基于非概率集合理论的屋面板风致疲劳寿命估计

现有疲劳分析中,通常将结构材料参数、几何尺寸等定义为确定性参数;实际结构中,相关参数均为有界但不确定变量,如按确定性参数估计结构的疲劳寿命是偏于不安全的。该文将结构体系中不确定参数定义为区间变量,在线性疲劳损伤累积理论基础上,提出一种仅需一次动力响应分析即可计算不确定结构在动力荷载作用下疲劳损伤的新方法。该方法将金属屋面板弹性模量和屋面板板厚等由于施工误差等因素引起的不确定参数定义为区间变量,通过摄动法和区间动力响应分析,计算屋面板在脉动风荷载作用下的应力响应区间;结合屋面板材料的S-N曲线,采用修正Miner疲劳线性累积准则对屋面板的疲劳损伤和寿命区间进行估计。结果表明:该文方法可有效计算考虑结构参数不确定条件下金属屋面板的疲劳损伤和寿命区间;与顶点法比较,该文方法仅需一次动力响应分析就可计算金属屋面板风致疲劳损伤和寿命区间。     

风力机叶片载荷谱及疲劳寿命分析

研究了大型风力机玻璃钢叶片载荷谱和疲劳寿命的工程估算方法。运用片条理论分析了影响风力机叶片疲劳寿命的气动载荷分布;应用多体动力学方法,分析了旋转叶片动力刚化效应产生的原因及其对叶片振动模态的影响;根据模态叠加法,计算了叶片在气动力、重力和旋转惯性力等确定性载荷作用下的动应力响应;探讨了玻璃钢叶片的疲劳性能、破坏准则及疲劳寿命估计方法;提出了一种基于 Palmgren Miner 线性累积损伤法则的玻璃钢叶片安全寿命估计方法。通过所设计的 1.5MW 变速变桨距风力机叶片疲劳寿命估计的算例表明,该方法是可靠和实用的。     

碳纤维复合材料假脚冲击后的疲劳试验

针对一种新型结构的碳纤维复合材料假脚,开展了自由落体冲击试验及冲击后疲劳寿命试验,分析了不同铺层参数、不同冲击能量等因素对其冲击损伤及疲劳寿命的影响规律。结果表明,不同铺层参数对碳纤维复合材料假脚U形结构件的冲击损伤具有显著影响,且随着0°铺层含量的降低,试件的冲击损伤面积增加,外观损伤越来越严重;碳纤维复合材料结构件的疲劳性能对冲击能量比较敏感,随着冲击能量的增加,碳纤维结构件的冲击损伤面积明显增大,其疲劳寿命逐渐降低。在冲击能量从4J增加到10J的情况下,碳纤维复合材料假脚的疲劳寿命大幅度降低了66.8%;尽管随着冲击能量的增加,试件的疲劳寿命逐渐降低,但二者之间并不符合线性关系,即冲击能量存在一门槛值,当冲击能量超过该门槛值后,其对碳纤维结构件疲劳寿命的影响将减弱;仅当碳纤维复合材料假脚的后龙骨厚度为2.7mm,且冲击能量≤4J的情况下,其疲劳寿命才可较好地满足相关安全标准的要求。     

复合材料层板低速冲击后疲劳性能实验研究

通过对T300/5405复合材料层板进行低速冲击后的压-压疲劳实验,研究含不同冲击损伤层板的压缩性能与其在多级应力水平下的疲劳寿命与损伤扩展,并讨论冲击能量、应力水平、损伤扩展对层板疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:冲击损伤明显降低层板的剩余强度;在低应水平下,冲击能量越大,含冲击损伤层板的疲劳寿命越小;疲劳实验中损伤经历平稳扩展和快速扩展两个阶段,其中平稳扩展阶段约占总体寿命的80%,快速扩展阶段约占总体寿命的20%,损伤扩展速率随着应力水平降低而减小。     

抗冰平台的冰振疲劳分析

基于现场原型结构的观测,对渤海抗冰导管架平台冰激疲劳寿命估计的必要性进行了分析。结果表明,由于渤海特殊环境条件与油藏分布决定了在该海域设计的导管架平台属于典型的柔性抗冰结构,冰激振动不仅能激起较大的加速度响应,而且引起的交变应力也比较明显,在结构设计中进行疲劳寿命估计是必要的。目前,精确估计冰激疲劳寿命的方法还不成熟,其中冰激励荷载与海冰疲劳环境模型是两个关键问题。结合现场观测,对建立锥体疲劳冰荷载与冰环境参数的研究方法进行了论述,为详细疲劳分析提供了基础。     

复合材料层合板冲击后压-压疲劳寿命预测方法

针对冲击后复合材料层合板, 发展了含冲击初始损伤层合板的压-压疲劳寿命预测方法。该方法基于无损单向板的力学性能和疲劳特性, 对不同铺层参数、 不同几何尺寸以及不同冲击条件下层合板的疲劳寿命进行预测。为消除人为假设冲击损伤造成的误差, 对层合板在冲击载荷及冲击后疲劳载荷作用下的破坏进行全程分析, 即把冲击后层合板的实际损伤状态直接作为疲劳分析的初始状态。同时基于逐渐损伤思想, 推导了含冲击初始损伤层合板的应力分析过程, 建立了相应的三维逐渐累积损伤模型, 开发了参数化的复合材料层合结构冲击及冲击后疲劳破坏模拟程序, 为复合材料层合结构的抗冲击设计及其疲劳损伤扩展行为研究提供了较好的技术平台。      

钢质天线结构风振疲劳寿命估算方法比较研究

根据一屋顶钢质天线结构气弹模型风洞试验结果,计算了疲劳分析关键点处的应力响应功率谱;基于疲劳累积损伤理论在频域上用等效窄带法对钢天线进行寿命估算;同时,根据关键点处的应力响应功率谱,用Monte Carlo方法模拟了应力时程响应,并用雨流法对应力时程响应进行计数,用Goodman法则考虑平均应力的影响后得到应力范围出现的概率,然后拟合了应力范围的概率密度函数,对天线进行寿命估计.结果表明,采用两种方法估算的结构风致疲劳寿命相近;平均风对结构的疲劳寿命影响很小.     

调质42CrMo钢的弯曲微动疲劳实验研究

针对循环软化材料调质42CrMo钢进行了常规弯曲疲劳实验和弯曲微动疲劳实验,分析了常规弯曲疲劳和弯曲微动疲劳之间的差异,并讨论了循环弯曲载荷对疲劳寿命的影响。通过分析不同弯曲载荷下弯曲微动疲劳试样断口的形貌和不同循环次数下微动损伤的情况,揭示调质42CrMo钢弯曲微动疲劳过程中的损伤特性。研究结果表明:同一循环载荷作用下,弯曲微动疲劳的寿命明显低于常规弯曲疲劳的寿命;随着循环弯曲载荷的增大,弯曲微动疲劳的寿命降低更明显;微动引起的局部接触疲劳和局部塑形变形促进了弯曲微动疲劳裂纹的萌生和进一步扩展。     

一种新的非高斯随机振动疲劳寿命估计方法

构造了非高斯修正系数的多项式响应面模型,提出了一种基于高斯近似的非高斯随机振动疲劳寿命估计方法。采用Winterstein传递函数法将非高斯随机应力转化成高斯随机应力,并联合雨流计数和Miner损伤准则分别估算两种随机应力下的累计损伤和谱矩,对多个样本进行最小二乘拟合之后构建一个关于应力谱矩和非高斯修正系数的多项式响应面模型。利用高斯近似法估算非高斯随机振动疲劳损伤量,并与经过雨流计数和Miner损伤准则估算的非高斯随机过程下疲劳损伤对比,结果表明:高斯近似法具有较好的精度。     

高温后高强混凝土受压疲劳性能研究

利用电液伺服疲劳试验机,进行了C60高强混凝土的单轴受压疲劳试验,研究了其经100℃、400℃和700℃高温后表观特征、残余应变、疲劳寿命等的变化规律。试验结果表明:高温后高强混凝土的色泽变浅,部分400℃恒温0.5 h、1 h的试块呈铁锈红色,700℃时试块外表呈灰白色;在单轴受压疲劳荷载作用下,高温后高强混凝土的残余应变符合三阶段发展规律,较普通混凝土有更长的第二阶段。定义相对残余应变为损伤变量,建立了高温历程与受压疲劳损伤的关系模型,为经历重复荷载作用与不同加温历程等综合工况下高强混凝土疲劳试验研究及疲劳损伤评价奠定了基础。     

Driving forces for localized corrosion‐to‐fatigue crack transition in Al–Zn–Mg–Cu

Research on fatigue crack formation from a corroded 7075‐T651 surface provides insight into the governing mechanical driving forces at microstructure‐scale lengths that are intermediate between safe life and damage tolerant feature sizes. Crack surface marker‐bands accurately quantify cycles (N_i) to form a 10–20 μm fatigue crack emanating from both an isolated pit perimeter and EXCO corroded surface. The N_i decreases with increasing‐applied stress. Fatigue crack formation involves a complex interaction of elastic stress concentration due to three‐dimensional pit macro‐topography coupled with local micro‐topographic plastic strain concentration, further enhanced by microstructure (particularly sub‐surface constituents). These driving force interactions lead to high variability in cycles to form a fatigue crack, but from an engineering perspective, a broadly corroded surface should contain an extreme group of features that are likely to drive the portion of life to form a crack to near 0. At low‐applied stresses, crack formation can constitute a significant portion of life, which is predicted by coupling macro‐pit and micro‐feature elastic–plastic stress/strain concentrations from finite element analysis with empirical low‐cycle fatigue life models. The presented experimental results provide a foundation to validate next‐generation crack formation models and prognosis methods.     

机翼构件不同载荷谱下的寿命反推

对飞机机翼构件在不同截荷谱下的宏、微观断裂特征进行了观察与分析，并结合载荷谱中的应力变化特点，对A飞机和B飞机翼构件在不同载荷谱下的裂纹扩展寿命进行反推。结果表明，载荷谱中不同的应力变化在失效构件断口上反映出不同的宏、微观断裂特征，采用断口定量分析技术可反推构件的疲劳寿命，并依此反推构件疲劳裂纹形核的先后顺序。     

深海立管涡激共振疲劳寿命简化计算方法

针对深海顶端张紧式立管固有的特点,采用解析与经验公式相结合的方法建立了海洋立管涡激振动下疲劳寿命的简化预报模型,该模型能充分计及轴向张力对振型的变化以及对疲劳寿命的影响,通过实例计算指出了深海立管涡激振动诱发疲劳破坏的危险区域,并讨论了流速对疲劳寿命的影响。该模型形式简洁、计算量少,适合对深海立管等细长挠性受拉构件的疲劳寿命进行初步校核计算。     

Influence of foreign object damage on fatigue crack growth of gas turbine aerofoils under complex loading conditions

Foreign object damage (FOD) has been identified as one of the main life limiting factors for aeroengine blades, with the leading edge of aerofoils particularly susceptible. In this work, a generic edge ‘aerofoil’ geometry was utilized in a study of early fatigue crack growth behaviour due to FOD under low cycle fatigue (LCF), high cycle fatigue (HCF) and combined LCF and HCF loading conditions. Residual stresses due to FOD were analyzed using the finite element method. The longitudinal residual stress component along the crack path was introduced as a nodal temperature distribution, and used in the correction of the stress intensity factor range. The crack growth was monitored using a nanodirect current potential drop (DCPD) system and crack growth rates were correlated with the corrected stress intensity factor considering the residual stresses. The results were discussed with regard to the role of residual stresses in the characterization of fatigue crack growth. Small crack growth behaviour in FODed specimens was revealed only after the residual stresses were taken into account in the calculation of the stress intensity factor, a feature common to LCF, HCF and combined LCF + HCF loading conditions.     

Cumulative damage model based on equivalent fatigue under multiaxial thermomechanical random loading

A new creep–fatigue damage cumulative model is proposed under multiaxial thermomechanical random loading, in which the damage at high temperature can be divided into the pure fatigue damage and the equivalent fatigue damage from creep. During the damage accumulation process, the elementary percentage of the equivalent fatigue damage increment is proportional to that of the creep damage increment, and the creep damage is converted to the equivalent fatigue damage. Moreover, combined with a multiaxial cyclic counting method, a life prediction method is developed based on the proposed creep–fatigue damage cumulative model. In the developed life prediction method, the effects of nonproportional hardening on the fatigue and creep damages are considered, and the influence of mean stress on damage is also taken into account. The thermomechanical fatigue experimental data for thin‐walled tubular specimen of superalloy GH4169 under multiaxial constant amplitude and variable amplitude loadings were used to verify the proposed model. The results showed that the proposed method can obtain satisfactory life prediction results.     

考虑裂纹表面摩擦阻尼的振动疲劳裂纹扩展分析

以含表面裂纹悬臂梁为研究对象,研究了裂纹面摩擦效应对裂纹疲劳扩展的影响。分析时,用双线性弹簧描述裂纹呼吸行为,用Galerkin方法把呼吸裂纹梁简化为单自由度系统,基于Coulomb摩擦模型和能量耗散理论推导了摩擦阻尼损耗因子,运用广义的Forman方程模拟疲劳裂纹扩展,通过振动分析与裂纹扩展计算同步进行的方法考虑振动与疲劳的耦合效应,探讨了摩擦阻尼对裂纹梁疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的影响。结论表明,摩擦阻尼损耗因子随裂纹扩展呈单调递增趋势,摩擦阻尼对振动疲劳裂纹扩展的影响不容忽视     

Fatigue analysis of railway wheel using a multiaxial strain‐based critical‐plane index

A fatigue damage model to assess the development of subsurface fatigue cracks in railway wheels is presented in this paper. A 3‐dimensional finite element model (FEM) is constructed to simulate repeated cycles of contact loading between a railway wheel and a rail. The computational approach includes a hard‐contact over‐closure relationship and an elastoplastic material model with isotropic and kinematic hardening. Results from the simulation are used in a multiaxial critical‐plane fatigue damage analysis. The employed strain‐based critical‐plane fatigue damage approach is based on Fatemi‐Socie fatigue index that takes into account the non‐proportional and out‐of‐phase nature of the multiaxial state of stress occurs when a railway wheel rolls on a rail. It predicts fatigue‐induced micro‐crack nucleation at a depth of about 3.7 mm beneath the wheel tread, as well as the crack plane growth orientation which indicates the possible failure pattern. Additionally, the influence of various factors such as contribution of normal stresses, higher wheel load, and material model have been investigated.     

A high-cycle fatigue life model for variable amplitude multiaxial loading

A high‐cycle fatigue life model for structures subjected to variable amplitude multiaxial loading is presented in this paper. It treats any kind of repeated blocks of variable amplitude multiaxial loading without using a cycle counting method. This model based on a mesoscopic approach is characterized by the following features: (i) the choice of a damage factor related to the accumulated mesoscopic plastic strain per stabilised cycle; (ii) the use of a mesoscopic mechanical behaviour taking into account the fatigue mechanisms such as plasticity and void growth. This behaviour is a von Mises elastoplastic model with linear kinematic hardening and hydrostatic stress dependent yield stress. The fatigue life model has six parameters identified with one SN curve and two fatigue limits. In‐phase and out‐of‐phase experimental tests from the literature are simulated. The predicted fatigue lives are compared to experimental ones.     

考虑结构裂纹扩展的振动疲劳寿命计算方法

工程实践中任何结构都存在不同程度的裂纹损伤,振动激励下动响应与疲劳裂纹扩展之间互相耦合,直接影响结构振动疲劳寿命.为了考虑结构振动疲劳耦合效应对疲劳寿命的影响,提出了一种考虑结构裂纹扩展的振动疲劳寿命计算方法.分析时,通过建立若干个含不同长度裂纹的结构有限元模型模拟结构裂纹扩展,采用Paris方程分段计算结构振动疲劳裂纹扩展寿命,通过试验确定的固有频率降变化规律反推结构裂纹萌生寿命,最后累计得到结构疲劳总寿命.结论表明,仿真计算结果与试验结果比较吻合.     

High cycle fatigue analysis in presence of residual stresses by using a continuum damage mechanics model

This study attempts to predict the high cycle fatigue life of steel butt welds by numerical method. At first, FE simulation of plate butt welding is carried out to obtain the weld-induced residual stresses employing sequentially coupled three-dimensional (3-D) thermo-mechanical FE formulation. Then, a nonlinear damage cumulative model for multiaxial high cycle fatigue based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM), which can incorporate the effect of welding residual stresses, is derived using FE technique. The high cycle fatigue damage model is applied to the butt welds subjected to cyclic fatigue loading to calculate the fatigue life considering the residual stresses, and the computed total fatigue life which takes into account the fatigue crack initiation and the propagation is compared with the test result. In addition, the fatigue life prediction of the welds without considering the residual stresses is implemented to investigate the influence of welding residual stresses on the fatigue performance. The FE results show that the high cycle fatigue damage model proposed in this work can predict the fatigue life of steel butt welds with high accuracy, and welding residual stresses should be taken into account in assessing the fatigue life of the welds.