紧耦合雾化制备Fe-13%Cr-3%W高温合金粉末

采用紧耦合气体雾化法制备Fe-13%Cr-3%W高温合金粉末,研究雾化气体压力和熔体过热度对粉末粒度及形貌的影响.结果表明,增加雾化气体压力和熔体过热度可以降低粉末的中位径,小于45 μm和小于20 μm粉末的收得率明显增加.粉末形貌均为球形,存在卫星结构粉末及不规则状粉末,雾化气体压力和过热度对形貌的影响不大.还分析了雾化参数对雾化过程及粉末粒度的影响机理.     

电极感应熔化气体雾化制粉工艺气体流场模拟研究北大核心

采用计算流体动力学FLUENT软件模拟研究了电极感应熔化气体雾化制粉工艺的气体流场状态,分析了雾化气体压力、气体温度以及熔化室与雾化室气体压力差对气体流场特征的影响规律。结果表明,不同工艺参数下,气体流场均为一系列膨胀波和压缩波形成的“项链状”射流结构;提高气体压力和温度能有效提高气体射流速度,理论上有利于熔体破碎,但气体压力过大会导致气体回流区影响范围增加,并向喷嘴中心孔(熔体下落通道)方向移动,可能会阻碍熔体下落,造成熔体喷溅;提高熔化室与雾化室气体压力差,能明显抑制气体回流区的形成,保证熔体顺利下落,但会使雾化室内气体射流速度下降,降低熔体破碎效果。     

导流管长度和雾化压力对气体回流影响的数值模拟及实验研究

金属3D打印专用球形粉末普遍采用气雾化法制备,无坩埚电极感应气雾化技术（EIGA）制备的金属粉末具有氧增量低、细粉收得率较高、球形度高、流动性好等优点。实验对雾化喷嘴导流管底端的气流场进行了数值模拟,研究导流管长度和雾化压力对气体回流的影响,并通过雾化实验对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明：导流管长度存在一临界值,当长度低于临界值时,雾化喷嘴环缝外侧气体的流速高于内侧气体的流速,气体易回流进入导流管内部,导致较多缺陷粉产生;长度高于临界值时,环缝内侧气体的流速高于外侧气体的流速,气体回流现象消失,缺陷粉数量大幅减少。雾化压力主要影响粉末的粒径,雾化压力越大,粉末粒径越小。     

超高压水雾化工艺参数对金刚石胎体用预合金粉末粒度与形貌的影响

采用超高压水雾化工艺制备金刚石制品用预合金粉末,利用激光粒度分析仪和扫描电镜对粉末粒径和颗粒形貌进行表征,研究雾化水压、金属熔体过热度与导流管内径对粉末形貌与平均粒径的影响。结果表明,随雾化水压增大、金属熔体过热度提高或导流管内径减小,粉末的平均粒径均减小,当雾化水压大于60 MPa,金属熔体过热度大于250℃时,提高雾化水压和金属熔体过热度对粉末粒径的影响已不明显。导流管内径小于2.0 mm时,导流管出现频繁堵塞现象;随雾化水压增大或导流管内径减小,颗粒形貌从球形向类球形和不规则形转变,但随熔体过热度增大,粉末颗粒形貌从不规则形态向类球形和球形转变。     

气雾化参数对316L不锈钢粉末粒度的影响

利用自行研制的超音速气雾化喷嘴制备316L不锈钢粉末,研究雾化压力、金属熔体质量流量及熔体过热度对粉末粒度的影响。结果表明,实验制备的316L不锈钢粉末粒度主要分布在5～70μm之间,平均粒径为19.4～26.9μm。提高雾化压力,减小金属熔体质量流量或增大熔体过热度均使粉末平均粒径减小,细粉收得率增加;最佳雾化参数为雾化压力5.5 MPa,金属熔体质量流量4.28 kg/min,熔体过热度300 K。在此条件下得到的粉末形貌主要为球形和近球形,部分粉末表面有卫星球或凹坑出现。     

EIGA雾化法制备激光3D打印用TC4合金粉末工艺研究

采用电极感应熔炼气雾化法(EIGA)制备激光3D打印用TC4合金粉末(15～45μm)。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、激光粒度分析仪(LPS)、粉体特性综合测试仪等设备,对粉末的形貌、物相组成、粒度分布、松装密度及流动性进行表征,同时研究了雾化气体压力和熔体温度对激光3D打印TC4合金粉末收得率影响。结果表明:采用EIGA制备得到TC4合金粉末形貌为近规则球形,粉末表面存在少量"卫星球",粉末由α′-Ti相组成。TC4合金粉末收得率随着雾化气体压力和熔体温度的升高先增加后减小。最佳雾化工艺参数为:雾化气体压力5 MPa,熔体温度1 800℃,此条件下平均粒径D_(50)为81.2μm,15～45μmTC4钛合金粉末收得率为22.3%,流动性为42.5 s,松装密度为2.83 g/cm~3,氧含量1 260×10~(-6),符合激光3D打印用TC4钛合金粉末特征要求。     

喷射成形沉积坯与过喷粉末的比较分析

喷射成形是近年来发展极其迅速的一种崭新的金属和合金成形技术.使用金相显微镜,扫描电镜对GCr15钢喷射成形试样和过喷粉末的微观组织和晶粒度进行了比较分析.结果表明:喷射成形过喷粉末为枝晶组织,而喷射成形沉积坯由于雾化气体的雾化破碎作用,组织为细小等轴晶;过喷粉末的尺寸主要集中在35～80μm之间;而沉积坯上的晶粒度主要集中在80～120 μm之间.     

喷射成形GCr15钢组织及致密化分析

通过使用金相显微镜,扫描电镜对GCr15喷射成形试样和过喷粉末的微观组织和致密度进行分析。喷射成形过喷粉末为枝晶组织,而喷射成形沉积坯由于雾化气体的雾化破碎作用,组织为细小等轴晶,在喷射过程中一些颗粒发生了旋转现象,为结晶过程提供了更多晶核。同时,通过对喷射成形过喷粉末的形貌的研究,得出疏松的形成原因。在此基础上提出了一些改进微观组织和性能的措施。     

非限制式雾化器的气体动力学分析

对非限制式雾化器的气体动力学过程进行了实验研究,着重考察了喷射顶角、雾化压力对气体雾化过程的动力学影响规律,对其机理进行了初步探讨,并经实验验证,得出了使雾化过程正常进行的关键动力学条件。     

不同雾化压力下GH3536合金粉末制备和气雾化过程模拟

使用真空感应熔炼气体雾化方法，在不同雾化压力(7、8、9 MPa)下制备了球形GH3536合金粉末。通过使用多相流模型和离散相模型对喷嘴下方区域进行了数值模拟，再现了不同雾化气压下的一次雾化和二次雾化过程。实验和模拟的结果表明：回流区的气体速度和滞止压力随雾化气压的提高而增加，雾化气压的增加使粉末粒度不断减小，模拟结果与实验结果吻合，验证了雾化模型的可靠性。提高雾化气压可提高细粉收得率，但颗粒尺寸的减小和颗粒形貌的改变会对粉末的流动性能造成直接影响，在雾化压力8 MPa下制备的粉末具有最佳的流动性和松装密度，分别为14.34 (s·50g^-1)和4.728 g·cm^-3。     

喷嘴进气方式对3D打印用GTD222高温合金粉末性能的影响

利用真空熔炼紧耦合气雾化制粉技术制备了3D打印用GTD222高温合金粉末,研究了喷嘴进气方式对粉末化学成分、粒度分布、球形度、流动性、松装密度及表面形貌等特性的影响。结果表明,采用外直内切喷嘴结构,加强了喷嘴出口处的抽吸效应,有利于提升气雾化过程的稳定性;采用切向进气方式增强了气体剪切作用效果,有利于提升细粉（15～53 μm）收得率。在过热度200 ℃、雾化压力3 MPa的工艺参数下,制备的粉末氧含量（质量分数）低于0.02%,中位径57.98 μm,球形度0.77,流动性26.15 g/(50 s),松装密度4.63 g/cm3,满足金属3D打印技术对粉末材料性能的要求。     

气体雾化制粉工艺中基于气体整流的卫星粉控制技术

金属熔体气体雾化法是制备增材制造专用金属粉末的重要方法。然而,气体雾化工艺制得的粉末中通常混有大量卫星粉,对金属增材制造工艺产生不利影响。本文通过施加辅助气流并采用阶梯状雾化室结构等气体整流措施抑制回流区中的粉尘回旋,进而控制卫星粉的形成。利用计算流体力学软件ANSYS Fluent进行数值模拟,研究施加辅助气流或采用阶梯状雾化室结构时,雾化室内宏观流场特征以及颗粒运动轨迹的变化规律。结果表明,在雾化室顶部距雾化室中心R/2（R为雾化室半径）处施加辅雾比（辅助气流与雾化气流的流量比）大于0.8的辅助气流时能够有效抑制回流区中的粉尘回旋;采用阶梯宽为300 mm、高为575～600 mm的雾化室结构能够有效抑制回流区中的粉尘回旋。根据数值模拟结果,采用气体整流措施制备TC4钛合金粉末,并检测粉末的粒径分布、球形度、赘生物指数等指标,发现与不采用气体整流措施制备的粉末相比,赘生物指数降低约45%。     

Water modelling study of the jet characteristics in a continuous casting mould

The jet characteristics and the fluid flow pattern in a continuous slab caster have been studied using a water model. The fluid jet is studied under free fall and submerged discharge conditions. In the latter case, the jet was followed by dye-injection technique and image analyser was used to find out the effect of nozzle parameters on jet-spread angle, jet-discharge angle and the volume entrainment by the jet. All free-fall jets with nozzle port angle zero and upward are found to be spinning. Some of the free-fall jets with downward nozzle-port angle are found to be spinning and rest are smooth. The spinning direction of the jets are found to change with time. The well depth, port diameter and the inner diameter of the nozzle have a clear effect on the free-fall jets with downward port angle. The jet-spread angle is found to be about 17° for smooth jets. The spread angle for spinning jet increases as the nozzle-port angle is increased from downward 25 to upward 15°. The jet-discharge angle is always downward even when the nozzle-discharge ports are angled upward. The extent of volume entrainment by the spinning jet is higher and it increases as the nozzle-port angle is increased from 25 downward to 15° upward.     

Influence of gas flow on performance of “Confined” atomization nozzles

Supersonic gas jets in “confined” nozzles were studied by Schlieren photography in blank atomizing tests (i.e., no liquid present). Tests in nitrogen at 1.56 MPa pressure showed that changes in the geometry of a nozzle altered the wave pattern and the height of the supersonic region in the jet. In particular, the protrusion height of the metal delivery tube (above the gas exit) had a profound influence. An expansion wave formed at the tip of the nozzle when the protrusion height was too high, and the jet became subsonic in a short distance. Longer supersonic wave patterns were observed at lower protrusion heights following the appearance of a shock wave at the tip of the nozzle. These results correlated well with the atomizing performance of the same nozzles determined previously. The nozzles which had long supersonic flow regions corresponded to those which produced fine powders, and short supersonic regions were associated with reduced efficiency in performance. This indicated that the preservation of high velocities in the gas was of primary importance for effective liquid breakup in atomization. A procedure (based on the characteristics solution of supersonic flow) was developed for assessing flow conditions in atomizing nozzles and for calculating the optimum height of the delivery tube for a given geometry to obtain the longest supersonic jet.     

Process of dispersing a molten jet by an annular stream of high-pressure water II. Experimental studies,semiempirical model for predicting powder particle-size composition

Results are presented for an experimental study of steel atomization by high-pressure water. The dependence of median grain size on relative melt and water flow rates, attack angle, annular nozzle slit width, and jet diameter is established. A theoretical model for the dependence of powder fineness on water flow rate and jet diameter is shown to be correct for steel atomization. Calculated semiempirical equations are obtained for predicting the particle-size composition of water-atomized powder depending on process conditions and atomization geometry, and the physical properties of the melt and atomizing liquid.Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Special Steels, Alloys, and Ferroalloys, Kiev. Institute of Materials Science Problems, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev. Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 2(362), pp. 1–5, February, 1993.     

Water atomisation of metal powders: effect of water spray configuration

ABSTRACT

We consider the effect of water spray configuration on the fineness and uniformity of a metal powder produced by water atomization of a melt stream. The effects of water spray travel distance, nozzle design, water pressure, melt superheat, and apex angle on the particle size distribution of a metal powder is studied via a laboratory-scale water atomizer; the main focus is on the first two, which are usually fixed parameters of the atomizer. Correlations are proposed relating the mass median size and standard deviation of the powder to the parameters cited. Similar correlations for water pressure, melt superheat, and apex angle have been reported elsewhere; we present data on these effects to confirm the validity of our results, especially as Bi-42%Sn powder has not been studied before. What is new are results on the effect of water spray travel distance and nozzle design on the mass median size and standard deviation of powder.     

超音速气雾化喷嘴中抽吸压力变化规律的研究

对超音速气雾化喷嘴中抽吸压力ΔP的变化进行了试验研究,重点考察了雾化气体压力P0、气流夹角α、导液管锥顶角β及突出长度h对抽吸压力的影响。试验结果表明,在(0.5～4.0MPa)雾化压力范围内,抽吸压力皆呈负压状态。但抽吸压力变化分三阶段:随着雾化压力的增加,雾化压力在0.5～1.5MPa范围内,抽吸压力减小;雾化压力在1.5～3.5MPa之间时,抽吸压力逐渐增大,并达到一个最大值;当雾化压力超过3.5MPa后,抽吸压力又逐渐降低。锥顶角越大,抽吸压力越大;而雾化压力升高到或大于3.23MPa时,随着突出长度的增加,抽吸压力逐渐减小。     

环孔雾化喷嘴设计参数的研究

根据对雾化气流流动的理论分析及环孔雾化喷嘴设计参数的研究,提出了环孔雾化喷嘴设计参数的定性解析和定量描述;导出了在环孔雾化喷嘴出口处雾化气体流速及质量流量取得极大值时,雾化喷嘴气流出口截面积与空腔截面积及雾化压力的解析表达式;建立了雾化气体流速与环孔雾化喷嘴节圆直径、环孔直径及喷射顶角的函数关系式;探讨了保障环孔雾化喷...     

Interracial Fluctuation Behavior of Steel/Slag in Medium-Thin Slab Continuous Casting Mold With Argon Gas Injection

The flow field of molten steel and the interfacial behaviour between molten steel and liquid slag layer in medium-thin slab continuous casting mold with argon gas injection were studied by numerical simulation, in which the effects of nozzle submergence depth and port angle, casting speed, and argon gas flow rate on the flow and the level fluctuation of molten steel were considered. The results show that the molten steel is jetted from the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) with three ports into the mold and forms three recirculation zones including one upper recirculation zone and two lower recirculation zones. Argon gas injection results in a secondary vortex flow in the upper zone near the nozzle. For a given casting speed and argon gas flow rate, increasing the side port angle and submergence depth of nozzle can effectively restrain the steel/slag interfacial fluctuation. Increasing the casting speed would prick up the level fluctuation. For a fixed casting speed, argon gas flow rate has a critical value, the interfacial fluctuation with argon gas injection are stronger than the case without argon gas injection when the argon gas flow rate is less than the critical value, but when the argon gas flow rate exceeds the critical value, the level fluctuation is calmer than that without argon gas injection.