Synthesis of calcium silicate hydrate based on steel slag with various alkalinities

This study aimed to improve the hydraulic potential properties of the slag. Therefore, a method of dynamic hydrothermal synthesis was applied to synthesize calcium silicate hydrate. The phases and nanostructures were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TEM, and BET nitrogen adsorption. The infl uence of alkalinity of steel slag on its structures and properties was discussed. The experimental results show that, the main product is amorphous calcium silicate hydrate gel with fl occulent or fi brous pattern with a BET specifi c surface area up to 77 m2/g and pore volume of 0.34 mL/g. Compared with low alkalinity steel slag, calcium silicate hydrate synthesized from higher alkalinity steel slag is prone to transform to tobermorite structure.     

矿渣-粉煤灰-氟石膏胶结材激发及毒性

研究了激发剂对氟石膏的激发效果和机理,复合氟石膏胶结材的强度、软化系数和浸出毒性。通过NaOH、Na2SO4和NaF对氟石膏激发试验,确定最优掺量均为1％。在此基础上,采用矿渣、粉煤灰、熟料对用量80％以上氟石膏进一步改性,发现Na2SO41％、矿渣2．5％、粉煤灰5％和氟石膏89％复合胶结材性能最好,28d抗压强度可达12．25MPa,软化系数可达0．70,浸出氟离子浓度降低到0．7485mg／L。SEM和XRD分析发现水化形成的二水石膏晶体与少量水化硅酸钙、钙矾石及氟化钙互相填充包裹,阻碍了水分进入,改善了复合胶结材耐水性能和降低了浸出毒性。     

Synthesis and heavy metal immobilization behaviors of fly ash based gepolymer

Two aspects of studies were carried out: 1) synthesis of geopolymer by using fly ash and metakaolin; 2) Immobilization behaviors of fly ash based geopolymer in a presence of Pb and Cu ions. As for the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer, 4 different fly ash content (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%) and 3 types of curing regimes (standard curing, steam curing and autoclave curing) were investigated to obtain the optimum synthesis condition based on the compressive and flexural strength. The experimental results show that geopolymer, containing 30% fly ash and synthesized at steam curing (80° for 8 h), exhibits higher mechanical strengths. The compressive and flexural strengths of fly ash based geopolymer reach 32.2 MPa and 7.15 MPa, respectively. Additionally, Infrared (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the microstructure of the fly ash geopolymer. IR spectra shows that the absorptive band at 1086 cm⁻¹ shifts to lower wave number around 1033 cm⁻¹, and the 6-coordinated Al transforms into 4-coordination during the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer. The resulting geopolymeric products were X-ray amorphous materials. As for immobilization of heavy metals, the leaching tests were employed to investigate the immobilization behaviors of the fly ash based geopolymer synthesized under the above optimum condition. The leaching tests showed that fly ash based geopolymer can effectively immobilize Cu and Pb heavy metal ions, and the immobilization efficiency reached 90% greater when heavy metals were incorporated in the fly ash geopolymer in the range of 0.1% to 0.3%. The Pb exhibits better immobilization efficiency than the Cu, especially in the case of large dosages of heavy metals.     

Influence of coal fly ash particle size on structure and adsorption properties of forming adsorbents for Cr<Superscript>6+</Superscript>

Forming adsorbents FFA-R, FFA-A and FFA-B were prepared from different particle size coal fly ashes FA-R, FA-A and FA-B, their average particle sizes (d ₅₀) were 15.75, 3.61 and 1.73 μm respectively. The structure and adsorption properties for Cr⁶⁺ of forming adsorbents from aqueous solution were studied. The results show that forming adsorbent prepared from the coal fly ash with smaller particle size exhibits higher specific surface area, higher pore volume and better adsorption properties for Cr⁶⁺.The adsorption kinetics of Cr⁶⁺ on FFA-R, FFA-A and FFA-B fitts the second order kinetic model and the second adsorption rate constants are 7.523, 3.197 and 2.187 mg·g^-1· min^-1/2, respectively. The adsorption of Cr⁶⁺ on FFA-R, FFA-A and FFA-B can be described in terms of Langmuir isotherms better, and the adsorption processes are spontaneous and exothermic.     

Kinetics and mechanism of adsorption of phosphate on fluorine-containing calcium silicate

The nanowires-reticulated calcium silicate with a specific surface area more than 100 m²/g was prepared by a hydrothermal process using hydrated lime (Ca(OH)₂, HL) and silica containing soluble fluoride, which was a by-product of fluorine industry, and the soluble fluoride in raw silica was fixed as CaSiF₆ at the same time. The kinetic characteristics and mechanism of adsorbing phosphate by fluorine-containing calcium silicate were investigated in the experiments of phosphorus (P) removal from aqueous solution. The results show that the prepared fluorine-containing calcium silicate has excellent performance for adsorbing phosphate, the adsorption process appears to follow pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics and the process is mainly controlled by chemisorption. The product resulted from P adsorption is mainly composed of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and fluorapatite (FAP), which are further used as adsorbents of heavy metal ion Cd²⁺ in aqueous solution and display excellent performance.     

利用粉煤灰滤渣制备NaP1型沸石及其吸附Cu~(2+)的研究

以固体废弃物粉煤灰为原料,经过煅烧和水热反应生成粉煤灰滤渣前驱体,通过添加工业硅粉来调整反应物的Si/Al摩尔比,采用水热法合成了NaP1型沸石。通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和傅立叶转换红外光谱仪对所合成沸石的物相、显微结构和化学基团进行了观察与分析,并对其吸附铜离子的性能进行了研究。结果表明,Si/Al摩尔比为3∶1的粉煤灰滤渣和氢氧化钠溶液在90℃下可以水热合成得到结晶度较高的NaP1型沸石;NaP1型沸石对于铜离子具有较高的吸附量,初期其吸附速度较快,30min时吸附量为52.8mg/g,之后吸附速度稍有减缓,吸附时间为60min时接近吸附饱和,饱和吸附量可达到82.7mg/g。     

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF COMPOSITE BINDERS CONTAINING SHALE ASH AND FLY ASH

The microstructure and the mechanical properties of hardened mortars made of superplasticized composite binder containing shale ash and fly ash are investigated. The pozzolanic reaction consumes the oriented Ca (OH)2 crystals, thus making the transition zone dense. Appropriately proportioning of shale ash and fly ash decreases the water requirement and increases the packing density of composite binder mortars, therefore increases their strength. Super plasticizer promotes the carbonation of calcium hydrates and the formation of ettringite that is transformed gradually into mono-sulfoaluminate hydrate in composite binder mortars. The joint action of fine complex mineral admixture and super plasticizer has a synergistic effect to improve the mechanical properties of composite binder.     

Characterization and application of tourmaline and beryl from Brazilian pegmatite in adsorption process with divalent metals

In this study, the original tourmaline and beryl mineral samples have been collected from a Brazilian pegmatite. The objective of this study was to examine the adsorption behavior of Brazilian ciclosilicate samples, towards divalent metals (Pb²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Zn²⁺) in ethanol solution has been studies by a batch technique. The ciclosilicate samples were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, helium picnometry, mercury porosity, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption. The Langmuir expression for adsorption isotherm was applied in order to determine the adsorption capacity to form a monolayer and the constant related to the adsorption intensity. In aqueous solution there was a significant adsorption increase with the temperature and pronounced synergistic effects were observed. The maximum number of moles adsorbed was determined to be 12.48 and 11.49 mmol/g for systems Pb²⁺/beryl and Pb²⁺/tourmaline, respectively. The energetic effects caused by metal cations adsorption were determined through calorimetric titrations. Thermodynamics indicated the existence of favorable conditions for such Pb²⁺-, Mn²⁺-, and Zn²⁺–OH interactions.     

Removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution using ultrafine coal fly ash

Coal fly ashes WSRA and BQRA were ball milled for 5 h to produce their ultrafine coal fly ashes WSUA and BQUA, respectively. Batch kinetic, isotherm and pH effect on adsorption were studied to evaluate removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions by ultrafine coal fly ashes comparing with raw coal fly ashes. The kinetics of adsorption indicates the process to be intraparticle diffusion controlled and follows the Lagergren first-order kinetics for all coal fly ashes. The first-order rate constants (k ₁) of Cr (VI) adsorption onto WSRA, WSUA, BQRA and BQUA are 1.981, 1.497, 2.119 and 1.500 (×10⁻²) min⁻¹, respectively. The adsorption capacities of WSUA and BQUA are much better than those of WSRA and BQRA. Equilibrium adsorption data of all coal fly ashes well satisfy the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorbed amounts of Cr (VI) onto WSUA and BQUA decrease from pH 2 to pH 6 and then increase up to pH 12.     

Competitive adsorption of heavy metal ions on peat

The uptake capacities, and the adsorption kinetics, of copper, Cu(Ⅱ), nickel, Ni(Ⅱ), and cadmium, Cd(Ⅱ), on peat have been studied under static conditions. The results show that the adsorption rates are rapid: equilibrium is reached in twenty minutes. The adsorption of copper, nickel and cadmium is pH dependent over the pH range from 2 to 6. The adsorption kinetics can be excellently described by the Elovich kinetic equation. The adsorption isotherm fits a Langmuir model very well. The adsorption capacifies follow the order Cu2 ＞Ni2 ＞Cd2 in single-component systems and the competitive adsorption capacities fall in the decreasing order Cu2 ＞ Ni2 ＞Cd2 in multi-component systems. The adsorption capacities of these three heavy metal ions on peat are consistent with their observed competitive adsorption capacities.     

Effect of corrosive solutions on C-S-H microstructure in portland cement paste with fly ash

By means of ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) combined with deconvolution technique, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as energy dispersive X-ray system(EDX), the effect of 5 wt% corrosive solutions (viz. 5 wt% Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄, Na2SO4+NaCl and Na₂SO₄+NaCl+Na₂CO₃) on C-S-H microstructure in Portland cement containing 30 wt% fly ash was investigated.The results show that, in MgSO₄ solution, Mg²⁺ promotes the decalcification of C-S-H by SO ₄ ^2- ,increasing silicate tetrahedra polymerization and mean chain length (MCL) of C-S-H. However, the substituting degree of Al³⁺ for Si⁴⁺ (Al[4]/Si) in the paste does not change evidently. Effect of Na²SO⁴ solution on C-S-H is not significantly influenced by NaCl solution, while the MCL and Al[4]/Si of C-S-H in fly ashcement paste slightly change. However, the decalcification of C-S-H by SO ₄ ^2- and CO ₃ ^2- attack, as well as the activation of fly ash by SO ₄ ^2- attack will increase the MCL and Al[4]/Si, which are both higher than that under Na₂SO₄ corrosion, MgSO₄ or Na₂SO₄ +NaCl coordination corrosion.     

Effect of rhamnolipids on cadmium adsorption by Penicillium simplicissimum

The effect of rhamnolipids (RL) on Cd²⁺ adsorption by Penicillium simplicissimum (P. simplicissimum) was studied. The maximum adsorption capacities of Cd²⁺ were obtained at pH 6.0 for the intact P. simplicissimum and at pH 5.0 for the RL-pretreated P. simplicissimum, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium was reached after about 4 h. The experimental adsorption isotherms were in good agreement with the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities (q _max) for the intact P. simplicissimum and for the RL-pretreated P. simplicissimum were 51.6 and 70.4 mg/g, respectively. The interactions between Cd²⁺ and functional groups on the cell wall surface of the P. simplicissimum were identified by SEM, EDAX and FTIR analysis. It is indicated that carboxyl, amino and hydroxyl groups play major roles in the Cd²⁺ adsorption. The results suggest that the RL-pretreated P. simplicissimum is a promising candidate for the removal of Cd ²⁺ from aqueous solutions.     

Effects of Cr~(3+), Cu~(2+), and Pb~(2+) on Fly Ash based Geopolymer

The effects of Cr~(3+), Cu~(2+), and Pb~(2+) on compressive strength, reaction products, and pore structures of fly ash based geopolymer were studied. In addition, the immobilization and bonding interaction between heavy metal and fly ash based geopolymers were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic(XPS) and environmental scanning electron microscope(ESEM) techniques. The experimental results showed that the incorporation of Cr~(3+), Cu~(2+), and Pb~(2+) had a great effect on the later compressive strength and resulted in producing reinhardbraunsite in the solidified body. Moreover, the Pb~(2+) reduced the total pore volume of the solidified body, while Cr~(3+) and Cu~(2+) increased it. The XPS results indicated that O(1 s), Si(2 p), and Al(2 p)bind energy increased due to Cr~(3+) and Cu~(2+) addition, but it did not change significantly due to Pb~(2+) addition.The microstructure of calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H) gel and sodium silicoaluminate hydrate(N-A-S-H) gel changed in different degree according to the ESEM results. The immobilization of Cr~(3+), Cu~(2+), and Pb~(2+) using fly ash based geopolymer is attributed not only to the physical encapsulation, but also to the chemical bonding interaction.     

Microstructures and thermal properties of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

To analyze the feasibility of utilization of thermal technology in fly ash treatment, thermal properties and microstructures of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash were studied by measuring the chemical element composition, specific surface area, pore sizes, functional groups, TEM image, mineralogy and DSC-TG curves of raw and sintered fly ash specimens. The results show that MSWI fly ash particles mostly have irregular shapes and non-typical pore structure, and the supersonic treatment improves the pore structure; MSWI fly ash consists of such crystals as SiO₂, CaSO₄ and silica-aluminates, and some soluble salts like KCl and NaCl. During the sintering process, mineralogy changes largely and novel solid solutions are produced gradually with the rise of temperature. Therefore, the utilization of a proper thermal technology not only destructs those persistent organic toxicants but also stabilizes hazardous heavy metals in MSWI fly ash.     

Effect of chemical admixtures on properties of high-calcium fly ash geopolymer

Owing to the high viscosity of sodium silicate solution, fly ash geopolymer has the problems of low workability and rapid setting time. Therefore, the effect of chemical admixtures on the properties of fly ash geopolymer was studied to overcome the rapid set of the geo-polymer in this paper. High-calcium fly ash and alkaline solution were used as starting materials to synthesize the geopolymer. Calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and sucrose at dosages of 1wt% and 2wt% of fly ash were selecte...     

Removal of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ by adsorption on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills

Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ in leachate were adsorbed on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills with equilibrium experiment. The cation exchange capacity was determined with ammonium acetate. And the concentration of heavy metal cations in leachate was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Their equilibrium isotherms were measured, and the experimental isotherm data were analyzed by using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The results show that the adsorption capacities of the heavy metal cations are closely related to the compositions of clay-solidified grouting curtain, and the maximum adsorption appears at the ratio of cement to clay of 2 ： 4 in the experimental conditions. At their maximum adsorption and pH 5.0, the adsorption capacities of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ are 16.19 mg/g and 1.21 mg/g. The competitive adsorption coefficients indicate that the adsorption of clay-solidified grouting curtain for Pb^2＋ is stronger than that for Cd^2＋. The adsorption process conforms to Freundlich＇s model with related coefficient higher than 0. 996.     

石灰、粉煤灰改性对盐渍土吸附石油污染物行为的影响

有效调控污染物的运移是实现污染土工程再利用的前提。考虑石油污染盐渍土的特殊性及工程利用的力学需求,优选石灰和粉煤灰为改性材料,结合静态动态试验,研究石灰和粉煤灰对滨海盐渍土中石油污染物的吸附解吸行为的影响。结果表明：单独的石灰和粉煤灰,对石油污染物的吸附率分别为26%和14%,两者联合作用时,吸附率提高到39%,在盐渍土中加入石灰和粉煤灰可有效提高对石油污染物的吸附量,加快吸附稳定速率;盐渍土、石灰+盐渍土、粉煤灰+盐渍土、石灰+粉煤灰+盐渍土对石油的吸附动力学均符合Lagergren二级动力学非线性方程,联合作用可使吸附平衡时间由400 min缩短至60 min;石灰、粉煤灰有利于吸附赋存于土颗粒孔隙中未被盐渍土颗粒吸附的呈自由态的石油;盐渍土、石灰+盐渍土、粉煤灰+盐渍土、石灰+粉煤灰+盐渍土对石油污染物的吸附等温线均为非线性Freundlich模式;石油被解吸的能力依次为盐渍土 > 粉煤灰+盐渍土 > 石灰+盐渍土 > 石灰+粉煤灰+盐渍土,石灰+粉煤灰对石油污染物的吸附以化学吸附为主,具有不可逆性,有助于缓解环境温度的影响,增强稳定性。     

壳聚糖复合粉煤灰处理活性染料废水的研究

以粉煤灰与壳聚糖为原料制备壳聚糖复合粉煤灰吸附剂,研究该吸附剂对活性艳蓝染料废水的吸附条件及对活性染料废水吸附的正交试验。结果表明,该吸附剂对活性艳蓝的吸附条件是：60mg/L染料溶液100mL,吸附剂投加量为2.0g,吸附震荡时间120min,静置20min,脱色率可达到95%以上。由正交试验结果可知,对脱色率的影响因素依次为：pH〉染料种类〉振荡时间〉投加量。与单一的粉煤灰或壳聚糖相比,壳聚糖复合粉煤灰对活性染料废水有很好的脱色作用和COD去除率,且操作方法简单,工艺条件易于控制.     

粉煤灰处理含铜废水的正交实验研究

利用粉煤灰处理的含铜废水,初步研究粉煤灰对Cu2+的吸附机理,通过试验分析不同浓度、不同pH值、不同的振荡时间、不同的粉煤灰加入量对吸附的影响,并设计正交试验寻找最佳工艺参数。     

Experimental research on inorganic solidified foam for sealing air leakage in coal mines

In order to efficiently seal air leakages and control spontaneous combustion of coal, solidified foam was developed by adding a certain compound additive to fly coal ash and cement as the main materials. It was prepared basing on the foaming characteristic through physical and mechanical system. We studied the effects of the different types of foaming agents, the mass ratio of cement to fly ash, and the mass ratio of solid to water and content of cellulose on the performance of solidified foam. The results show that when adding the composite protein, surfactant and cellulose foaming agents. The cement-fly ash ratio of 0.75:1, the water solid ratio as large as 2:1, and the solidified foam with high properties and density of only 516 kg/m³ and compressive strength of up to 12.68 MPa were prepared. But the initial setting time, identity and compressive strength may be changed by varying the water solid ratio and/or the additives. We theoretically analyzed the influence mechanism of foam density, compressive strength and water solid ratio. The solidified foam is especially suitable for sealing surface leakage channels and filling the goaf with a wide application prospects.