经济措施控制建筑工程造价方法研讨

本文主要从经济措施方面论述建筑工程造价控制的方法     

Modeling of hurricane damage for Hawaii residential construction

Past information on Hurricane Iniki damage to Hawaii buildings of residential, commercial, and resort occupancies has been gathered and geo-referenced on GIS. Comprehensive reconstruction cost documentation has been combined with post-hurricane aerial photography and linked to a robust property tax database of construction type attributes and property valuation. Using the data available in the property tax records to define construction attributes, residential building fragilities and loss functions have been developed along with risk relativity factors. The resultant Damage Curves estimate hurricane damage to a wide variety of Hawaii building types as a function of peak gust windspeed.     

注重房屋建筑可持续发展 推进节约型社会建设

本文针对我国资源能源相对不足、环境承载能力较弱的基本国情,就房屋建筑过程中如何节约能源资源,实现可持续发展,提出相关的建议。     

Genetic-algorithm based approach to optimize building envelope design for residential buildings

A simulation–optimization tool is developed and applied to optimize building shape and building envelope features. The simulation–optimization tool couples a genetic algorithm to a building energy simulation engine to select optimal values of a comprehensive list of parameters associated with the envelope to minimize energy use for residential buildings. Different building shapes were investigated as part of the envelope optimization, including rectangle, L, T, cross, U, H, and trapezoid. Moreover, building envelope features were considered in the optimization analysis including wall and roof constructions, foundation types, insulation levels, and window types and areas. The results of the optimization indicate rectangular and trapezoidal shaped buildings consistently have the best performance (lowest life-cycle cost) across five different climates. It was also found that rectangle and trapezoid exhibit the least variability from best to worst within the shape.     

建筑施工企业的常见风险及对策

施工企业常见风险有管理风险、经营风险、合同风险、财务风险、建造风险,其中管理风险有企业总部管理风险、项目经理任用风险、项目成本管理风险、项目工期管理风险、项目质量管理风险、项目安全管理风险;经营风险有业主带来的风险、项目带来的风险;建造风险有自然风险、政治及社会风险、经济风险、意外风险、其他风险。主要风险对策有风险回避、损失控制、风险自留、风险转移四种。施工企业可根据自身特点选定不同的风险对策组合。     

基于深度访谈扎根分析的绿色建筑项目脆弱性与风险关系机理研究

脆弱性作为一个与风险密切相关的因素,由于其隐蔽性特性,在传统工程项目风险的研究中未得到足够的重视。因此,本文从风险管理的视角,试图对绿色建筑项目脆弱性的概念和内涵进行明确,探究绿色建筑项目脆弱性与风险的关系机理。首先运用经典扎根理论方法对访谈资料进行实质性编码,归纳和明确了项目脆弱性和风险2个核心范畴,进一步通过扎根理论的理论编码程序,构建绿色建筑项目脆弱性与风险的关系机理理论框架。整个研究运用扎根理论,通过深度访谈和案例分析,揭示脆弱性对项目风险的影响路径和机理,弥补现阶段绿色建筑项目风险研究忽略脆弱性的不足,研究成果可为绿色建筑项目风险管理提供科学依据。     

The use of Artificial Neural Networks to estimate seismic damage and derive vulnerability functions for traditional masonry

This paper discusses the adoption of Artificial Intelligence-based techniques to estimate seismic damage, not with the goal of replacing existing approaches, but as a mean to improve the precision of empirical methods. For such, damage data collected in the aftermath of the 1998 Azores earthquake (Portugal) is used to develop a comparative analysis between damage grades obtained resorting to a classic damage formulation and an innovative approach based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The analysis is carried out on the basis of a vulnerability index computed with a hybrid seismic vulnerability assessment methodology, which is subsequently used as input to both approaches. The results obtained are then compared with real post-earthquake damage observation and critically discussed taking into account the level of adjustment achieved by each approach. Finally, a computer routine that uses the ANN as an approximation function is developed and applied to derive a new vulnerability curve expression. In general terms, the ANN developed in this study allowed to obtain much better approximations than those achieved with the original vulnerability approach, which has revealed to be quite non-conservative. Similarly, the proposed vulnerability curve expression was found to provide a more accurate damage prediction than the traditional analytical expressions.     

如何降低施工企业合同外风险

结合建设项目施工的特点,对业主部分、劳务及专业分包部分的合同外管控工作进行了探讨,分析了施工合同外可能会遇到的一些问题,并阐述了相应的降低施工企业合同外风险的途径,使企业取得良好的经济效益。     

住宅建筑电气节能设计方法及措施

建筑电气节能意义重大,本文对住宅建筑节能设计结合现行设计标准,从照明方式及电线选择入手,就使用照度,改造线路,光电源选择,灯具布置,照明控制及维修管理方面,结合住宅工程电气现实对节能进行分析探讨。     

Resilience to increasing temperatures: residential building stock adaptation through codes and standards

The resilience of the current Spanish residential building stock to increased temperatures is modelled. Homogenized daily temperature data recorded at 50 Spanish meteorological stations for the periods 1950–1979 and 1981–2010 were used to investigate anticipated climate warming on the Spanish residential building stock by means of the degree-day method. Impacts on residential buildings were investigated for three different future time periods (2011–2040, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100) for three representative Spanish provincial capitals. Future climate change scenarios comprising two statistical downscaling methods, three general circulation models and two carbon emission scenarios were used to project local climate. Results show that 72% of current residential building stock in Spain is thermally unprotected. In addition, the energy demand for heating the building sector in Spain is expected to decrease by between 30% (Barcelona, B2 scenario) and 36% (Valencia, A2 scenario) by 2100, while the respective energy demand for cooling could increase by between 107% (Valencia, B2 scenario) and 296% (Madrid, A2 scenario) by 2100. To increase resilience to higher winter and summer temperatures, strategies for modifying the built environment are needed, particularly for the role of building codes and standards.

La résilience du parc bâti résidentiel espagnol actuel face à l'augmentation des températures est modélisée. Les données homogénéisées des température journalières enregistrées dans 50 stations météorologiques espagnoles pour les périodes 1950–1979 et 1981–2010 ont été utilisées pour étudier le réchauffement climatique prévu sur le parc bâti résidentiel espagnol en utilisant la méthode des degrés-jours. Les répercussions sur les immeubles résidentiels ont été étudiées pour trois périodes futures différentes (2011–2040, 2041–2070 et 2071–2100) et pour trois capitales provinciales espagnoles représentatives. Il a été utilisé des scénarios de changement climatique futur comprenant deux méthodes de réduction d'échelle statistique, trois modèles de circulation générale et deux scénarios d'émission de carbone pour prévoir le climat local. Les résultats montrent que 72 % du parc bâti résidentiel actuel de l'Espagne est dépourvu de protection thermique. Il est en outre prévu que la demande énergétique liée au chauffage dans le secteur du logement en Espagne diminue de 30 % (Barcelone, scénario B2) à 36 % (Valence, scénario A2) d'ici à 2100, tandis que la demande énergétique respective liée à la climatisation pourrait augmenter de 107 % (Valence, scénario B2) à 296 % (Madrid, scénario A2) d'ici à 2100. Afin d'augmenter la résilience face à des températures hivernales et estivales plus élevées, il est nécessaire de disposer de stratégies de modification du cadre bâti, concernant en particulier le rôle des codes et des normes du bâtiment.

Mots clés: stratégies d'adaptation, performances des bâtiments, réglementation du bâtiment, parc bâti, changement climatique, degrés-jours, surchauffe, confort thermique, vulnérabilité, Espagne     

The response of common building construction technologies to the urban poor and their environment

There is a need to assist the inhabitants of informal settlements especially in developing countries to improve their living conditions and hence their quality of life. However, it is important to note that the bulk of housing for the urban poor will always be built by the poor themselves. In which case, there is a need for building technologies that are responsive to such communities and their environment in order to empower them to make their own contribution to the process of improving their living conditions.     

The effect of occupancy and building characteristics on energy use for space and water heating in Dutch residential stock

As a consequence of the improved quality of thermal properties of buildings due to energy regulations, overall energy use associated with building characteristics is decreasing, making the role of the occupant more important. Studies have shown that occupant behaviour might play a prominent role in the variation in energy consumption in different households but the extent of such influence is unknown. The impact of the building's thermal characteristics on space heating demand has been well studied. There is however, little work done that incorporates the impact of consumer behaviour. This study aims to gain greater insight into the effect of occupant behaviour on energy consumption for space heating by determining its effect on the variation of energy consumption in dwellings while controlling for building characteristics. The KWR database from the Ministry of Housing in the Netherlands was used. This study showed that occupant characteristics and behaviour significantly affect energy use (4.2%), but building characteristics still determine a large part of the energy use in a dwelling (42%). Further analysis showed that some occupant behaviour is determined by the type of dwelling or HVAC systems and, therefore, the effect of occupant characteristics might be larger than expected, since these determine the type of dwelling.     

某大厦冷热源技术经济分析比较

对某大厦空调及热水供应系统的冷热源系统形式进行了全面的技术经济分析和比较，根据现场情况、技术可行性及初投资和运行费用，提出了适宜的系统方案。     

超高层商住楼结构设计与施工过程关键技术分析

随着超高层建设项目的日益增多,超限结构设计问题已经引起工程设计人员的高度关注.本文以迪拜一座超高层钢筋混凝土成束筒结构体系为研究对象,利用ETABS、SAP2000、ANSYS和Midas软件对结构的概念设计、荷载计算、施工模拟、徐变变形以及连续倒塌等关键技术进行研究分析,修正原有结构方案设计存在的一些重大安全隐患,从...     

Development and validation of regression models to predict monthly heating demand for residential buildings

The present research work concerns development of regression models to predict the monthly heating demand for single-family residential sector in temperate climates, with the aim to be used by architects or design engineers as support tools in the very first stage of their projects in finding efficiently energetic solutions. Another interest to use such simplified models is to make it possible a very quick parametric study in order to optimize the building structure versus environmental or economic criteria. All the energy prediction models were based on an extended database obtained by dynamic simulations for 16 major cities of France. The inputs for the regression models are the building shape factor, the building envelope U-value, the window to floor area ratio, the building time constant and the climate which is defined as function of the sol-air temperature and heating set-point. If the neural network (NN) methods could give precise representations in predicting energy use, with the advantage that they are capable of adjusting themselves to unexpected pattern changes in the incoming data, the multiple regression analysis was also found to be an efficient method, nevertheless with the requirement that an extended database should be used for the regression. The validation is probably the most important level when trying to find prediction models, so 270 different scenarios are analysed in this research work for different inputs of the models. It has been established that the energy equations obtained can do predictions quite well, a maximum deviation between the predicted and the simulated is noticed to be 5.1% for Nice climate, with an average error of 2%. In this paper, we also show that is possible to predict the building heating demand even for more complex scenarios, when the construction is adjacent to non-heated spaces, basements or roof attics.     

建筑节能服务市场投融资模式设计与风险分析

结合我国建筑节能服务市场的经济性特征和发展特点,设计了"政府扶持 市场推进 项目依托"的投融资模式,分析了建筑节能服务市场投融资存在的内外部风险,提出了风险评估方法以及避免风险的投融资退出方式。     

Seismic microzonation and building vulnerability assessment based on site characteristic and geotechnical parameters by use of Fuzzy-AHP model (a case study for Kermanshah city)

ABSTRACT

On 12th November 2017, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 Richter scale in the town of Sarpol-e Zahab took place that caused lots of human casualties and devastation. After the incident, issues related to the probability of an earthquake with equal intensity and extents of similar building destruction were raised in Kermanshah city. Therefore, a seismic microzonation map of Kermanshah city has been prepared based on the geotechnical, geological, and geophysical data, and the data were analysed using Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In the next step, the vulnerability analysis of city buildings was carried out based on the ground-shaking map, vulnerability curves, and statistical data regarding the buildings. The results of the vulnerability rate of residential buildings indicate that 80% of residential buildings would be exposed to vulnerability from low to moderate. However, other buildings would suffer 2% fully destruction (D1), 7% very high destruction (D2) and 11% high destruction (D3), respectively. Finally, according to the obtained results, the proposed model is verified with the help of the data and observations from the Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake, which reveals that the model is in good agreement with the actual earthquake data.     

Regional loss estimation due to hurricane wind and hurricane-induced surge considering climate variability

This paper presents a framework to assess the potential hurricane damage risks to residential construction. Studies show that hurricane wind, frequency and/or hurricane-induced surge may change as a result of climate change; therefore, hurricane risk assessments should be capable of accounting for the impacts climate change. The framework includes a hurricane wind field model, hurricane-induced surge height model and hurricane vulnerability models. Three case study locations (Miami-Dade County, FL; New Hanover County, NC and Galveston County, TX) are presented for two types of analyses: annual regional loss estimation and event-based regional loss estimation. Demographic information, such as median house value and changes in house numbers, and distribution of houses for different exposures, is used to estimate the time-dependent probability of damage with or without possible climate change-induced change in wind speed, frequency and/or surge height. Through both analyses, it was found that climate change may have a significant impact on regional hurricane damage losses.     

地铁配线暗挖施工重大风险及建议应对措施

介绍了石家庄地铁中山广场站到解放广场站区间暗挖施工的具体情况,分析了工程施工存在的重大风险,并针对性的提出了应对措施,以期为工程顺利实施提供参考。     

住宅建筑坡屋面施工技术要点与控制措施

通过工程实例,分别从设计和施工的角度分析坡屋面易发生渗漏薄弱环节,提出坡屋面施工技术要点与保质措施。