核能风险接受性研究

公众接受性倏关核能的生存与发展。三里岛事故后 ,新建核电站的安全性得到了很大的提高 ,但是公众对核能的接受性并没有明显的改善 ,其主要原因在于公众与专家在核能风险问题上的态度存在极大的差异。本文从“风险认知”和“风险决策”两个角度对此进行了分析 ,并提出了几点力求有利于改善公众接受性的建议     

日本核能公众接受性的变化

从风险认知和风险接受性两个方面,分析了20世纪90年代以后核能在日本的公众接受性的变化过程。     

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民意测验表明,与几年前相比,英国公众离接受新建核电站更近了。然而,这种支持依然很脆弱。核能在英国的声望在21世纪的头几年和现在有了很大的提高,除了顽固反对核能的少数派外,公众普遍接受新建核电站,以迎接能源安全和气候变化的双重挑战,但是新建核电站的这种必要性要以合适的方式向公众提出。核工业一路走     

日本提高核能公众接受度的工作研究

2011年3月,日本福岛核事故的发生在全世界引起了一场“反核”风暴。分析原因得知,公众对核电信任的丧失直接导致了对核能接受度的下降。相关信息的公开透明以及与民众展开积极的沟通、促进公众参与,已成为提高公众对核电信任的决定性因素。为了提高福岛核事故后公众的信任,日本做了很大的努力。调研了福岛核事故后,日本在信息公开、公众参与、公众沟通方面所做的工作,分析了我国在核能信息公开、公众参与的问题,并对我国如何提高核能公众接受度提出了建议。2011年3月,日本福岛核事故的发生在全世界引起了一场“反核”风暴。分析原因得知,公众对核电信任的丧失直接导致了对核能接受度的下降。相关信息的公开透明以及与民众展开积极的沟通、促进公众参与,已成为提高公众对核电信任的决定性因素。为了提高福岛核事故后公众的信任,日本做了很大的努力。调研了福岛核事故后,日本在信息公开、公众参与、公众沟通方面所做的工作,分析了我国在核能信息公开、公众参与的问题,并对我国如何提高核能公众接受度提出了建议。     

美加等国公众对核能的看法

【英国《原子》1988年11月号第10页报道】最近,美国核协会在西雅图召开了一次会议,会上调查了与会者对核能的看法,并请他们谈了大多数美国公众对核能的看法。不用说,美国核协会会员对核能自然持有积极态度,但是,却大大地低估了公众对核能的看法,事实上,他们对核能也持积极     

"KAPO"模型应用构建核能公众宣传机制的思考

核能的发展与公众利益休戚相关,在发展核能的重要环节上,应当充分尊重公众的知情权与决策参与权.目前,国内民众对核能的了解和认识非常有限,核能公众宣传工作面临着很大困难和挑战.通过对我国公众核电接受度现状分析,结合现阶段我国核能公众宣传工作开展状况,利用"KAPO"模型探索如何更有效开展核安全公众宣传工作,为增强公众对核能...     

基于结构方程的核能公众接受度及其影响因素研究——以关中地区为例

随着社会维权意识和监督意识的提升,公众对核能的接受程度已成为影响核能发展的关键因素,直接关系核能是否能在我国能源发展与低碳转型中发挥更大作用.本文基于风险理论、邻避效应等多个视角,对影响核能公众接受度的因素进行鉴别和分析,并基于结构方程模型,提出了以熟悉度为因变量,接受度为最终变量,信任度、感知利益和感知风险为中介变量...     

核电厂定量安全目标溯源及其存在问题剖析

核电厂定量安全目标的提出是为了回答"多安全才足够安全"的问题,对加深公众对核能的理解以及指导核电安全设计等具有重要意义。基于两个"千分之一"的辅助目标在世界范围内得到了广泛应用,并随着新一代核电厂的提出得到进一步降低。然而,福岛核事故表明,即便满足两个"千分之一"目标,公众仍然无法接受,这让现有定量安全目标的合理性受到质疑,未来即使唯数字论进一步降低概率指标,也可能对恢复公众信心是无益的。为此,本文追溯了核电厂定量安全目标的制订历程,从源头上重点考察了安全目标的制订原则和考虑因素、两个"千分之一"与辅助目标的关系以及安全目标制订过程中的公众参与情况,并指出现有定量安全目标存在的问题,为制订更加合理的核安全目标提供参考。     

公众对于核能利用的认知研究

核能作为一种重要的清洁能源,具有许多能源无法比拟的优点。近年来,核能和核安全的地位逐渐提升,核电事业发展迅速。在此背景下,关于"公众对核能利用的接受度"的研究具有重要意义。本文通过问卷调查、现场走访和核能知识宣讲等方式调研了社会公众对核能利用的认知度。分析结果表明,公众对核能利用的认知随年龄的增长而渐趋保守,随受教育程度的提高而渐趋积极,随利益相关程度的加深而渐趋忧虑,对比核能科普知识宣讲前后,公众对核能利用的认知度有明显提升。由此表明,我们应进一步加强核能科普知识的社会宣传力度,为核能的可持续开发利用奠定坚实的社会舆论基础。     

压水堆核电站含氚废水产生与排放

随着核能发展和环境保护的需要,核电站排氚的问题逐渐进入公众的视野。本文简要介绍了压水堆核电站氚的产生和释放机理,核电站运行时液态氚的排放情况,并对国内外法规标准进行了比较分析。通过上述分析,提出了对现有压水堆核电站含氚废液处理的需求。     

The impact of TMI upon the public acceptance of nuclear power

This paper discusses long-term trends in public attitudes toward nuclear power, focusing on the extent to which the accident at Three Mile Island appears to have affected public acceptance of nuclear energy. Public attitudes towards other energy production options also are considered, particularly in terms of changes that may be related to TMI. Finally, the relationships between attitudes toward nuclear power and perceptions of broader energy, environmental and social issues are examined. The data used in this analysis are from national surveys conducted by major national opinion research organizations from the early 1970s through 1981.

There is considerable evidence that TMI has had a significant impact on public acceptance of nuclear power, in the direction of increasing opposition to and decreasing support for construction of new nuclear power plants. TMI appears to have increased the rates of decline in support and rise in opposition to local construction of nuclear power plants, although a trend of decreasing public acceptance of such local construction had been in evidence since the mid-1970s, prior to TMI. In spite of this decline in public acceptance of new construction, there is substantial support for both completing nuclear power plants currently under construction and for the continued operation of existing plants.     

公众核电风险的认知过程及对公众核电宣传的启示

在总结国际上对风险认知研究的基础上,设计了一个公众对核电风险认知的概念性的模型,在这个概念性模型中,公众核电风险的认知是一个动态、复杂和闭合的系统,是公众主观认知客观风险的过程。根据公众核电风险的认知特点和影响因素,在5个方面提出公众核电宣传的建议,并指出核电公众宣传对保持公众核电风险认知系统平衡的稳定起着重要作用。     

信源可信度对核电公众接受影响的研究

公众对核电的态度受各种信息的影响,信息源可信度是说服力的重要决定因素.在我国,核安全监管机构、核电企业和专家是主要的核信息发布源,研究不同信息源可信度对公众核电态度的影响对核电的可持续发展十分重要.本研究基于源可信度理论,考察了公众对不同信源的可信度认知,构建了核电公众接受回归模型并开展实证研究.研究发现,不同源的可信...     

Establishing an objective system for the assessment of public acceptance of nuclear power in China

This paper proposes a way of quantifying the public acceptance of nuclear power. Based on initial qualitative analysis, sampling surveys and statistical theory, an assessment system (including assessment performances, weighing coefficients and an assessment model) is established to quantify the status of public acceptance of nuclear power in China. Using this system, quantitative indicators are derived, their trends over 5 years are described, the main factors influencing the public acceptance of nuclear power in China are derived and, accordingly, necessary improvements are suggested. Utilizing this system over the longer term could provide useful reference data for decision makers.     

Differentiated influences of benefit and risk perceptions on nuclear power acceptance according to acceptance levels: evidence from Korea

The perceived benefit and risk of nuclear power generation have received considerable attention as determinants of the public's nuclear power acceptance. However, the contingency of the relative importance of these benefit and risk has been less explored. Using Korea as an example, this study explores the possibility that the relative importance of perceived benefit and risk on nuclear power acceptance depends on acceptance levels. Our results from latent class analysis and multinomial probit show that, in determining whether an individual shows a moderate level of nuclear power acceptance rather than a low level, perceived risk plays a dominant role compared to perceived benefit; however, regarding whether he/she shows a high level of nuclear power acceptance rather than a moderate level, this relative importance is reversed. These results carry practical implications for risk governance of nuclear power, particularly with regard to communication with the public.     

Recycling as an option of used nuclear fuel management strategy

The paper presents recycling as an option of used nuclear fuel management strategy with specific focus on the Slovenia. GEN energija is an independent supplier of integral and competitive electricity for Slovenia. In response to growing energy needs, GEN has conducted several feasibility and installation studies of a new nuclear power plant in Slovenia. With sustainable development, the environment, and public acceptance in mind, GEN conducted a study with AREVA concerning the options for the management of its’ new plant's used nuclear fuel.After a brief reminder of global political and economic context, solutions for used nuclear fuel management using current technologies are presented in the study as well as an economic assessment of a closed nuclear fuel cycle. The paper evaluates and proposes practical solutions for mid-term issues on used nuclear fuel management strategies. Different scenarios for used nuclear fuel management are presented, where used nuclear fuel recycling (as MOX, for mixed oxide fuel, and ERU, for enriched reprocessed uranium) are considered. The study concludes that closing the nuclear fuel cycle will allow Slovenia to have a supplementary fuel supply for its new reactor via recycling, while reducing the radiotoxicity, thermal output, and volume of its wastes for final disposal, reducing uncertainties, gaining public acceptance, and allowing time for capitalization on investments for final disposal.     

Degradation assessment of structures and passive components at nuclear power plants

This paper describes a multi-year research program to assess age-related degradation of structures and passive components important to the safe operation of nuclear power plants (NPPs). The purpose of the research effort is to develop the technical basis for the validation and improvement of analytical methods and acceptance criteria which can be used to make risk-informed decisions and to address technical issues related to degradation of structures and passive components. The approach adopted for this research program consists of two phases. In Phase I, specific degradation occurrences at plants were collected and evaluated, existing technical information on aging was reviewed, and a scoping study was performed to identify which structures and components should be studied in the subsequent phases of the research program. Based on the results of the Phase I effort, selected structures and passive components are evaluated in Phase II to assess the effects of age-related degradation using existing and enhanced analytical methods. Fragility analyses are performed for undegraded and degraded structures and passive components. These results can then be used to assess the potential impact of degradation on overall plant risk. The Phase II effort also utilizes the results of the analyses to develop probabilistic degradation acceptance criteria for the structures and passive components studied. These research activities provide useful tools to support the current goals of developing risk-informed and performance-based regulation in the nuclear industry.