER, WITH VALIDATION IN ACTUAL FOOD INTAKE. 5. FINALLY, HUNGER AND THIRST ARE UNDER THE CONTROL OF A NUMBER OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS, CONTRIBUTING TO A CENTRAL NEURAL INTEGRATING MECHANISM THAT YIELDS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION, THE MOTIVATIONAL CONTROL, AND PERHAPS ALSO THE SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VERBALIZATION, STIMULUS RELEVANCE, AND PERSONALITY CHANGE.

VERBAL PRODUCTIVITY IN THEMATIC STORIES GIVEN OVER A 10-MO PERIOD BY 3 GROUPS-SUCCESSFULLY TREATED ADOLESCENT DELINQUENT BOYS, UNTREATED DELINQUENTS, AND NONDELINQUENTS-REVEALED THAT THE NUMBER OF WORDS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY ONLY FOR THE TREATED DELINQUENTS AND ONLY IN 1 OF THE AREAS CHOSEN FOR STIMULUS RELEVANCE, THAT OF CONTROL OF AGGRESSION. THE PRODUCTIVITY IN STORIES TO SELF-IMAGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARD AUTHORITY SHOWED NO CHANGE. THESE RESULTS WERE CONSISTENT BOTH WITH THEORY AND THE TREATMENT GOALS. THEY SUGGEST THAT VERBALIZATION MAY SERVE AS 1 MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH CONTROL OVER OVERT HOSTILE BEHAVIOR MAY BE OBTAINED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BEHAVIOR-GENETIC, OR "EXPERIMENTAL," ANALYSIS: THE CHALLENGE OF SCIENCE VERSUS THE LURE OF TECHNOLOGY.

J. B. WATSON'S WORK HAS MUCH DETERMINED THE FORM AND SUBSTANCE OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY AND WATSON, THROUGH MISINTERPRETATION, SUGGESTED THAT "THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE VARIATIONS OF ORGANISMS ARE NOT INHERITED . . . .(HOWEVER) IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO STUDY THE GENETICS OF A BEHAVIOR. WE CAN STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF AN ORGANISM, THE GENETICS OF A POPULATION, AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EXPRESSION OF SOME BEHAVIOR BY THE MEMBERS OF THAT POPULATION." THE "TRYON EFFECT" (FAILURE TO OBTAIN A JUMP OR INCREASE IN VARIANCE FROM THE F1 TO THE F2 GENERATION IN SELECTIVE BREEDING STUDIES), REDUCTIONISTIC NAIVETE, AND CORRELATIONAL NAIVETE ARE CONSIDERED. ". . . THE IMPORTANCE OF A PURE SCIENCE APPROACH TO BEHAVIOR-GENETIC ANALYSIS IN MAN AS WELL AS IN ANIMALS (IS ARGUED). . . . AS THE SOCIAL, ETHNIC, AND ECONOMIC BARRIERS TO EDUCATION ARE REMOVED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, AND AS THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION APPROACHES A MORE UNIFORMLY HIGH LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS, HEREDITY MAY BE EXPECTED TO MAKE AN EVER LARGER CONTRIBUTION TO INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING AND CONSEQUENTLY TO SUCCESS IN OUR INCREASINGLY COMPLEX CIVILIZATION." (48 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VERBAL LEARNING, MODELING, AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY.

DEALS WITH EXPOSURE TO OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES AS A POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUE WITH JUVENILE DELINQUENTS. INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MODELING AND THE BEHAVIOR OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS GREW OUT OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF PERSONALITY. AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT OBSERVATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES ARE POTENTIALLY POWERFUL BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION INFLUENCES. THESE INFLUENCES ARE MOST NOTICEABLE IN THE AREAS OF PERSONAL ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. THE OUTLINE OF THE 1-YR STUDY DESIGNED TO SHOW THE EFFICACY OF MODELING AS A BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION TECHNIQUE WITH DELINQUENTS IS DESCRIBED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE STUDY OF SAMPLING ERRORS IN FACTOR ANALYSIS BY MEANS OF ARTIFICIAL EXPERIMENTS.

2 POINTS OF VIEW ABOUT FACTOR ANALYSIS ARE OFFERED: (1) THE STATISTICAL, IN WHICH SAMPLING FLUCTUATIONS ARE THE RESULT OF THE SAMPLING OF PERSONS, AND (2) THE PSYCHOMETRIC, IN WHICH INDETERMINACIES RESULTING FROM FLUCTUATIONS IN WHAT IS MEASURED ARE EMPHASIZED. SEVERAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE STANDARD ERROR OF A FACTOR LOADING DUE TO THE SAMPLING OF PERSONS IS ABOUT N-$M$UQ. THIS IS APPROXIMATELY TRUE FOR ANALYTICALLY ROTATED FACTORS. IT IS MORE NEARLY TRUE FOR LEAST-SQUARES ROTATIONS TO THE POPULATION, BUT THIS GENERALIZATION IS LIMITED BY THE LACK OF CONTROL OF THE ANGLES OF SEPARATION AMONG THE ROTATED FACTORS IN THE SAMPLE. EVIDENCE IS GIVEN CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF TYPE OF FACTORING, SIZE OF LOADING, AND METHOD OF FACTORING. THE DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF FACTORS IS DISCUSSED. EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES OF PSYCHOMETRIC ERROR IS ALSO PRESENTED. (39 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

LONGITUDINAL TRENDS IN THE RELATION OF THOUGHT TO ACTION.

ATABULATION OF THE SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MOTIVATIONAL IMAGERY AND BEHAVIOR OVER 20 YR. IN SKOLNICK'S (SEE 41:3) STUDY REVEALED (1) THAT THE NUMBER OF SUCH CORRELATIONS IS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER THAN CHANCE, (2) THAT THIS FINDING IS LARGELY CONFINED TO THE MALE SS, (3) THAT ORDINARY OS DO NOT PERCEIVE PEOPLE AS HAVING TRAITS CHARACTERISTIC OF THEIR IMAGERY TYPES, THOUGH CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS DO, (4) THAT IMAGERY RELATED MORE TO OPERANT ACTIONS IN MALES AND RESPONDENT ACTIONS IN FEMALES, (5) THAT ADOLESCENT IMAGERY SCORES ARE MUCH INFERIOR TO ADULT IMAGERY SCORES IN THE NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS THEY GENERATE, AND (6) THAT ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES PREDICT ADULT IMAGERY SCORES MUCH BETTER THAN ADOLESCENT IMAGERY PREDICTS ADULT ACTIVITIES, SUGGESTING THAT IMAGERY MAY BE MORE THE RESULT THAN THE CAUSE OF ACTION. THE FINDINGS ARE INTERPRETED IN TERMS OF A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN WHICH FANTASY IS CONSIDERED SIMPLY AS 1 TYPE OF BEHAVIOR (E.G., THOUGHT) WHICH IS RELATED TO ANOTHER TYPE OF BEHAVIOR (E.G., ACTION), RATHER THAN IN TERMS OF THE TRADITIONAL PROJECTIVE TEST FRAMEWORK. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THREE PRINCIPLES FOR A PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY.

FREUD'S PSYCHOLOGY INVOLVES A SEARCH FOR MEANING IN THE APPARENTLY MEANINGLESS. 3 PRINCIPLES GOVERN THE SEARCH: (1) THE PRINCIPLE OF THE DYNAMIC UNCONSCIOUS, THAT THE EFFECTS OF BEHAVIOR ALTER ONLY ITS CONSCIOUS (AND PRECONSCIOUS), NOT ITS UNCONSCIOUS SOURCES; (2) THE PRINCIPLE OF THE PLASTICITY OF THE INTERPERSONAL DRIVES, THAT SEX AND AGGRESSION ARE PSYCHICALLY ELABORATED BECAUSE THEY CAN AND MUST BE SOCIALIZED; AND (3) THE PRINCIPLE OF MASTERY THROUGH REVERSAL OF VOICE, THAT ONE MUST DO WHAT ONE HAS SUFFERED. THESE PRINCIPLES ACCOUNT FOR MAJOR ASPECTS OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT, PATHOLOGY, AND THERAPY ACCORDING TO CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC WRITINGS. FREUD'S CATHEXIS THEORY IS AN ALTERNATIVE, LESS PARSIMONIOUS ACCOUNT OF SOME OF THE SAME PHENOMENA. THAT AN IMPULSE CAN PRECIPITATE ITS OWN CONTROL CAN BE ACCOUNTED FOR WITHOUT POSTULATING COUNTERCATHEXIS OR BOUND CATHEXIS. (29 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONCEPT USAGE RESEARCH WITH THE MENTALLY RETARDED.

STUDIES REVIEWED ARE GROUPED BY METHODOLOGY (ASSOCIATIVE CLUSTERING AND SORTING) AND BY S POPULATION (FAMILIAL AND ORGANIC) TO AID CROSS-EXPERIMENT COMPARISONS. 2 OF THE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ARE (1) THAT RETARDATES EVIDENTLY DO HAVE CONCEPTS AVAILABLE BUT ARE LESS ABLE TO USE THEM THAN ARE NORMALS WHEN VERBAL LABELING IS REQUIRED, AND (2) THAT WHEN ATTENTION IS CALLED TO THE RELEVANT CUES IN A SITUATION, THE RETARDATE DOES AS WELL AS OR BETTER THAN HIS MA CONTROL. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STRATEGY OF OUTCOME RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY.

REVIEWS THE CURRENT STATUS OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC RESEARCH, CONCLUDING THAT THE GREATEST NEED IS FOR OUTCOME STUDIES. THE MAJOR VARIABLES AND DOMAINS INVOLVED IN PSYCHOTHERAPY ARE DELINEATED TO SHOW WHERE ERRORS HAVE OCCURRED IN PAST INVESTIGATIONS, AND TO SERVE AS A BASIS FOR DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF CONTROL NECESSARY TO ANSWER THE VARIED QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE PRACTICE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY. STRATEGIC CHOICES FOR ACCUMULATING KNOWLEDGE ARE SUGGESTED IN TERMS OF THE SELECTION OF VARIABLES, CRITERIA, AND ADEQUATE RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR A GIVEN LEVEL OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE. CONTRARY TO MANY CURRENT VIEWS, THE PRESENT METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY IS FELT TO BE ADEQUATE FOR EVALUATING PSYCHOTHERAPY; HOWEVER, THE VALUE OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH APPROACHES FROM CASE STUDIES TO FACTORIAL DESIGNS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AND USED STRATEGICALLY. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A RE-EVALUATION OF PERSISTENT EAR-SCRATCHING BEHAVIOR IN RATS.

THE IRRITANT COLLODION WAS PLACED ON RATS' EARS FOR EACH OF 5 DAYS. 3 GROUPS OF 8 SS WERE ADMINISTERED DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF COLLODION WHILE 8 CONTROLS WERE UNTREATED. DURING AND FOLLOWING TREATMENT DAYS EAR SCRATCHING WAS RECORDED AND DOUBLE-BLIND JUDGMENTS OF TISSUE IRRITATION WERE MADE. THE FINDING REPLICATED EARLIER STUDIES IN DEMONSTRATING THAT EAR SCRATCHING WILL PERSIST FOR AT LEAST 2 WK. FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH A SUFFICIENT CONCENTRATION OF COLLODION. THE JUDGMENTS OF IRRITATION, HOWEVER, INDICATED THAT PREVIOUS INTERPRETATIONS BASED ON ALLPORT'S DOCTRINE OF FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY ARE UNWARRANTED SINCE MACROSCOPIC IRRITATION ALWAYS ACCOMPANIED PERSISTENT EAR SCRATCHING. THE NECESSITY OF CLEARLY DEFINING STIMULUS CONDITIONS AND OF ASSESSING THE AFTEREFFECTS OF THE ORIGINAL STIMULATION WAS SHOWN. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

TEMPORAL FACTORS IN PERCEPTION AND SHORT-TERM MEMORY.

THE TEMPORAL COURSE OF PERCEPTION MAY BE AN IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF ERRORS THAT OCCUR IN IMMEDIATE RECALL TASKS. THE STUDIES REVIEWED SUGGEST THAT THE FOLLOWING FACTORS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PERCEPTION AND SHORT-TERM MEMORY: (1) THE RATE AT WHICH STIMULI ARE PRESENTED, (2) THE DURATION OF THE STIMULI, AND (3) PRE- AND POSTIMULUS EVENTS. FURTHER, THE S'S STRATEGIES MAY IN PART DETERMINE (1) THE TIME ELAPSING BEFORE THE VARIOUS PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES ARE PERFORMED ON AN ITEM, OR (2) THE ORDER IN WHICH ITEMS ARE PROCESSED. (80 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS OF HANDLING AT VARIOUS AGES ON LATER OPEN-FIELD BEHAVIOR.

HYPOTHESIZED THAT CRITICAL PERIODS FOR EFFECTS OF HANDLING ON SUBSEQUENT OPEN-FIELD BEHAVIOR OCCUR ONLY EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT. 200 RATS EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG 3-, 15-, 250-, 400-, AND 600-DAY AGE GROUPS AT THE TIME OF TREATMENT WERE HANDLED FOR 20 DAYS OR LEFT UNDISTURBED. ACTIVITY AND DEFECATIONS IN THE OPEN FIELD WERE OBSERVED ON THE DAY FOLLOWING TERMINATION OF HANDLING AND 120 DAYS LATER. HANDLING SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED ACTIVITY AMONG SS OF ALL AGES AND DECREASED DEFECATIONS AMONG SS OF EXTREME AGES ON THE 1ST OPEN-FIELD TEST. THESE EFFECTS DID NOT PERSIST ON THE 2ND TEST EXCEPT AMONG THE OLDEST SS. ACTIVITY ALSO DECREASED AND DEFECATIONS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY AS A FUNCTION OF AGE. RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HANDLING AT A VARIETY OF AGES TEMPORARILY AFFECTS BEHAVIOR IN THE OPEN FIELD WHILE AGE ITSELF STRONGLY INFLUENCES THIS BEHAVIOR REGARDLESS OF EXTRASTIMULATION TREATMENT. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COUNTERCONDITIONING THERAPY USING FREE ASSOCIATION: A PILOT STUDY.

DESCRIBES THE TREATMENT OF 2 SEVERELY NEUROTIC PATIENTS BY DESENSITIZATION USING FREE ASSOCIATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH MUSCLE RELAXATION. THIS THERAPY USED NO PREPLANNED FEAR HIERARCHIES; RATHER, THE SS SELECTED THEIR OWN MATERIAL AND THE RATE AT WHICH THEY DEALT WITH THAT MATERIAL IN EACH SESSION. PROCEDURES FOR TEACHING MORE EFFECTIVE INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOR WERE USED WITH BOTH SS FOLLOWING COMPLETION OF COUNTERCONDITIONING. IN BOTH CASES, THE RATE OF IMPROVEMENT DURING COUNTERCONDITIONING WAS AT LEAST AS RAPID AS THAT REPORTED FOR COUNTERCONDITIONING USING HIERARCHIES OF SCENES. THE USE OF FREE ASSOCIATION OFFERS IMPORTANT ADVANTAGES WHERE AN S'S SOURCES OF ANXIETY ARE DIFFICULT TO ISOLATE AND SCALE FOR INTENSITY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SVIB KEY LENGTH: DISSIDENT DATA.

RECENT STUDIES OF INTEREST KEY LENGTH SUGGEST THAT ABOUT 60 ITEM RESPONSES ARE OPTIMAL FOR MAXIMIZING GROUP PREPARATION. THIS STUDY SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER THIS OPTIMUM STILL EMERGES WHEN CONTROL OF ITEM VALIDITY IS ACCOMPLISHED BY RANDOMLY SELECTING THE ITEM RESPONSES TO BE INCLUDED IN KEYS OF VARIOUS LENGTHS. THE POSSIBILITY OF AN OPTIMAL KEY LENGTH WAS EVALUATED IN TERMS OF VALIDITY AND TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY. THESE COMPARISONS INDICATED THAT VALIDITIES, AS WELL AS TEST-RETEST RELIABILITIES, SUBSTANTIALLY AND CONSISTENTLY INCREASED AS MORE ITEM RESPONSES WERE SCORED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT NO OPTIMAL KEY LENGTH, SUCH AS THE ONE PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED, EXISTS WHEN VARIOUS ITEM CHARACTERISTICS ARE RANDOMIZED; CONSEQUENTLY, KEY LENGTH IS A DECISION SPECIFIC TO EACH ITEM POOL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTIVENESS OF T-GROUP EXPERIENCES IN MANAGERIAL TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT.

REVIEWS RESEARCH RELATING T-GROUP EXPERIENCES TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN ORGANIZATIONS. ATTENTION IS ALSO DEVOTED TO SUMMARIZING THE STATED OBJECTIVES OF THE METHOD AND ITS TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS. SPECULATIONS ARE MADE ABOUT THE NATURE AND VIABILITY OF IMPLICIT ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING T-GROUP TRAINING. EXAMINATION OF THE RESEARCH LITERATURE LEADS TO THE CONCLUSION THAT WHILE T-GROUP TRAINING SEEMS TO PRODUCE OBSERVABLE CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR, THE UTILITY OF THESE CHANGES FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF INDIVIDUALS IN THEIR ORGANIZATIONAL ROLES REMAINS TO BE DEMONSTRATED. IT IS ALSO EVIDENT THAT MORE RESEARCH HAS BEEN DEVOTED TO T-GROUP TRAINING THAN TO ANY OTHER SINGLE MANAGEMENT-DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE; HOWEVER, THE PROBLEMS OF OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT ARE CONSIDERABLY MORE DIFFICULT IN T-GROUP RESEARCH. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BIRTH ORDER, ANXIETY, AND VERBALIZATIONS IN GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY.

AN INITIAL STUDY AND A REPLICATION WERE CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIRTH ORDER AND ANXIETY AS THEY RELATED TO SPEECH IN GROUP THERAPY. 48 PATIENTS UNDERGOING GROUP THERAPY AT A STATE MENTAL HOSPITAL SERVED AS SS, WITH 24 IN THE INITIAL STUDY AND 24 IN THE REPLICATION. IN BOTH STUDIES, 1/2 THE SS WERE 1ST BORN, AND 1/2 WERE LATER BORN. SPEECH WAS RECORDED FOR 5 CONSECUTIVE THERAPY MEETINGS IN 6 GROUPS, FOR A TOTAL OF 30 GROUP THERAPY MEETINGS INVESTIGATED. 3 ANXIETY MEASURES AND THE MINIMAL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR SCALE WERE ALSO ADMINISTERED. RESULTS SUPPORTED ALL HYPOTHESES IN THAT: (1) 1ST-BORN AND HIGH-ANXIOUS SS SPOKE MORE FREQUENTLY THAN LATER-BORN OR LOW-ANXIOUS SS, (2) 1ST-BORN PATIENTS ASKED MORE QUESTIONS DURING THERAPY THAN LATER-BORN PATIENTS, AND (3) 1ST BORNS SPOKE MORE THAN LATER BORNS WHEN HIGHLY ANXIOUS. VERBALIZATIONS OF HOSPITALIZED MENTAL PATIENTS ARE RELATED TO THEIR BIRTH ORDER AND ANXIETY LEVEL, WHICH HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BEHAVIOR THERAPY TREATMENT APPROACH TO A PSYCHOGENIC SEIZURE CASE.

ABEHAVIOR THERAPY TREATMENT APPROACH WAS DEVELOPED FOR A CHILD MANIFESTING PSYCHOGENIC SEIZURES. TREATMENT, IN THE FORM OF 3 WEEKLY COUNSELING SESSIONS WITH THE PARENTS ONLY, INVOLVED ALTERING INTRAFAMILIAL REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCIES SO THAT THE CHILD RECEIVED PARENTAL ATTENTION FOR "APPROPRIATE" BEHAVIORS BUT NOT FOR "INAPPROPRIATE" BEHAVIORS SUCH AS SEIZURES. THIS TREATMENT PLAN RESULTED IN THE RAPID AND COMPLETE CESSATION OF SEIZURE BEHAVIOR. THE FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHILD'S SEIZURE BEHAVIOR AND PARENTAL ATTENTION WAS DEMONSTRATED IN A FOLLOW-UP 26 WK. LATER. WHEN PARENTAL ATTENTION WAS PURPOSELY REINSTATED FOR "INAPPROPRIATE" BEHAVIORS, THE CHILD AGAIN MANIFESTED SEIZURE BEHAVIOR. THE CHILD'S SEIZURE BEHAVIOR ONCE MORE CEASED WHEN PARENTAL ATTENTION WAS AGAIN PURPOSELY WITHDRAWN FOR THIS BEHAVIOR. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTERVIEW INTERACTION OF REPRESSORS AND SENSITIZERS.

RESEARCH WITH QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES IN THE INTERVIEW HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT INTERVIEWEE VERBAL PATTERNS CAN BE MODIFIED BY MANIPULATION OF INTERVIEWER VERBAL PATTERNS. IT WAS PREDICTED THAT SENSITIZERS AND REPRESSORS, HAVING IDIOSYNCRATIC RESPONSE STYLES, WOULD AS INTERVIEWERS DIFFER IN THEIR BEHAVIOR AND THAT THESE DIFFERENCES WOULD RESULT IN DIFFERENT VERBAL BEHAVIOR BY THEIR RESPECTIVE INTERVIEWEES. REPRESSOR, SENSITIZER, AND NEUTRAL INTERVIEWERS WERE PAIRED WITH NEUTRAL INTERVIEWEES IN A 15-MIN INTERVIEW. SENSITIZER INTERVIEWERS TOOK MORE OF AN ACTIVE ROLE, AND THEIR INTERVIEWEES LESS THAN THAT OF REPRESSORS AND NEUTRALS. THE EFFECT OF INTERVIEWER PERSONALITY ON INTERVIEWER AND INTERVIEWEE SPEECH, AND THE ROLE OF INTERVIEW STRUCTURE ARE DISCUSSED. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE NEW NEUROLOGY AND THE BIOLOGY OF EMOTION: A STRUCTURAL APPROACH.

REVIEWS THE PROBLEM OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS ARE SUBJECT TO "TUNING" BY EXPERIENCE AND IS THEN ADDUCED TO SHOW THAT SENSORY AS WELL AS HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES ARE ORGANIZED AS NEURAL SERVO-MECHANISMS. THE VIEW THAT THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND EMOTION RESTS ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSORY AND NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS WAS REEVALUATED. THE AROUSAL THEORY OF EMOTION PROVIDED A VEHICLE FOR THE NEEDED REVISION BUT EVIDENCE IS MARSHALED AGAINST THE NOTION THAT AROUSAL INVOLVES CHANGES IN NEURAL INTENSITY. RATHER, A CHANGE IN "DISTRIBUTION" OF EXCITATION, I.E., ITS ORGANIZATION, OCCURS WHICH IS MEASURABLE AS UNCERTAINTY, I.E., INFORMATION. ENGINEERS HAVE SHOWN THAT INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS CAN CONTINUE TO FUNCTION ONLY AS LONG AS A SUFFICIENT VARIETY IN CONTROL MECHANISMS DEVELOPS TO KEEP PACE WITH DEMAND. FROM THIS, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT MOTIVATION AND EMOTION REFLECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF REQUISITE VARIETY OF CONTROL. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SHOW THAT NEURAL MECHANISMS EXIST WHICH CAN REGULATE THE RATE OF INFORMATION FLOW IN AFFERENT CHANNELS. SOME OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS ARE DISCUSSED. (31 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PARTICULARISM AND ORGANIZATIONAL POSITION: A CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS.

THE STOUFFER-TOBY ROLE CONFLICT SCALE, MEASURING THE INSTITUTIONALIZED OBLIGATIONS OF FRIENDSHIP AS PARTICULARISM, WAS ADMINISTERED TO 230 EMPLOYEES IN 13 BANK BRANCHES IN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. FINDINGS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MEXICANS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE PARTICULARISTIC THAN MEXICAN-AMERICANS, WHO ARE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE PARTICULARISTIC THAN ANGLO-AMERICANS. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT, BY ETHNIC GROUP, OFFICERS ARE LESS PARTICULARISTIC THAN LINE EMPLOYEES WAS SUPPORTED. THE CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICULARISM AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THAT VALUE UPON ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR ARE DISCUSSED. SOME SUGGESTIONS ARE OFFERED TO MANAGEMENT AND TO RESEARCHERS CONCERNING THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTIONS AMONG SPECIFIC VALUE ORIENTATIONS AND SPECIFIC ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS, AND CONCERNING THE IMPLICATIONS OF SUCH INTERACTIONS FOR EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL INTEGRITY. (24 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)