复合材料π接头拉伸力学性能的试验和计算研究

采用试验和数值模拟的方法对整体化复合材料π接头在拉伸载荷作用下的力学特性进行研究.在Instron 8803电液伺服材料试验机上进行了π接头试验件的拉伸试验,记录试验过程中损伤产生及破坏过程,记录初始失效载荷和最终失效载荷.试验结果表明,填料是π接头破坏的关键部位,需要进行深入研究.提出了复合材料π接头力学性能数值模拟的基本假设和方法,基于通用有限元商用软件,建立π接头三维力学分析模型,获得π接头各部位应力分布情况;基于基本假设,对最大应力失效准则进行修正,并给出π接头各部位损伤载荷的预测值.计算预测π接头的初始损伤部位与试验吻合,初始失效载荷计算值与5个试件试验数据均值相比误差为0.53%,表明了数值分析方法的可行性.     

拉伸状态下碳纤维复合材料T型接头的断裂行为

建立了碳纤维复合材料T型接头数值模型,模拟了其在拉伸载荷下的损伤产生、扩展及失效过程,并对碳纤维复合材料T型接头试件进行了静态拉伸试验。结果表明,接头的初始损伤载荷为9.8~12.0 kN,损伤发生后接头的载荷值发生突降（降低约27%~38%）,此时接头仍具有一定承载能力;试件完全脱胶载荷较初始损伤载荷略有降低（载荷范围为8.0~8.6 kN）。数值计算和试验结果吻合,结果均显示填料区是碳纤维复合材料T型接头最薄弱的部位,易发生破坏;填料区破坏后裂纹迅速向填料区周围的胶层扩展,导致胶层的剥离,这是导致碳纤维复合材料T型接头失效的最主要原因。     

碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料缠绕接头拉伸失效机制

通过试验及数值模拟对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料缠绕接头轴向拉伸失效机制进行研究。基于ABAQUS有限元软件,通过连续介质损伤模型及内聚区模型,分别对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料缠绕接头各部件及界面进行模拟,编写用户自定义材料子程序(UMAT),建立复合材料的渐进损伤模型,最终得到碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料缠绕接头的应力分布和载荷-位移曲线,并与试验结果对比确定结构的失效机制。结果表明:有限元分析所得碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料缠绕接头损伤部位及失效模式与试验吻合,失效载荷与试验值相差较小,证明仿真分析方法的有效性。通过对比失效模式发现,拉伸载荷作用下,链环是主承力部件,其弧形端部是应力集中处,纤维断裂即从此处开始发生并向外扩展,导致链环断裂及整体结构破坏。      

RTM成型非对称复合材料T型接头的拉伸失效机制

采用树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了结构对称和非对称两种复合材料T型接头试样,并对其进行了静态拉伸力学试验,对比分析了两种结构的拉伸破坏模式、结构刚度及破坏载荷。同时基于T接头内聚力模型(CZM),研究了两种不同结构T型接头的拉伸破坏过程及失效机制,并对比分析了不同偏转角下T接头的层间应力。结果表明：不同结构T型接头的拉伸破坏模式不同,偏转角的存在使结构非对称T型接头夹角大侧圆弧受力明显高于小侧圆弧,导致接头首先在大侧夹角圆弧与三角区界面定向萌生初始裂纹,随后裂纹主要沿大侧腹板翻边与蒙皮的界面扩展,进而导致接头最终破坏,最终失效载荷较对称T型接头提高了15.3%,且结构刚度更大。有限元结果表明T型接头三角区的初始失效主要由层间正应力及剪应力引起,有限元分析的失效模式与试验一致,结构对称及非对称T型接头最终失效载荷与试验值均吻合较好;且随着偏转角的增加,腹板圆弧处层间应力逐渐减小,初始失效载荷将随之增大;初始破坏位置将转移至大侧夹角圆弧末端。     

碳纤维复合材料接头力学性能试验与仿真分析

采用试验和仿真分析的方法对T800/924复合材料接头在拉伸载荷作用下的力学性能进行研究。在电子万能试验机上进行了接头试验件的拉伸试验,记录试验中试验件的破坏过程,得到了最终失效载荷。采用非线性有限元法,基于ABAQUS软件平台,使用内嵌的材料用户定义子程序（VUMAT）,建立了该试验对应的有限元分析模型,得到接头的应变分布情况,并给出接头失效载荷的计算值。结果表明:计算预测接头的损伤部位与试验吻合,失效载荷计算值与试验值差值较小,证明了仿真分析方法的可行性。通过结果分析发现,孔边是应力集中的地方,破坏一般从孔边开始萌生,并且接头面外受载能力较弱,接头的失效模式一般是孔边面外拉脱。      

碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料L型接头拉伸失效机制

设计了单L型(LS)及双L型(LD)两种重量相近的L型接头。采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方式对两种接头的拉伸失效机制进行了研究。通过自行设计的试验夹具在伺服液压试验机上将两种L型接头准静态加载至破坏,分析其破坏机制及应变分布。研究发现,两种L型接头存在不同的失效机制,在破坏阶段单L型接头表现出更好的延展性。单L型接头加载至峰值载荷时,在靠近加载侧的内侧螺栓孔附近首先出现破坏,随后损伤向外侧螺栓孔附近扩展,直至完全失效。双L型接头加载至峰值载荷的50%左右时,L型框体和L型片之间的胶膜首先发生破坏,随后载荷继续增加至峰值载荷时,L型框螺栓孔附近发生破坏,损伤向框体边缘扩展,载荷大幅下降。此外,两种接头的应变随载荷的增加存在不同的变化趋势。采用一种新型复合材料初始失效准则及刚度折减方法,编写用户自定义子程序(UMAT),结合内聚区模型建立复合材料L型接头的渐进损伤模型。基于ABAQUS软件进行计算,得到接头的预测失效载荷及破坏形式。结果表明：有限元分析所得复合材料L型接头的损伤位置及失效模式与试验吻合,预测载荷与试验值相差较小,证明了有限元模型的适用性。     

考虑纤维随机分布的复合材料热残余应力分析及其对横向力学性能的影响

建立了考虑纤维随机分布并包含界面的复合材料微观力学数值模型,模拟玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料固化过程中的热残余应力。通过与纤维周期性分布模型的计算结果进行对比,发现纤维分布形式会对复合材料的热残余应力产生重要影响,纤维随机分布情况下的最大热残余应力明显大于纤维周期性分布的情况下。研究了含热残余应力的复合材料在横向拉伸与压缩载荷下的损伤和破坏过程,结果表明:热残余应力的存在显著影响了复合材料的损伤起始位置和扩展路径,削弱了复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度。在横向拉伸载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度有所下降,断裂应变显著降低;在横向压缩载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度略有下降,但失效应变基本保持不变。由于热残余应力的影响,复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度分别下降了10.5%和5.2%。      

纤维增强复合材料薄壁圆管扭转失效分析

对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）薄壁圆管的扭转屈曲、失效载荷和失效模式进行了试验和数值模拟。试验观察圆管在扭矩作用下的3种失效模式,分析了不同失效模式的特征和机理。考虑圆柱壳的初始缺陷和非线性屈曲等因素,利用ABAQUS建立了圆管屈曲和损伤的有限元模型。结果表明:屈曲诱发圆管表面微裂纹的产生和扩展,对圆管的失效有着加速作用;扭转失效过程中圆管层间应力较低,层间分层主要由管壁突然的破坏产生;圆柱壳的初始缺陷对屈曲和失效载荷的模拟影响较大,本文通过对比计算结果和试验数据确定了圆管的初始缺陷系数;损伤模型的数值模拟结果与试验数据相一致,验证了有限元模型的有效性。      

弯曲载荷下机织复合材料T型接头渐进失效分析

根据树脂传递模塑(RTM)成型的缎纹机织复合材料T型接头的结构特征和纤维布局特点, 基于ANSYS有限元数值分析平台, 建立符合其真实结构的几何模型和有限元分析模型。基于渐进失效强度预测方法的基本思想, 使用有限元计算软件ANSYS的参数化设计语言(APDL)开发相应的程序, 实现改进形式的Hashin失效准则。采用合适的最终失效评价方法, 建立二维机织结构复合材料T型接头受弯曲载荷时的渐进失效预测方法, 能够有效地模拟从初始加载到最终失效过程中机织复合材料T型接头结构的力学响应及损伤的萌生与发展, 并预测结构的静强度。      

基于失效机制的单向纤维增强树脂复合材料退化模型基于失效机制的单向纤维增强树脂复合材料退化模型

基于复合材料力学理论和失效机制,建立了一种新的适用于单向纤维增强树脂基复合材料的突降退化模型,用于描述复合材料基本材料性能在不同模式失效发生后的衰减行为。在模型中不仅考虑了复合材料拉伸和压缩弹性模量的差别,还考虑了损伤后材料拉伸和压缩性能退化的不同,以及裂纹闭合效应和侧向约束对压缩失效后性能的影响。另外,该模型只需要基本材料参数作为输入,便于应用。为了验证所提出的模型,建立了T800碳纤维增强X850环氧树脂基复合材料的退化模型,并对典型复合材料螺栓连接结构的拉伸失效行为进行渐进损伤分析。数值模拟获得的结构破坏载荷、破坏形式及载荷位移曲线与试验结果有较好的一致性,验证了所提出模型的计算精度和有效性。      

Analysing the onset of multiple site damage at mechanical joints

A detailed analysis has been performed on the onset of multiple site damage at mechanical joints. The crack initiation is analysed based on non-linear stress analyses and the crack closure model. It has been found that the stress-strain response at the joint can have a stabilised linear relation under fatigue loading even if considerable plastic yield has occurred. This makes it possible to analyse the post yield multiple crack initiation based on fracture mechanics solutions for the crack growth in a residual stress field. Weight function method has been used to solve stress intensity factors and Green's functions for the crack growth analyses according to a strip yield crack closure solution. In this analysis, the small crack behaviour as well as the post yield effect have been accounted for. Intrinsic material parameters have been extensively used so that the method is not limited to the specified problems. Together with the crack growth analyses, a probabilistic model has been developed to account for uncertainties in initial flaw, stochastic crack propagation, geometrical inconsistency, as well as variation in the fatigue load. According to the probabilistic solution, important information about the onset of multiple site damage, e.g. the probability of crack occurrence, and the probability of crack break-through etc., are predicted as a function of the stress and the construction of joint. One example is provided to illustrate the procedure and to highlight problems in dealing with the onset of multiple site damages at mechanical joints.     

分层对复合材料机械连接结构承载能力的影响

针对含孔边分层复合材料沉头螺栓连接结构,通过挤压试验及有限元仿真,研究了孔边分层对复合材料连接结构力学性能的影响。通过连接孔的挤压试验,得到了不同类型试验件的承载能力与破坏模式。有限元仿真中,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立了复合材料机械连接的三维有限元模型,进行复合材料渐进失效损伤模拟,并采用内聚力单元来模拟预制分层。有限元计算得到载荷-位移曲线和变形模式与试验吻合较好,从而验证了有限元模型的有效性。在此基础上,分析了含孔边分层的复合材料机械连接结构的破坏机制,并研究了分层位置、分层面积大小和分层形状对该结构承载能力的影响。研究表明：复合材料的破坏始于沉头孔中的直孔区域,且当预制分层位于直孔区域时,结构的承载能力最低;分层形状为圆形和正方形时,会严重影响结构的承载能力,分层形状为椭圆形时,对承载能力影响较低。无论分层形状如何变化,分层总是从受挤压的一侧开始,以半圆弧的形状向受挤压方向进行扩展。     

液体垫片对复合材料单搭接螺栓接头力学性能的影响

复合材料构件由于存在制造误差,装配时常常产生间隙,消除间隙的一种基本手段是向其中填充液体垫片。以复合材料单搭接螺栓连接接头为研究对象,设计了拉伸实验,选取一种改进的失效准则与对应的材料退化准则建立了渐进损伤有限元分析（FEA）模型,在此基础上研究了液体垫片对复合材料单搭接接头强度、刚度等力学性能的影响及复合材料孔内损伤演化的过程,此外还研究了液体垫片孔边的应力-应变状态。由实验与有限元结果可以得出：随着液体垫片厚度的增加,接头的拉伸刚度与峰值载荷均有所降低;相同载荷下复合材料孔内损伤加剧,孔内单元产生初始损伤时对应的载荷降低;但液体垫片厚度的增加可以降低垫片孔边的应力与塑性应变峰值,并使其分布更加均匀化,改善液体垫片孔边受力状态。     

玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料夹芯板-钢板连接接头的弯曲性能

以PVC泡沫或Balsa轻木为芯材的玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料（GRP）夹芯板目前广泛应用于船舶与海洋工程结构中。论文设计不同参数的GRP夹芯板-钢板混合接头模型,进行四点弯曲加载下的静力及疲劳试验研究,同时运用ABAQUS软件结合MSC.fatigue软件对接头的静态及疲劳弯曲失效进行数值模拟,分析了接头的弯曲强度、刚度和失效模式,并研究了接头填充区材料及长度、钢板嵌入填充区长度等参数对接头弯曲性能的影响。结果表明：弯曲载荷作用下接头破坏发生在连接结合部,失效模式则因填充区的不同设计而不同;对提高接头的弯曲性能较为明显的设计参数包括将钢板延伸到接头填充区或者选择Balsa轻木替代PVC泡沫芯材;对于受到疲劳弯曲载荷的接头模型,在较大疲劳载荷水平下,所有试件在未达到10⁶次循环时均发生了疲劳破坏;而在相对较小的疲劳载荷水平下,经过10⁶次循环后所有试件全部完好,并且接头的剩余强度与疲劳试验前的静强度相近,表明小载荷水平下接头的疲劳次数对其承载能力无影响。     

Modelling of the mechanical behaviour of a 2-D SiC-SiC composite at a meso-scale

An original meso-model of the mechanical behaviour of a 2-D SiC-SiC composite is proposed. In order to take into account the main elementary constituents of the composite (which govern the material damage), the composite material and the damage mechanisms are described at an intermediate scale referred to as the meso-scale. The laminate meso-model is defined with an arrangement of one ‘inter-tow matrix and pores’ ply and four ‘unidirectional composite’ plies. The model is validated on the basis of comparisons between numerical simulations of the mechanical behaviour of the composite under both off-axis tensile (or biaxial stress state) testing conditions, and experimental data.     

Proposed design chart of mechanical joints on steel-PHC composite piles

A fundamental study of a mechanical joint in a steel-PHC composite pile subjected to combined loads was done using three-point bending tests and 3D finite element analyses. The three-point bending tests were conducted to evaluate load-deformation response, strain distribution on the pile, ultimate bending moment and failure mode of the mechanical joint on steel-PHC composite piles. In addition, 3D finite element analysis for the mechanical joint was performed and then, the stress distributions and the maximum load resistances of each parts of the joint were estimated by comparing the calculated stresses to the yielding stresses of the joint materials. The 3D numerical methodology in the present study represents a realistic mechanism of mechanical joints. Through detailed numerical analysis, it is found that the behaviour of mechanical joint of composite piles shows safe side under working load. Based on these results, the design chart for steel-PHC piles has been proposed to be convenient for preliminary design stage which can be used to evaluate the safety of mechanical joints.     

Delamination Effect on Bending Behaviour in Carbon–Epoxy Composites

Abstract: This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies on the bending behaviour of carbon fibre‐reinforced epoxy composite containing delamination located at different positions along the laminate thickness. Experimental tests were conducted in three‐point bending using specimens with and without delamination to evaluate their bending behaviour. Numerical simulations were also performed in order to evaluate the maximum load as a function of the defect position and its size. The numerical model includes two‐dimensional solid elements of the ABAQUS software and a cohesive mixed mode damage model to simulate delamination propagation. The numerical and experimental results concerning the maximum load were found to be concordant. It was concluded that delaminations affect the bending behaviour of laminates mainly due to alterations in shear stress profiles.     

Stress and failure analysis of crimped metal–composite joints used in electrical insulators subjected to bending

Experimental and numerical investigations are carried out on metal/fibreglass-reinforced-plastic joints integrated in electrical insulators subject to bending. Numerical stress and strain distributions through the bond are calculated with a solid 3D finite element model and the damage initiation in the composite is highlighted. The simulations are compared to experimental data obtained from several joint specimens tested under bending on an experimental setup equipped with strain gauges and a six-channel acoustic emission system. Good correlation between the finite element predictions and the test results is found. The investigations have identified the stress concentrations in the rod, the onset of damage when the load–displacement curve characterizing the bending test deviates from linearity, and the different failure mechanisms.     

Use of laminated mechanical joints with metal and concrete plates for precast concrete columns

This study investigated the structural behavior of a mechanical joint with laminated concrete and metal plates for moment connections which can be used for the rapid erection of reinforced concrete precast columns. A concrete filler plate was placed between the metal column plates to transfer loads and protect nuts threaded with rebars. Nonlinear numerical finite element analyses considering concrete damaged plasticity was also performed to evaluate the load–displacement relationship, plate deformation of the joints with concrete filler plates, and rates of strain increase of the structural components. The influence of the column and concrete filler plates on the rate of strain increase of the structural components attached to the column plates was explored to determine how concrete, rebars, and steel sections, were activated relative to the stiffness of the metal plates. The strain values of structural elements that were attached to plates with sufficient stiffness values were found to be higher than those of the structural elements that were attached to plates with smaller stiffness values. These strains were evident in the nonlinear finite element analyses and experimental investigations. It can be inferred that laminated mechanical plates consisting of metal and concrete plates can be implemented and used to replace conventional precast connections.