等温容器放气法测定气动电磁阀流量特性的研究

对一种新的测试气动元件流量特性的方法进行了研究,即利用等温容器的放气曲线来测量气动电磁阀的音速流导C和临界压力比b。首先介绍了测试原理与测试方法;随后对4种等温容器进行了实验研究,结果表明:容器中填充丝的密度越大,等温性能越好,同时流阻越大;接着用这4种容器来测试同一电磁阀的流量特性,测量得到的数据表明:用等温容器可以成功实现电磁阀的流量特性测试,但并不是等温性能越好误差就越小。经分析可知容器的温度特性和流阻特性对测量元件流量特性时的误差有着不同的影响,温度偏差引起流量测量的正偏差,而流阻则引起流量测量的负偏差,存在一个最佳填充密度。采用等温容器这种新的流量特性测试方法比ISO6358省时省气,该研究进一步推动了等温容器的实用化进程。     

等温容器建模仿真及试验研究

论述了利用声速流导C与临界压力比b描述气动元件的流量特性的必要性,介绍了ISO/DIS6358标准的原理及试验装置,分析了其优缺点,参考等温容器放气法替代ISO标准测试方法,介绍了等温容器放气法的试验装置和方法及测试原理。建立了等温容器内部强迫对流换热过程的数学模型,利用不同容积的等温容器进行试验,结果证明,该模型能够很好地预测等温容器放气温度变化特性。     

对ISO 6358-2等温容器放气法的评说和建议

该文对ISO 6358-2(2013)等温容器放气法计算临界压力比b值的方法的可信性提出了质疑。利用等温放气法测量C,b值,有两点需要讨论,第一,测流动中的气体压力,应流动达稳定时才能正确测量。对等温放气法,测气罐内的瞬态压力随时间的变化曲线,测出的瞬态压力与该时刻的真实压力有多大误差?第二,该偏差对确定C,b值会带来多大的影响?对C、b值的均方根误差分析表明,测量仪表的精度宜使用特级,不宜使用A级。特级测量精度计算b值的最佳的供气压力在0.2~0.5bar(g)之间,故对流通能力小的元件及有最低使用压力要求的元件,不宜使用本方法。对同一个被测阀,用各种方法测量其S值和b值,发现等温放气法测不出S值和b值,但用定压法和串接法,测出的S值和b值都非常接近。     

等温容器放气过程FLUENT仿真及其温度变化模型建立

作为国际标准ISO/DIS 6358-3所界定的气动元件流量特性参数的测试仪器,等温容器及其内部的换热过程还需要进一步研究。假设等温容器内部换热介质为多孔介质,应用FLUENT软件对等温容器放气过程进行了仿真。通过仿真和实验的对比,掌握了等温容器放气过程中容器内部的压力、流速和温度变化趋势。通过电模拟的方法,初步建立了等温容器内部压缩气体在压力不断变化时的温度变化模型。     

高效节能的减压阀流量特性测量方法的仿真与实验研究

介绍了一种高效节能的减压阀流量特性测量新方法--基于等温容器的充放气法,针对内部先导型精密减压阀IR2020对测试系统进行建模仿真和实验研究.研究结果表明该方法具有较高的精度,且和传统法相比具有测试时间短、测量效率高、耗气量少等特点.     

等温容器放气过程中对流换热模型的研究

为了提高等温容器的性能,对等温容器放气过程中的对流换热模型进行了研究。用4个已知流量特性的电磁阀分别对4种等温容器进行了放气实验,采集放气过程中的压力曲线,并采用“停止法”得到放气过程中的温度曲线。基于等温容器放气过程的热力学模型,结合放气过程中的压力曲线和温度曲线,确定了放气过程中的对流换热系数,最后利用相似原理拟合得到了放气过程中声速阶段和亚声速阶段的对流换热经验关系式。声速阶段和亚声速阶段的经验关系式不仅体现了放气速度对对流换热的影响,还反映了铜丝填充密度,也就是孔隙率对换热的影响;声速阶段的经验关系式中还引入了空气压缩比,体现了空气在高压缩状态下压缩性对对流换热的影响。     

容器放气性能研究

以较大容器和多段不同内径、长度的细长导管和自动阀门组成的放气系统为对象,研究了该系统从0.6 MPa初始压力放至剩余压力为0.001 MPa时所需的放气时间.将该放气系统简化为定容器和流量特性参数为S和b的气动元件,并假设气体为理想气体,放气过程为等温,推导出了相关的计算公式.通过放气系统的实验结果、理论分析结果的对比...     

等温容器内多孔介质分布对强化导热以及等温性能的影响

为了提高等温容器的等温性能,基于拓扑方法将内部细铜丝的分布对强化容器壁向中心导热的影响进行研究。建立导热模型,计算在均匀填充下横截面上的温度场以及容器中心温度。在容器壁温度、中心初始温度和细铜丝平均孔隙率一定的情况下,导热时间15 s,以中心温度最高为优化目标,分别采用线性变密度填充法和自适应成长法优化铜丝分布。两种优化结果的中心温度与均匀填充相比分别提高了0.6℃和2.62℃,并且得到了相应的铜丝分布曲线。将等温容器内部的铜丝根据优化结果进行分层填充后进行试验验证,先用导热试验说明改变细铜丝分布可以强化容器壁向中心的导热,接着用等温容器放气试验例证了该填充方案能够有效提高等温容器的等温性能。     

论曲面测量各向异性

曲面测量面对复杂化和高精度化的挑战,除不断优化测量方法和测量仪器外,被测曲面内禀性对测量结果的影响也应给予重视。从曲面被测点微分邻域分析出发,全面阐述曲面测量中由被测对象自身特征引起的测量误差各向异性问题,提出曲面测量各向异性概念,定义各向异性误差,并详细分析其与各影响因素的关系。概括各向异性在曲面测量中的仪器综合定位误差与测量误差关系、确定工件安置方位、仪器设计和加工误差对测量误差影响四个方面的应用,提出测量仪器最大允许定位误差计算方法。以渐开螺旋面测量为例分析验证各向异性及其测量误差计算方法。研究表明曲面测量各向异性对测量仪器设计、测量方法确定和测量结果不确定度分析等方面既有理论价值又有实际意义。     

滚齿机传动链误差测量误差分析及辨识

滚齿机传动链误差检测平台的测量误差直接影响滚齿机传动链误差的测量结果,导致难以精确补偿滚齿机传动链误差和准确诊断滚齿机传动链故障。为提高滚齿机传动链误差测量准确性,消除圆光栅的制造和安装误差对测量结果的干扰,首先分析了由圆光栅制造及装配误差引起的测量误差对滚齿机传动链误差测量的影响,然后基于不同安装位置下的测量误差相位特征和离散傅里叶逆变换方法辨识测量误差,该方法在YDA3132型滚齿机上进行了实验验证。结果表明,该方法能准确辨识检测平台的测量误差,消除了对传动链误差测量结果的干扰,提高了测量准确性,具有低成本、高可行性的优点。     

基于径向基神经网络的明渠流量软测量方法

为克服现有明渠流量测量方法在监测自动化、测量准确度、测量成本和适用范围等方面存在的不足,在新兴的大尺度粒子图像测速(large-scale particle image velocimetry,LSPIV)技术的框架下,设计了一种基于径向基神经网络(radial basis function neural networ...     

基于FLANN和最小二乘的磁梯度计误差校正

在基于偶极子磁场分量梯度的水下磁异常定位方法中,三轴磁力计自身误差及两磁场坐标系配准误差等是限制水下定位精度的主要因素,因此有必要对其进行校正,补偿磁场分量梯度计测量值。建立了磁场分量梯度计的测量误差模型,提出了基于函数链接型神经网络(functional link artificial neural network,FLANN)和最小二乘法的磁场分量梯度计误差校正方法,给出了误差参数辨识及校正算法,数值仿真和实测数据证明了校正算法具有良好的收敛性,能显著地抑制磁场分量梯度测量误差,该校正方法为提高磁场分量梯度计性能提供了一种可行途径。     

Application of artificial neural networks instead of the orifice plate discharge coefficient

Differential pressure flowmeters are very often used in many industries. Therefore, the improvement of this method of flow measurement is an important task of flow measurement and instrumentation. One of the important characteristics of differential pressure flowmeters is the discharge coefficient of the flow transducers. A large number of studies and publications were devoted to modeling this coefficient. Therefore, in the framework of this research, this coefficient is simulated using artificial neural networks. The neural representation of this characteristic is made in the form of a multilayer perceptron. In this paper, we replace the traditional equation for the discharge coefficient with an artificial neural network. The advantages and disadvantages of such application of neural networks as discharge coefficients are discussed. The analysis of the results of gas flow measurement, where the neural network is used instead of the traditional equation, is presented. The estimation of flow rate measurement errors with such an approach is made; the error of calculation of the discharge coefficient is estimated.     

Linear calibration method of magnetic gradient tensor system

Based on the detailed analysis of systematic errors, mathematical model of error parameters is constructed and linear calibration method is proposed for magnetic gradient tensor system. Firstly, nonlinear mathematical model of error parameters for single vector magnetometer is constructed based on scalar calibration, and least square solution is deduced by two nonlinear conversions without any mathematical simplification. Then outputs of four tri-axial magnetometers are calibrated to sensor’s orthogonal coordinate respectively. Secondly, a least square estimation is proposed for the misalignment errors between different magnetometers according to the rotation matrix comprising conversion of different orthogonal coordinate system. After calibration, outputs of tri-axial magnetometers are acquired along the ideally platform frame-orthogonal coordinate system and these enable calibration of magnetic gradient tensor system. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed linear calibration method can accurately solve the detailed error parameters and decrease measurement errors of magnetic gradient tensor system remarkably.     

A method for correcting discharge of boat-mounted ADCP measurements

GPS data are usually used to measure boat velocity during boat-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements when bottom tracking is biased by moving bed. GPS cannot provide consistently accurate boat velocity reference because of multipath errors, satellite signal reception problems, and heading errors. In addition, the computation of water velocity from an ADCP mounted onto a moving boat is a vector-algebra problem, thus the discharge calculation is subject to the compass error when GPS is used for boat velocity reference. This paper proposes a method for correcting discharge based on the idea that the discharge calculation is independent of the boat path. The processing of two sets of boat-mounted ADCP measurements integrated with differential GPS and non-differential GPS was simulated to verify the method. The results show that the proposed method performs well in both differential and non-differential GPS conditions. The relative errors range from 0.1% to 1.5% for all measurements with the mean relative errors of 0.7%. Analytical assessment of the GPS errors shows the proposed method is insensitive to the positioning accuracy of GPS, but positioning error of non-differential GPS may induce relative discharge error of more than 1% when the river or stream is narrow. On the contrary, a relatively small compass or heading error can cause a significant error in water velocity and discharge when using GPS as the boat velocity reference. Therefore, integrating a differential GPS and maintaining a slow boat speed are best practices for discharge measurement, especially for narrow streams or short boat paths.     

基于样条函数拟合的全局齿形误差的测量评定方法

分析了现行渐开线圆柱齿轮齿形误差测量方法的缺点和误差产生原因后,提出了渐开线圆柱齿轮的全局齿形误差测量原理,推导了实际齿形曲线三次样条函数拟合的数学模型并给出了边界条件的确定方法.给出了在三坐标测冒机上全局齿形误差测量与评定的实现方法.理论与比较测量表明:本文提出的全局齿形误差测量与评定方法精度与3204型齿形齿向测量...     

Unsteady flow generator for gases using an isothermal chamber

We propose a chamber called an ‘isothermal chamber’ that can produce almost isothermal conditions due to its large heat transfer area obtained by filling it with steel wool. Using this chamber, a simple method to measure flow rates of ideal gases has been developed. In this paper, we propose an unsteady flow generator for gases using the isothermal chamber that can be useful for measuring the dynamic characteristics of gaseous flow meters. The mass flow rate is generated by controlling the pressure change during air discharge in the isothermal chamber using a servo valve. Steady and unsteady oscillatory flow is generated with the generator, and the effectiveness of the generator is demonstrated.     

磁梯度张量系统传感器阵列的快速旋转校准

为有效消除磁梯度张量系统传感器阵列间非对准误差和传感器系统误差对测量精度造成的影响,提出了一种只需绕系统任意轴旋转一周便可理论上实现所有磁传感器与参考平台正交系间精确校准方法。利用两组无数学简化的非线性转换构建传感器系统误差线性校正模型,仅需同一旋转周期的10组测量数据便能得到参考平台与各传感器的理想正交输出。通过构建磁传感器三轴横倾、俯仰、方位转换的旋转矩阵,得到传感器空间任意姿态的非对准误差校正模型并对旋转角进行最小二乘估计,仅需同一旋转周期的3组测量数据便能对准张量系统。仿真和实测结果表明:在理想情况下仿真参数估计准确率接近100%,实验校正后各传感器输出具有较高重合与同轴性,张量分量RMSE(均方根误差)小于30nT/m。能以较简单步骤和较少采样数据高效提高差分法磁梯度张量系统测量精度。