水下爆炸能量测试中炸药入水深度的确定

研究了试样入水深度和气泡脉动周期的关系，并对测定的气泡脉动周期与计算值进行了比较，确定了有限水域炸药试样的合理入水深度。     

有限水域气泡脉动实验方法研究

在2 m×2 m×2 m的实验水箱中开展了小当量PETN水下爆炸气泡脉动实验,采用在水箱壁粘贴吸能材料的方法,有效降低了水箱壁反射冲击波对气泡脉动过程的影响,用压电压力传感器和数字式高速相机获得清晰的气泡脉动过程图像和气泡脉动压力.为了验证实验结果,进行8 kg爆炸水池(直径48 m,深23 m)相同当量水下爆炸实验,并与水箱和水池的实验结果进行了对比,两者最大误差为4.8%.可以认为,在此水箱中开展5 g以内PETN炸药水下爆炸是可行的,实验结果与无限水域实验结果一致,表明本研究提出的炸药水中爆炸气泡脉动现象的方法是简便和有效的.     

脉动条件下旋流场内气液两相流流型及其转变机理

运用高速摄像技术对流量脉动条件下旋流分离器内气泡动力学行为及气液两相流流型展开研究。研究发现,在完整脉动周期内,流量在3.62~4.18 m³/h范围内波动,流量增大段的气核整体向溢流口方向运移,流量减小段的气核整体向底流口方向运移,气核大小及形态变化呈现周期往复性。通过脉动周期内特殊帧的分析,得出流量脉动条件下旋流场内气液两相流流型主要包括：气泡流、塞状流、弹状流、丝状流及波状流等五种形式。根据实验得出的气液两相折算速度,确定了脉动条件下气液两相流流型转换界限图,而气泡间的聚并破碎行为是产生气液两相流型的主要原因,最终构建了表征截面含气量和分离效率之间关系的评价模型。     

脉动条件下旋流场内气液两相流流型及其转变机理

运用高速摄像技术对流量脉动条件下旋流分离器内气泡动力学行为及气液两相流流型展开研究。研究发现,在完整脉动周期内,流量在3.62~4.18 m³/h范围内波动,流量增大段的气核整体向溢流口方向运移,流量减小段的气核整体向底流口方向运移,气核大小及形态变化呈现周期往复性。通过脉动周期内特殊帧的分析,得出流量脉动条件下旋流场内气液两相流流型主要包括：气泡流、塞状流、弹状流、丝状流及波状流等五种形式。根据实验得出的气液两相折算速度,确定了脉动条件下气液两相流流型转换界限图,而气泡间的聚并破碎行为是产生气液两相流型的主要原因,最终构建了表征截面含气量和分离效率之间关系的评价模型。     

RDX基铝薄膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能比较

为了减少铝粉炸药在生产过程中因铝粉对环境污染,降低铝粉炸药的撞击感度,提高含铝炸药的成型性及力学性能,将RDX用铝薄膜分层包裹得到新型的铝薄膜混合炸药。将铝薄膜混合炸药与铝粉炸药进行水下爆炸实验与爆速实验,得到两种炸药的爆速与压力时程曲线,经过分析计算得到两种炸药的压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能、气泡脉动周期与气泡能。结果表明：铝薄膜炸药药柱的轴向为RDX与铝薄膜独立贯通的结构,有利于降低混合炸药中添加物对基体炸药爆轰波传播的影响,从而使铝薄膜混合炸药的爆速高于铝粉炸药,导致铝薄膜炸药的冲击波损失系数高于铝粉炸药,使铝薄膜混合炸药的总能量、比气泡能与铝粉炸药相当情况下,其比冲击波能却降低了10.16%～10.33%,计算过程说明铝薄膜混合炸药的C-J压力计算公式具有合理性。     

Al/AP对RDX基复合炸药水中爆炸参数的影响

以RDX为主炸药,通过添加不同含量的Al粉和AP制成6种RDX基复合炸药,采用水中爆炸实验研究,从冲击波参数和气泡参数等方面分析了Al粉和AP对复合炸药水中爆炸性能的影响。结果表明,主炸药含量不变时,随着Al与AP摩尔比的增大,冲击波峰值压力、时间常数、冲量和能流密度都逐渐减小,气泡周期、气泡能和最大气泡半径先增大后减小,当Al与AP的摩尔比为3.8左右时,达到最大值。     

铝氧比对DNTF/AP/Al炸药水下能量输出结构的影响

通过水下爆炸实验测定了不同铝氧比炸药的水下爆炸参数和能量参数,分析了铝氧比对该炸药体系冲击波峰值压力、比冲击波能、比气泡能以及能量输出结构的影响,拟合了铝氧比与能量输出结构的关系。结果表明,随着铝氧比的增加,炸药的峰值超压逐渐减小,比冲击波能先增大后减小,铝氧比约为0.3时达最大,比气泡能和气泡脉动周期均一直增大;比冲击波能所占总能量的比例减小,比气泡能比例先增加后减小;控制铝氧比为0.6左右时,炸药的能量利用率最高。     

鼓泡床内气泡-液体两相湍流代数应力模型的数值模拟

现有的气泡 -液体两相流动的数值模拟中 ,或者不考虑湍流 ,或者仅仅考虑液体湍流 ,但是直接模拟和PIV测量结果都表明气泡由于尾迹的作用有强烈的湍流脉动 .本文首次推导和封闭了同时模拟气泡湍流脉动和液体湍流脉动的二阶矩输运方程两相湍流模型 ,并在此基础上建立了代数应力气泡 -液体两相湍流模型 .用代数应力模型模拟了二维矩形断面鼓泡床内气泡 -液体两相流动 .预报结果给出了气泡和液体两相速度场、两相Reynolds应力及湍动能分布和气泡体积分数分布 .模拟结果与PIV测量结果符合很好 ,表明了模型的合理性 .研究结果表明 ,原先静止的液体在气泡因浮力而产生的上升运动的作用下产生回流流动 ,而气泡则只有上升运动 .气泡速度始终大于液体速度 .在床内气泡湍流脉动确实始终很强烈 .液体则由于气泡的作用以及自身速度梯度产生的双重作用而发生湍流脉动 .气泡的脉动显著地大于液体的脉动 .两相湍流脉动都是各向异性的 ,而且气泡湍流脉动的各向异性比液体的更强烈     

加压二维鼓泡床气固流动特性的数值模拟

采用欧拉双流体模型模拟了加压下二维鼓泡床内的气固流动特性,结果表明:在相同的表观气速下,加压使气泡体积分数增大,气泡相与乳化相间的分解越发明显,气固两相流动、混合剧烈;同时,床层中上部颗粒轴向速度的径向分布不均匀性增强:中心区颗粒速度增加,近壁区下降;随着操作压力变大,流化床膨胀高度增大,相应地,整体气含率增大,床层下部的颗粒浓度减小,而上部颗粒浓度增加,固含率在轴向上的分布更均匀;床层压力波动主要由两种成分构成:低频率高幅值和低幅值高频率成分.压力脉动强度随床高的增加呈现先增大后迅速减小的趋势;此外,加压下床层压力脉动强度变大,即床压波动更加剧烈;而且加压下颗粒拟温度增大,即颗粒速度脉动增强.     

润滑管道内油气两相流压力脉动特性分析

润滑油在工作过程中经常会由于自身溶解或外部进入空气而产生气泡,影响其润滑特性。因此,研究润滑系统中的气液两相流动特性具有重要意义。为了解含气润滑油在流动过程中的压力脉动特性,本文采用 ANSYS_CFX对一润滑管道实验装置内油气两相流动进行数值模拟,将不同工况下的压力计算结果与实验数据作对比,验证了数值计算方法的合理性,然后分析了管道不同位置的压力脉动以及流量对压力脉动的影响。计算结果表明,流动开始,油与空气的分界面受到扰动使得空气逐渐进入油中,形成油气两相流;沿着流动方向,管道截面上的平均压力的脉动振幅先增大后减小,最大值位于紧邻泵出口的监测面;两相流动中气泡受泵的搅拌作用破碎形成连续且均匀的小气泡,使出口管道内流动所受冲击更小,压力脉动相对较小;随着流量增加,压力脉动的周期减小,振幅增大。     

Pulsation Model of the Detachment of a Vapor Bubble from a Solid Wall

A pulsation model is suggested for the detachment of a vapor bubble that is growing on a solid wall according to a prescribed law.     

水中爆炸作用机理及毁伤效应研究综述

为深入揭示水中爆炸的作用机理及毁伤效应特性,从不同炸药水中爆炸机理、水中爆炸冲击波传播、水中爆炸气泡脉动、水中爆炸结构破坏效应与动态响应、水中爆炸测试试验技术、水中爆炸数值模拟与毁伤评估等6个方面,综述了国内外对水中爆炸作用机理及毁伤效应的研究进展。提出急需解决的关键技术问题为:非理想炸药水中爆炸能量释放与传播、冲击波/气泡耦合作用对结构的毁伤、水中爆炸结构毁伤评估方法、水中爆炸多尺度模拟技术等。附参考文献86篇。     

Pulsed fluidization—a DEM study of a fascinating phenomenon

An investigation of pulsed fluidization by discrete element method simulation is presented. The particles used were 0.5 mm in diameter and 2650 kg/m³ in density. The pulsed gas flow consisted of a fluctuating component superimposed on a constant component. The effect of gas pulsation was assessed through examination of bed pressure drop and bubble patterns for a wide range of conditions. The influence on fluidized bed behaviour of frequency and amplitude of pulsation, superficial gas velocity of the base flow, and the nature (type) of pulsation was studied. Transition from chaos to ordered behaviour and formation of regular bubble patterns were reproduced. It was found that regular bubble patterns arise from periodical formation of horizontally aligned voids near the distributor plate.     

Study of different membrane spargers used in waste water treatment: characterisation and performance

In urban waste water treatment, a novel gas sparger based on flexible rubber membrane has been used for the last 10 years. The objective of this present work is to compare two flexible membranes (the new membrane and the old membrane provided by ONDEO-DEGREMONT group) used in waste water treatment. For this purpose, the different membrane properties (hole diameter, pressure drop, critical pressure, deflection at the centerline and elasticity) have been characterized. The bubble generation at the membranes with a single orifice and with four orifices have been studied and their performances have been compared in terms of interfacial area and power consumption. From the experimental and theoretical approach, the new membrane is less elastic (or more rigid) than the old membrane. The bubble diameters generated from the new membrane remain constant with the gas velocity through the orifice, whereas they increase logarithmically for the old membrane. The inverse behaviours are observed in terms of the bubble formation frequency. Moreover, the bubbles generated from the new membrane have significantly larger sizes and lower formation frequencies than those obtained with the old one. From these results, it can be noted that the new membrane has a behaviour comparable to a rigid orifice. No coalescence phenomenon at the bubble formation is observed from the new and the old membranes with four orifices. The interfacial area and the power consumption are evaluated and show slight differences between the interfacial area provided by the old and the new membranes for one value of power consumption.     

Studies on Liquid—Gas and Three‐Phase Fluidized Beds with Pulsating Air Flows

The effects of air‐flow pulsation and water and air flowrates on the hydrodynamics of liquid—gas and three‐phase fluidized beds containing 3‐mm glass beads have been studied in a 90‐mm i.d. column. Under steady‐flow conditions, both types of bed contained a relatively large number of small bubbles. With a pulsing air flow, however, a smaller number of much larger bubbles or slugs were formed. This was attributed to different mechanisms of bubble formation at the distributor. Variations in phase holdup were explained in terms of the effects of the operating parameters on the bubble characteristics.