Analysis of three-dimensional natural convection of nanofluids by BEM

In this paper we analyse flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in natural convection flows in closed cavities. We consider two test cases: natural convection in a three-dimensional differentially heated cavity, and flow around a hotstrip located in two positions within a cavity. Simulations were performed for Rayleigh number values ranging from 10³ to 10⁶. Performance of three types of water based nanofluids was compared with pure water and air. Stable suspensions of Cu, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ solid nanoparticles in water were considered for different volume fractions ranging up to 20%. We present and compare heat flux for all cases and analyse heat transfer enhancement attributed to nanofluids in terms of their enhanced thermal properties and changed flow characteristics. Results show that, using nanofluids, the largest heat transfer enhancements can be achieved in conduction dominated flows as well as that nanofluids increase the three-dimensional character of the flow field. We additionally examine the relationship between vorticity, vorticity flux and heat transfer for flow of nanofluids.The simulations were performed using a three-dimensional boundary element method based flow solver, which has been adapted for the simulation of nanofluids. The numerical algorithm is based on the combination of single domain and subdomain boundary element method, which are used to solve the velocity–vorticity formulation of Navier–Stokes equations. In the paper we present the adaptation of the solver for simulation of nanofluids. Additionally, we developed a dynamic solver accuracy algorithm, which was used to speed up the simulations.     

Investigation of Al2O3-MWCNTs hybrid dispersion in water and their thermal characterization

Synthesis of water based Al2O3-MWCNTs hybrid nanofluids have been investigated and characterized. Al2O3-MWCNTs nanoparticles in weight proportion of 97.5:2.5 to 90:10 have been studied over 1% to 6% weight concentration. Dispersion quality of nanofluids is assured by additional synthesis process like acids treatment and grinding of MWCNTs by planetary ball mill. The effects of ground and non-ground MWCNTs over dispersion quality and thermal conductivity have been investigated. Sedimentation effect of hybrid nanofluids with time length has been studied by sample visualization and TEM micrographs. The augmentative absorbance and thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids have been compared with pure Al2O3/water nanofluids. The overall result shows that the enhancement in normalized thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids is still not so sharp though the absorbance and other qualities show much better comparing mono type nanofluids. Hybrid nanofluids with spherical particles show a smaller increase in thermal conductivity comparing cylindrical shape particles.     

Critical heat flux of binary mixtures in pool boiling and its correlation in terms of Marangoni number

Critical heat flux (CHF) in nucleate pool boiling of binary mixtures was newly measured with a horizontal platinum wire, 0.5 mm in diameter, and heated by DC, over the full range of concentrations. Seven mixtures were selected with the intent to cover various types of mixtures: methanol/water, ethanol/water, methanol/ethanol, ethanol/n-butanol, methanol/benzene, benzene/n-heptane and water/ethylene glycol, each in the saturated state at atmospheric pressure. Total 311 raw CHF data were obtained at 75 concentrations including pure components.Aqueous mixtures of methanol and ethanol revealed significant increase of CHF compared to either CHF linearly interpolated between pure components or CHF predicted from a single component correlation with use of the mixture properties. Three organic mixtures showed more or less the same level as an interpolated CHF, while the remaining two mixtures of methanol/benzene and water/ethylene glycol gave the reduced CHF by 20% and 50% at most, respectively. Marangoni number was introduced as a controlling variable to explain the observed increased, invariable, or reduced CHF, and an empirical correlation was developed.     

坡缕石/聚丙烯酸钠高吸水保水复合材料的制备与性能研究

采用水溶液聚合法,以丙烯酸为单体,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,制备出了坡缕石/聚丙烯酸(钠)高吸水保水复合材料,并采用筛网法测试了产品的吸液性能.通过单因素实验,系统地研究了矿物含量、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、单体中和度等聚合条件对复合材料吸蒸馏水倍率和0.9%NaCl溶液倍率的影响.制备出的坡缕石/聚丙烯酸(钠)复合材料具有较高的吸液倍率及良好的耐盐性.     

The Incredible Effect of Heat Load Increase Rate on the Specific Heat Flux at Boiling of Some Nanofluids

Boiling curves for different heat-load increase rates (HLIRs) are obtained for distilled water, tap water, and two nanofluids (NFs) based on a natural mixture of montmorillonite and attapulgite (AlSi-7) and titanium dioxide (NF-8). An unusually strong influence of the HLIR on the thermal parameters of NFs is detected upon boiling of AlSi-7 based on a mixture of highly anisometric nanoparticles of aluminosilicates of various morphologies capable of forming nanostructured openwork “architectures” on the heater surface. An explanation of the reasons for the observed effect is proposed. The data obtained indicate the existence of an optimal HLIR at which the structure of the deposit appearing on the heating surface during the boiling of an NF is most favorable for heat exchange.     

TiO_2-H_2O纳米流体流变特性的实验研究

测量了不同体积浓度的TiO2-H2O纳米流体在不同温度下的粘度,结果表明,TiO2-H2O纳米流体的粘度显著大于未添加纳米粒子的纯水的粘度值,并且粘度随体积浓度的增大急剧增大,随温度的升高而急剧减小.流变特性表明,在所配制的体积浓度内,TiO2-H2O纳米流体是一种典型的牛顿型流体.     

Investigation on tribological performance of CuO vegetable-oil based nanofluids for grinding operations

With ball-bearing and tribofilm lubrication effects, CuO vegetable oil-based nanofluids have exhibited excellent anti-wear and friction reduction properties. In this study, CuO nanofluids were synthesized by a one-step electro discharge process in distilled water containing polysorbate-20 and vegetable oil as a nanoparticle stabilizer and source of fatty-acid molecules in the base fluid, respectively. Pin-on-disk tribotests were conducted to evaluate the lubrication performance of synthesized CuO nanofluids between brass/steel contact pairs under various loadings. Surface grinding experiments under minimum lubrication conditions were also performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the synthesized nanofluids in improving the machining characteristics and surface quality of machined parts. The results of pin-on-disk tests revealed that adding nanofluids containing 0.5% and 1% (mass fraction) CuO nanoparticles to the base fluid reduced the wear rate by 66.7% and 71.2%, respectively, compared with pure lubricant. The lubricating action of 1% (mass fraction) CuO nanofluid reduced the ground surface roughness by up to 30% compared with grinding using lubricant without nano-additives. These effects were attributed to the formation of a lubrication film between the contact pairs, providing the rolling and healing functions of CuO nanoparticles to the sliding surfaces. The micrography of ground surfaces using a scanning electron microscope confirmed the tribological observations.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-020-00314-1     

Enhanced mass transport in nanofluids

Thermal conductivity enhancement in nanofluids, which are liquids containing suspended nanoparticles, has been attributed to localized convection arising from the nanoparticles' Brownian motion. Because convection and mass transfer are similar processes, the objective here is to visualize dye diffusion in nanofluids. It is observed that dye diffuses faster in nanofluids compared to that in water, with a peak enhancement at a nanoparticle volume fraction, phi, of 0.5%. A possible change in the slope of thermal conductivity enhancement at that same phi signifies that convection becomes less important at higher phi. The enhanced mass transfer in nanofluids can be utilized to improve diffusion in microfluidic devices.     

聚丙烯/凹凸棒土纳米复合材料的制备、结构与性能

采用超声波分散方法将凹凸棒土(简称凹土AT)在水中进行分散,然后用硅烷偶联剂KH570对凹凸棒土纳米棒晶进行表面处理,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对表面结构进行了表征.将经上述表面处理的凹凸棒土与PP复合制备纳米复合材料,研究了纳米复合材料的结晶行为与力学性能.     

An experimental study on stability and some thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with water–ethylene glycol mixtures

In this study, the stability and thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with double-distilled water (W) and double-distilled water/ethylene glycol (W/EG) mixtures are investigated. Stability analyses are performed through visual observation, thermal conductivity measurements, spectrophotometry and zeta potential measurement methods. An increase in ethylene glycol ratio in water increases the stability of nanofluid, which helps the nanoparticles disperse uniformly in the base fluid for a longer duration. It is concluded from the results that MWCNT nanofluids with a W/EG system (50:50) has good stability, showing no agglomeration for 36 d as compared with other nanofluids. Thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity, viscosity and density with temperature were also measured. Maximum thermal conductivity enhancement of 29% was observed for MWCNT-nanofluid with W/EG system (50:50) at 50°C. It is also observed that with the addition of MWCNT in W/EG mixtures, viscosity and density increase but the enhancement was comparatively low with reference to thermal conductivity. From these results, it was interpreted that both stability and thermal conductivity increase with increase in ethylene glycol ratio in water.     

Al_2O_3-H_2O纳米流体相变蓄冷特性研究

在水介质中悬浮少量的纳米氧化铝颗粒(粒径20nm),通过添加分散剂和超声波振荡,制备成均匀分散的Al2O3-H2O纳米流体。对水和Al2O3-H2O纳米流体的相变蓄冷特性进行了实验比较。结果表明,加入纳米Al2O3可降低水的过冷度,缩短结冰时间;在相同的时间内,纳米流体的蓄冷量要大于纯水。     

Measurement of volumetric thermal expansion coefficient of various nanofluids

Experiments were carried out for studying volumetric thermal expansion behavior of various nanofluids in order to evaluate their potential application in heat removal systems employing natural convection as mode of heat removal. For this purpose, various nanoparticles such as Al₂O₃, CuO, SiO₂ and TiO₂ were used, which were suspended in the base fluid (water) by ultrasonication. All nanofluids had the same concentration of 1 wt %. Each nanofluid was heated from room temperature to a maximum of about 60°C and the increase in volume due to heat addition was recorded. The volumetric thermal expansion due to heating for each nanofluid was compared to that for the base fluid for same increase in the temperature. The volumetric thermal expansion coefficient was evaluated from the measured data. Surprisingly, it was found that the nanofluids have greater volumetric thermal expansion coefficients as compared to that of the base fluid. 1The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

石墨烯和氧化石墨烯水基润滑添加剂在镁合金冷轧中的摩擦学行为EI北大核心CSCD

选用石墨烯和氧化石墨烯作为水基润滑添加剂,对比研究两种纳米材料对AZ31镁合金在冷轧过程中的摩擦学性能的影响。采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和拉曼光谱仪(Raman)对石墨烯和氧化石墨烯水基润滑液润滑条件下轧后板材表面形貌和成分进行了分析,探讨了石墨烯和氧化石墨烯作为水基润滑添加剂的润滑机理。结果表明,石墨烯和氧化石墨烯在水中最优含量为0.5%(质量分数),摩擦因数分别为0.132和0.038,磨损体积分别为23.1 mm^3和2.59 mm^3。同时氧化石墨烯水基润滑液优良的润滑性能降低了镁合金轧制过程中的轧制力,改善了轧后板材表面质量。相同测试条件下,氧化石墨烯水基润滑液的润滑性能优于石墨烯水基润滑液,主要原因是其在水中良好的分散性和在镁合金表面优异的润湿性。     

Model for thermal conductivity of CNT-nanofluids

This work presents a simple model for predicting the thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube (CNT) nanofluids. Effects due to the high thermal conductivity of CNTs and the percolation of heat through it are considered to be the most important reasons for their anomalously high thermal conductivity enhancement. A new approach is taken for the modeling, the novelty of which lies in the prediction of the thermal behaviour of oil based as well as water based CNT nanofluids, which are quite different from each other in thermal characteristics. The model is found to correctly predict the trends observed in experimental data for different combinations of CNT nanofluids with varying concentrations.     

改性凹凸棒石-不饱和聚酯复合材料的热性能研究

为研究改性凹凸棒石的掺入对不饱和聚酯热性能的影响,采用十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)对凹凸棒石进行有机改性,然后制备改性凹凸棒石-不饱和聚酯复合材料,并用红外光谱(IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段对改性效果进行表征,利用差热(DTA)、热重(TG)同步热分析仪研究复合材料的热性能,探究改性前后凹凸棒石的掺量对复合材料热起始温度的影响。结果表明:改性凹凸棒石-不饱和聚酯复合材料的热稳定性明显优于凹凸棒石-不饱和聚酯复合材料和纯不饱和聚酯,掺入改性凹凸棒石的最佳质量分数8.4%左右。     

Thermal properties of nanofluids and their similarity criteria

We have experimentally studied how the Prandtl number (Pr) of a nanofluid depends on the concentration, size, and material of nanoparticles. The nanofluids were prepared using distilled water and nanoparticles of silica, alumina, titania, and zirconia. The volume concentration of particles was varied from 1 to 8% and their diameters changed from 10 to 150 nm. It is established that Pr values of nanofluids increase with the concentration of nanoparticles. The Prandtl number also significantly depends on the size of nanoparticles and decreases with increasing particle diameter.     

A novel approach to prepare solvent-free cerium dioxide nanofluids

This paper develops a novel approach to prepare solvent-free cerium dioxide (CeO₂) nanofluids through N,N-didecyl-N-methyl-N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) ammonium chloride covalently grafted on the surface of CeO₂ nanoparticles as core, and then poly(ethylene glycol) 4-nonylpheny 13-sulfopropyl ether sodium salt was grafted on the surface of CeO₂ nanoparticles through ion exchange reaction. It is obviously observed that CeO₂ nanofluids exhibited a solid state at room temperature, whereas they behave as liquid-like when being heated to above 45°C. To detect the properties of CeO₂ nanofluids, the morphology, thermal stability, dispersibility, and rheological behavior of CeO₂ nanofluids are mainly investigated. It is found that CeO₂ nanofluids can flow without solvent existence. Meantime, it shows good dispersion and stability in water and other organic solvents for weeks due to amphiphilic properties of the modifier molecules.     

Elaboration of thermophysical performance enhancement mechanism of functionalized boron nitride/graphite hybrid nanofluids

This study mainly investigated the physicochemical characteristics of ethylene glycol/ water (EG/W) based hydroxyl-functionalized boron nitride (BN-OH) and graphite (G) hybrid nanofluids. A novel simple and efficient annealing method was proposed to have hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoparticles functionalized to improve the synergistic role between hybrid G/BN-OH nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the dispersion stability, thermal stability, and rheological behavior of diverse nanofluids (h-BN, BN-OH, G, G/BN and G/BH-OH) were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that the G/BN-OH hybrid nanofluids demonstrate both better dispersion stability and thermal stability, as well as a lower increase in viscosity. In addition, the thermal conductivity of G/BN-OH hybrid nanofluids was increased by up to 18.05% with a concentration of 0.2 wt% when compared to the base fluid. Ultimately, the complicated theoretical mechanism of thermophysical performance augment for G/BH-OH hybrid nanofluids was reliably presented. The enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids may be attributed to the formation of adsorption layers and the synergistic effect of the thermal conductivity network.     

A facile and green approach to prepare monodispersion nanonickel nanofluids

This paper first develops a novel approach to prepare solvent-free nanonickel (Ni) nanofluids via hydrogen bonding between poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) and 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol-modified Ni powder with average diameter of 80?nm to solve the problem of nanoparticles agglomerating due to the anisotropic dipolar attraction. It is interestingly found that Ni nanofluid is solid at room temperature while it undergoes solid–liquid transition without solvent at 50.7°C. The content of Ni is up to 12.1?wt%. The average diameter of core-shell structure of Ni nanofluids is 182?nm without agglomerations. It is worth noting that incorporation of Ni powder can elevate remarkably initial decomposition temperature of block copolymer due to high dispersity of Ni powder after modification. In addition, the viscosity of Ni nanofluids is found to be less than 10?Pa?·?s at 100°C, which is between that of water and honey, 0.001 and 10?Pa?·?s, respectively, at 20°C. More importantly, the Ni nanofluids exhibit excellent dispersion in water and other organic solvents for 2 months due to amphiphilic properties of the modifier molecule. These unique properties of Ni nanofluids may offer new scientific and technical opportunities for application of Ni powder in the form of liquid-like status.     

丙烯酰胺/凹凸棒复合吸水性树脂的制备及溶胀行为

采用水溶液聚合法制备了丙烯酰胺／凹凸棒复合吸水性树脂,考察了凹凸棒含量、单体浓度、交联剂含量和引发剂含量对树脂吸水性能的影响,并通过FT-IR和SEM对接枝反应机理和材料的表面形貌进行了表征;同时时树脂在电解质溶液中的溶胀行为进行了研究。结果表明,当凹凸棒质量分数为10％时,复合吸水性树脂在蒸馏水和0．9％NaCl溶液中的吸水倍率分别达到了2645g／g和112g／g,树脂耐盐性能明显提高。