"自然"与"公众"双重价值取向在建筑设计中的应用——以一个建于坡地的中心商业建筑为例

目前,公众对回归自然的向往为坡地建筑特色的重新繁荣带来了机遇。重庆是一个典型的坡地城市,自然的地貌地形为坡地建筑的修建提供了天然平台。坡地建筑符合地势要求,在设计上要多花功夫,施工难度随之增大,但为项目最终整合效益的提高奠定了良好基础。本文以一个建于坡地的建筑为例,介绍了建筑设计的过程,指出需通过设计方、建设方、管理方、使用方等多方公众意图的磨合,建筑才最终得以建成。     

Toward the Characterization of Building Occupancies for Fire Safety Engineering: Prevalence, Type, and Mobility of Disabled People

This paper is the first in a series of four that collectively provide a substantial body of knowledge on the egress capabilities of disabled people who frequent public-assembly buildings. Here, the results are given of an analysis of survey data estimating the numbers and types of disabled people who are mobile beyond their own homes, the degree of assistance they require, the percentage of the total mobile population they constitute, and the extent to which they are involved in sports and leisure pursuits. This information can be used to derive working estimates of the prevalence and nature of disability among building populations when characterizing building occupancies, a prerequisite to fire engineering.     

Evaluation of BIM energy performance and CO2 emissions assessment tools: a case study in warm weather

ABSTRACT

The EU members have adopted regulations and official methods for evaluating the energy performance in buildings. Most of these methods are applied at the end of the project phase, with few opportunities to correct erroneous design decisions when the desired building energy performance is not achieved. It is demonstrated that there is no European standard for sustainability and that the decision-making process during the development of a building project is compromised by the methodologies and some concepts, as thermal inertia, are withdrawn. Currently, the industry has been developing alternative tools for evaluating energy performance and CO₂ emissions in buildings over their entire life cycle. These software programs, which belong to the BIM environment, use databases and make simplifications adapted to the stage of design when the software can be applied. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the accuracy of this software and how the databases and simplifications influence the decision-making process in building design. Calculation examples are carried out with various tools and compared to real building performance data. The results demonstrate that, as with the official methods, the tools influence the results and therefore condition, sometimes wrongly, the decision-making process to produce better buildings.     

A Study on People’s Attitude to the Use of Elevators for Fire Escape

Currently, elevators are not considered as a proper means of escape in fires and people have been educated and trained to use staircases for fire escape. However, it is difficult for all the occupants to evacuate only by staircases timely and safely in super high-rise buildings, especially for the old and disabled. Considering the fact that super high-rise buildings are constructed in increasing numbers in many Asian cities, it becomes much more necessary to reconsider the use of elevators for emergency escape. Besides a mechanically safe elevator system, people’s cooperation is of critical importance to assure an efficient egress process. To explore people’s attitude to the use of elevators for fire escape in high-rise buildings and the diversity based on demographics, a study was conducted via face-to-face interviews in two different cities of China. Respondents’ demographics and their responses to hypothetical fire scenarios were collected via a set of structured questions. The results showed that most people would consider using elevators for fire escape in super high-rise buildings. The main influencing factors of their attitude were firemen’s instruction and the height of their location in the building. Statistical diversity was found based on demographics. These results indicated that people’s attitude to elevator evacuation was positive and further study should be very important.     

Climate change future proofing of buildings—Generation and assessment of building simulation weather files

Simulation packages for predicting building performance in terms of energy and comfort are becoming increasingly important in the planning process. However, current industry standard weather files for building simulation are not suited to the assessment of the potential impacts of a changing climate, in particular summer overheating risks. In addition, no bespoke climate change weather files are readily available that can be loaded directly into environmental simulation software. This paper describes the integration of future UK climate scenarios into the widely used Typical Meteorological Year (TMY2) and EnergyPlus/ESP-r Weather (EPW) file formats and demonstrates the importance of climate change analysis through a case study example. The ‘morphing’ methodology published by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) is utilised as a baseline for transforming current CIBSE Test Reference Years (TRY) and Design Summer Years (DSY) into climate change weather years. A tool is presented that allows generation of TMY2/EPW files from this ‘morphed’ data and addresses the requirements related to solar irradiation, temperature, humidity and daylighting beyond the parameters provided by CIBSE weather years. Simulations of a case study building highlight the potential impact of climate change on future summer overheating hours inside naturally ventilated buildings.     

建筑采光与照明设计改造方法浅谈

由于建筑能耗的不断上升,建筑节能工作已经上升为我国的国策。建筑采光和照明对室内人员的健康起着重要的作用,是新建建筑设计和既有建筑节能改造中的重要方面之一。文章探讨了建筑采光、照明的分类及特点,介绍了自然采光和人工照明的控制方法,并引用了相关工程案例,较为全面地分析和介绍了建筑采光、照明方面的手段和方法,为新建建筑设计和既有建筑节能改造提供了有效的手段。     

Performance evaluation of operational energy use in refurbishment,reuse, and conservation of heritage buildings for optimum sustainability

The operational phase of a building project has increasingly gained importance with their energy performance becoming valuable and determining their operational excellence. In most heritage building projects (HBPs), the operational energy use aspects areless considered, and a systematic way of analyzing their energy performance following project delivery is often lacking. The aim of this study is to evaluate the operational performance of refurbishment and reuse of UK listed church projects. The objective is to assess the operational energyuse with a view to optimizing their sustainable performance. The methodology includes eight selected case study buildings refurbished and converted for multipurpose use. The case study approach provided qualitative insights into how the study contributes to a more structured requirements for energy management in HBPs with specific attention to energy-efficient building operations. The findings show the need to focus on fundamental areas of operational management (i.e.by developing and implementing more focused policy on operational energy performance of heritage buildings) to minimize the energy required to operate them. The challenges of implementing changes in operational energy performance improvement of heritage buildings are addressed in the form of recommendations that could lead to real results. The study concludes that leveraging these areas requires commitment from all heritage building stakeholders because they all have substantial roles in harmonizing the requirement for the project's sustainability and not just the building operators. Meanwhile, baseline project planning, periodic updating, monitoring, and managing the energy use pattern are suggested as measures that could greatly facilitate better energy performance to optimizing their sustainable reuse compared with the traditional approach of trying to improve their thermal performance.     

Toward the Characterization of Building Occupancies for Fire Safety Engineering: Capabilities of Disabled People Moving Horizontally and on an Incline

This paper is the second in a series of four that collectively provide a substantial body of knowledge on the egress capabilities of disabled people. Here, the results are given from an experimental program designed to determine the capabilities of disabled people to move on horizontal and inclined planes, broken down by presence or absence of a locomotion disability, degree of assistance required, and mobility aid used. The results of this study are presented in a form that is of use to all those involved in the difficult task of characterizing buildings and their occupants, which, it is suggested, are not mutually exclusive activities.     

城市地铁项目建设对古建筑的影响

为了研究西安地铁二号线工程建设对周围环境产生的影响,并对该工程沿线的古建筑进行保护,通过类比调查和数据分析的方法,分析了西安地铁二号线工程在施工期和营运期对古建筑产生的振动和地基不均匀沉降等影响。结果表明:西安地铁二号线工程建设对地下水的扰动不会影响古建筑的安全;同时,建设产生的振动影响在古建筑的振动允许限值内。为了最大程度地减小西安地铁二号线工程建设对古建筑的影响,提出了合理的古建筑加固方案和工程减振措施。     

Examining and quantifying the drivers behind alterations and extensions to commercial buildings in a central business district

The drive to undertake building adaptation has increased in momentum, the primary reason being adaptation can be less expensive than new build and conventionally result in faster project delivery times. The issue of sustainable development is another clear driver for adaptation and collectively buildings contribute around half of all greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time governments seek effective and efficient ways of reducing the contribution of cities to climate change and building adaptation appears to offer a practical means of reducing building-related emissions. One example is the ‘1200 building program’ which aims to increase adaptation rates with a target of 1200 city centre office adaptations by 2020 as part of the strategy to achieve carbon neutrality. Through a longitudinal examination of building adaptations it is possible to identify the nature and extent of typical levels of adaptation, as well as determining the inter-relationship between different types of adaptation and building attributes. Melbourne city centre was used for a case study which analysed 5290 building adaptation events between 1998 and 2008. The findings promote the adaptive reuse of buildings in specific circumstances and are directly applicable for increasing sustainability in the built environment. The case study focused on existing buildings in a global city to ensure relevance to urban centres where existing commercial buildings can become part of the solution to mitigate climate change.     

Towards a sensor for detecting human presence and characterizing activity

In this paper, we propose a vision-based system for human detection and activity analysis in indoor environment. The developed presence sensor is based on video analysis, using a static camera. Composed of three main steps, the first one consists in change detection using a background model updated at different levels to manage the most common variations of the environment. Second, a moving objects tracking, based on interest points, is performed. Third, in order to know the nature of the various objects that could be present in the scene, multiple cascades of boosted classifiers are used. The validation protocol, defined by the industrial partners involved in the CAPTHOM project focusing among other things on “Energy Management in Building”, is then detailed. Three applications integrated into the CAPTHOM project illustrate how the developed system can help in collecting useful information for the building management system. Occupancy detection and people counting as well as activity characterization and 3D location extend to a wide variety of buildings technology research areas such as human-centered environmental control including heating adjustment and demand-controlled ventilation, but also security and energy efficient buildings.     

Making feedback and post-occupancy evaluation routine 3: Case studies of the use of techniques in the feedback portfolio

Although there is increasing interest in building performance, the people who procure, design and construct buildings seldom engage closely with the performance of the buildings they have created. This paper outlines the results of 14 case studies where designers and their clients used one or more techniques chosen from a portfolio of ten to evaluate their buildings or processes at any stage in the life cycle of a project. It is revealed that considerable value could be obtained for relatively low effort, helping to improve both the performance of the building concerned and the skills and insights of the participants; and that there was value in using established techniques that were robust, cost-effective and had benchmarks available where appropriate. It proved easier to undertake a survey than to get people together to discuss their experience. However, after the procurement process had started, it proved difficult to incorporate feedback, because everyone was already committed to a particular mode of operation.     

严寒地区公共建筑的能耗分析

能耗分析是建筑节能设计的必要环节,对建筑的节能改造和空调系统的运行管理有着重要的意义。本文以严寒地区（内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市）的公共建筑为例,对教学、酒店和办公类建筑,进行了能源审计,并给出了各类建筑的能耗分析数据,根据所得数据得到各个分项能耗指标和所占比例,最后给出了一些相关的节能建议。     

Methodology for the sequence analysis of building stocks

ABSTRACT

A new methodology is presented for analyzing longitudinal building data by considering building histories as sequences of states or events. This allows for the application of sequence analysis methods to any kind of building histories. A demonstration of this methodology is applied to two example datasets from a random sample of a stock of vanished buildings based on the records of a German building insurance company over a period of 56 years. In this sample, the diversity of the distribution of states increases with a slight fall near the end of the time period. Non-residential buildings remain longer in a given state than residential buildings, and private ownership is more stable than other owner types. The survival rate for buildings that undergo a change of their function is less predictable than for those without a change of function. The predictability of the states of buildings without ownership change has a greater variation than that of buildings with owner change. A clustering of building histories into groups of similar patterns can be used to calculate the probability of survival for a given building.     

建筑混凝土结构检测加固技术与工程实践研究

随着我国经济的蓬勃发展,建筑行业随之兴起,人们对建筑功能的要求也不只限于遮风避雨,已经存在的建筑功能必须进行改进和提升才能满足人们的最新需求。鉴于生态和环境的要求,对已有建筑进行加固改造成了一种新型方式,主要是对建筑混凝土结构检测加固技术的改进。本文以某地办公大楼的加固实际工程为例展开讨论。     

Climate change,thermal comfort and energy: Meeting the design challenges of the 21st century

This paper addresses the dual challenge of designing sustainable low-energy buildings while still providing thermal comfort under warmer summer conditions produced by anthropogenic climate change—a key challenge for building designers in the 21st century. The main focus is towards buildings that are ‘free running’ for some part of the summer, either being entirely naturally ventilated or mixed-mode (where mechanical cooling is only used when thought to be essential). Because the conditions in these buildings will vary from day to day it is important to understand how people react and adapt to their environment. A summary is made of recent developments in this area and of the climate data required to assess building performance. Temperatures in free running buildings are necessarily closely linked to those outside. Because the climate is changing and outside summer temperatures are expected to increase, the future will offer greater challenges to the designers of sustainable buildings aiming to provide either entirely passive or low-energy comfort cooling. These issues are demonstrated by predictions of the performance of some case study buildings under a climate change scenario. The examples also demonstrate some of the important principles associated with climate-sensitive low-energy design.     

The behaviour and evacuation experiences of WTC 9/11 evacuees with self-designated mobility impairments

The increasing accessibility of buildings to people with disabilities requires that buildings are also designed and managed to provide accessible means of escape for all. In so doing, it is important to understand the capabilities of building occupants with disabilities to evacuate and their interaction with others. This is particularly important in high-rise buildings where occupants’ primary means of accessing upper floors, i.e. lifts, may not necessarily be the preferred route in a fire emergency.     

寒冷地区绿色三星级住宅建筑的创新与集成——天津万通生态城新新家园项目实践

本文介绍了天津万通生态城新新家园的绿色建筑实践,包括住宅节能、室内空气质量、声环境、高层太阳能热水、水资源利用、垃圾处理技术等方面的创新措施。重点分析了该项目具有创新性和示范意义的主要技术集成,为寒冷地区绿色住宅建筑的建设提供了思路和借鉴。     

工业与民用建筑工程管理

针对工业与民用建筑工程管理进行了探讨,分析了影响工业与民用建筑工程质量管理的因素,分别介绍了建筑工程项目的质量管理措施和进度管理控制办法,提出了工程管理方法的创新途径。