基于水资源合理配置的流域水土保持结构优化模型研究

利用水土保持措施调控流域来水的模拟结果,建立了基于水资源优化配置的水土保持措施优化配置多目标耦合模型。利用遗传算法对模型进行了优化求解,得出了平水年来水过程下不同规划水平年最优水土保持措施配置及水资源优化配置结果,为流域水土流失治理和水资源调控提供了新的思路和参考依据。     

再生水与自来水资源的优化配置研究

为解决城市缺水问题建立了分质供水的综合优化配置数学模型,并对天津市2010年再生水与自来水资源的优化配置进行了仿真计算。结果表明,经优化配置后能保证各方面的协调发展,实现了水资源的可持续利用,获得了良好的整体效益。     

DISCUSSION

The Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) is a generalized river basin simulation model for evaluating water availability within the framework of a prior appropriation water rights system, such as the permit system recently implemented in Texas. WRAP is used to evaluate water supply reliabilities for permitted water users and unappropriated streamflows available for additional permit applicants. The historic hydrologic period-of-record is simulated using a monthly computational time step. For each monthly interval, a network flow programming algorithm allocates streamflow and reservoir storage resources in accordance with water rights. The model is generalized for application to river/reservoir systems of essentially any configuration. WRAP and its application to the Brazos River Basin illustrate the use of network flow programming in modeling the allocation of a limited water resource to numerous users within a complex institutional setting.     

Successful wastewater reuse scheme and sustainable development: a case study in Adelaide

Freshwater availability to meet the growing needs of humankind has raised serious concerns in the recent past. Two immediate responses to counter this challenge are efficient allocation of the scarce resources, and development and use of alternative sources of water. While ‘water markets’ are seen as a means to achieve efficient allocation of the scare resources, treated wastewater and low‐quality water are now considered as potential sources of water to supplement the freshwater supplies. However, the latter option, that is use of reclaimed water as an alternative, imposes concerns regarding its suitability to sustain development. This is because of various issues related to wastewater usage and application. At the same time, it is also true that a successful and well‐planned reuse scheme can help achieve sustainability as evidenced in some isolated cases around the world. In line with this, the current paper adopts a case‐study approach to demonstrate how a successful reuse scheme in Adelaide, South Australia, has contributed to the sustainable development of the region. The paper looks into the socio‐economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability and arrives at a conclusion that properly planned and managed reuse schemes backed with effective regulatory and policy measures can lead to sustainable development.     

城市水资源优化配置模型研究

结合某市新区发展特性,建立了城市分质供水水资源优化配置数学模型,对新区中水、雨水与自来水等水资源进行了优化配置仿真计算。结果表明,水资源的综合优化配置有利于社会经济的协调发展,实现水资源的可持续利用,具有良好的经济、社会和环境效益。     

成都市中心城区水资源现状及问题与对策

简要介绍了成都市中心城区水资源现状,分析了目前供水、污水处理、利用率三方面存在的问题,探讨了应对措施,提出了优化配置保障供水,节约用水,加强管理等对策,以期实现水资源的可持续开发和利用。     

干旱气候条件下黄河流域自产水资源调配方案研究

以干旱气候(75%降水保证率)条件下的黄河流域自产水资源优化配置为研究目标,选用线性规划法,对2010年、2020年黄河流域地下水与地表水资源进行了联合调配研究。结果表明:2010年以前,在仅考虑黄河流域自产水资源量的情况下,需采取适当超采地下水、强化工农业节水10%以上的措施,以满足黄河流域社会经济发展的用水需求;2020年,在适当超采地下水、强化工农业再节水5%的措施下,自产水资源量不能满足全流域用水需求,需要实施南水北调西线工程。     

湖库型饮用水水源地水环境生态管理和保护

通过分析目前我国湖库型饮用水水源地保护中存在的问题,指出存在立法滞后、水源地功能退化、管理水平低下、缺失应急预警机制四个方面的不足,需要因地制宜及时立法、综合运用水体修复技术,同时改革管理思路、提高管理水平、健全应急预警系统。     

A Water Requirements Estimation Model for Fire Suppression: A Study Based on Integrated Uncertainty Analysis

Rescue work is one of the main objectives of firefighting. To minimize casualties and financial losses, fire service agencies consider sufficient water supply for fire suppression to be the key among the many factors affecting firefighting. The difficulty of collecting water usage data from actual fire scenes has confined the research on water allocation for firefighting in either domestic or international arena mostly to theoretical studies. Consequently, the use of firefighting water resources often follows empirical methods or related government legislation, rather than being an effective practice verified by in-depth field investigation. This study, based on fire engineering theory, employs heat release rate combined with uncertainty analysis to develop a model for estimating water requirements for firefighting. Using firefighting cases at Taoyuan County in Taiwan, R.O.C., a quantitative analysis of the field data was integrated with uncertainty analysis to evaluate the suitability and uncertainty of the proposed firefighting water supply model. The result indicates that the proposed model of firefighting water requirements can effectively reflect water demand in an actual fire incident. Among the 100 cases tested, the actual firefighting water consumptions are averaged as 44.2 metric tons whereas the mean difference between the derived water requirements and the actual amount is approximately ±15 metric tons.     

天津生态城三区合一水资源平衡与高效利用模式

天津生态城在完成30 km^2核心区建设过程中,通过实施指标体系建设与提升、推进再生水等基础设施建设,提前完成非传统水利用率> 50%的规划建设目标。同时,结合生态城三区合一的建设需求与现状水资源利用情况,对2020年、2030年的总用水量进行预测分析,结合区域可利用的不同水资源,进行科学合理的优化配置,推进水资源的高效利用,提升非传统水资源的利用效率。按照水资源匹配方案,非传统水资源利用率近期有可能达到60%以上,含生态补水的非传统利用率甚至超过70%,污水资源利用率可达到100%,保证年均生态补水换水两次以上,基本可使景观水体达到地表Ⅳ类水要求,2020年和2030年人均用水指标分别不高于110 L/(人·d)和100 L/(人·d),达到生态城指标体系的新目标要求。实现生态城水资源供需平衡与优化配置,为生态城水资源的科学利用规划与管理提供支撑。     

青岛市水资源承载能力与优化配置研究

水资源作为一种战略资源,是制约城市经济社会发展的最重要因素之一.笔者探讨了水资源承载力的定义和内涵,然后采用层次分析法定量分析青岛市水资源承载能力,并构建系统动力学仿真模型,通过对拟定4种水资源配置方案的对比分析,分别计算出各个方案的承载能力,确定出了青岛市水资源规划的最佳方案,为青岛市水资源的可持续利用以及社会、经济、资源的协调发展提供科学依据.     

解决水资源短缺问题的动机激励模型

中国水资源短缺问题非常严重,产生这一问题的根本原因在于用水者的经济动机激励失衡,故解决水资源供需矛盾的思路就在于改变目前激励系数小于零的状况,建立正激励体系,最终达到均衡体系。这就要从激励用水者的经济利益出发,进行水权界定,建立水权交易市场,变外在激励为内在激励,激励用水者进行效益节水和优化配置,从而达到解决水资源短缺问题的目的。     

Recognising barriers to implementation of Blue-Green Infrastructure: a Newcastle case study

There is a recognised need for a fundamental change in how the UK manages urban water and flood risk in response to increasingly frequent rainfall events coupled with planned urban expansion. Approaches centred on ‘living with and making space for water’ are increasingly adopted internationally. Nonetheless, widespread implementation of Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) is currently hampered by barriers that impede uptake and innovation. We investigate the barriers to implementation of BGI in Newcastle, UK, through a series of semi-structured interviews with professional stakeholders. We identify and categorise 17 types of barrier and identify targeted strategies to overcome the dominant barriers. We recommend promotion of BGI’s capacity to meet the objectives of multiple organisations and Local Authority departments, in addition to managing urban water. We conclude that strong business cases, supported by monetised evidence of benefits, and collaborative, inter-agency working could advance implementation of BGI within the current flood risk management legislation.     

北方缺水地区水资源可持续利用管理途径研究

对北方地区的水资源现状与配置状况进行了分析,指出了目前北方地区水资源利用存在的问题,提出水资源的合理开发利用需要一套行之有效的管理途径,并从政府政策管理方面研究了该管理途径,以合理有效地利用水资源。     

水资源管理方式的分类及效果比较

针对我国当前的水政策改革议题，首先基于社会水循环概念，讨论了水资源管理的科学定义和主要内容；其次依据配置机制、管理的着眼点、管理区域以及管理机构的不同，对各种水资源管理方式在实现水资源可持续利用过程中的效果做了比较。     

ENVIRONMENTAL WATER REQUIREMENTS: A DEMAND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE

This paper examines water management within the environment. It argues that discussion of, and decision-making governing, the allocation of water for the environment should be expanded to consider the application of demand management to the environment. The paper examines the technical feasibility of this aspect and proposes some principles which address parity across water-use sectors in terms of their water rights, responsibilities and performance objectives. It concludes that a more equitable policy framework encourages better resource analysis and promotes better informed trade-offs and management concerning water allocation, particularly in times of low water availability.     

新疆阿瓦提绿洲灌区约束供水条件下地下水开采模式

针对干旱内陆河绿洲灌区地下水位上升及塔里木河源流区限额供水的现实条件,本文以新疆阿瓦提绿洲灌区为研究区域,通过MODFLOW建立地下水流数值模型,模拟了现状及限额供水后的预测结果,并根据灌区的实际情况提出合理的地下水开采方案,以达到有效调控地下水位的目的。此方案下地下水开采量为1.14×108m3/a,并在全区范围内合理控制地下水位,为防治土壤盐碱化、减少无效蒸发和区域水资源的优化配置提供了有益参考。     

A better water quality indexing system for rivers and streams

The development of a better system for indexing water quality and its application to four water use classes are described. There are three dominant use classes: bathing, water supply, and fish spawning, and one general use class. In all of them protection of aquatic life is included. To ensure that the index score tells us something useful and does not hide important information as current indexes (or indices) tend to do, the water quality variable giving the lowest score (i.e. the minimum operator) has been employed to produce the final index score. Preliminary indications are that this is a more useful aggregation method than the more commonly used additive, and multiplicative techniques. Index development has been linked to recommended water quality standards developed for New Zealand water legislation. The indexes are intended to assist in the dissemination of water quality information, particularly to lay-people.     

南水北调中线河南受水区水资源优化配置研究

介绍了南水北调中线河南受水区的概况,分析了受水区水资源开发利用中存在的问题,以及规划水平年的供需水情况,建立了受水区水资源优化配置模型,探讨了交互式多目标决策方法、大系统分解协调技术、遗传算法相结合的模型求解方法,并对结果进行了分析。优化配置结果表明:受水区水资源供需矛盾基本解决,缓解了地下水的开采压力。最后讨论了研究过程中的一些问题。     

浅谈我国城市供水节水的发展与对策

分析了城市供水节水工作存在的主要问题,按照“开源,节流和保护并举,资源合理配置”的原则,阐述了提高供水节水工作的科学技术管理水平,促进污水资源化等建成节水型城市与社会的策略。