无线传感器网络MAC协议研究

本文首先从应用需求和业务特性两方面分析了无线传感器网络MAC协议设计面临的挑战.然后,结合现有典型协议,对无线传感器网络MAC协议的研究现状和趋势、节能策略及协议其他特点进行了分析与总结.最后,探讨了无线传感器网络MAC协议的待研究问题.     

无线传感器网络设计策略与关键技术

分析了无线传感器网络的结构特征和设计参数，阐述了无线传感器网络的设计关键技术。无线传感器网络与传统的无线网络有着本质的不同，节能应是无线传感器网络设计的主线。在此基础上分别从路由与NAC协议、数据传输、数据聚合、微处理器设计、电池等方面论述了无线传感器网络的设计策略，指出了无线传感器网络的发展方向。     

高效节能的无线传感器网络MAC协议

媒体访问控制协议是保证无线传感器网络高效通信的关键网络协议之一,与传统网络的MAC协议不相同的是,无线传感器网络的MAC协议首要考虑的因素就是节省能量。本文介绍了MAC协议的设计要点以及协议分类,并分析了现有的各种传感器网络MAC协议。并在每一类取一个代表,LPL,S-MAC和L-MAC进行了耗能仿真比较。根据仿真结果,我们得出每个协议在其节能方面都有其特点,所以我们认为不存在一个适应所有传感器网络的MAC协议,应该根据无线传感器网络的应用选其相适应的MAC协议。     

一种能量感知型无线传感器网络跨层式通信协议

结合无线传感器网络面向应用的实际需求,提出一种新颖的能量感知型无线传感器网络跨层协议ECLC,并给出了实现过程和仿真结果.基于重点关注热点能耗的策略,综合WSN在能量高效、可扩展性、服务质量等方面的不同要求,设计了简单可靠、易于实现的跨层式WSN网络协议.仿真结果表明:ECLC协议在传感器网络系统层面较好地改善能量消耗的有效性和均衡性,因而避免了网络中热点的过早出现,延长了整个网络的生存期.     

MintRouteEE:一种无线传感器网络能量有效的路由协议

路由是无线传感器网络的关键问题之一。通过分析TinyOS系统中MintRoute路由协议的主要结构和路由策略。提出一种能量有效的路由协议MintRouteEE。模拟结果表明，MintRouteEE能够较大地降低网络的能耗，从而达到延长网络生存时间的目的。     

一种高能效无线传感器网络MAC协议

介质访问控制(MAC)协议是无线传感器网络研究领域的基础协议和支撑技术.因此,一种能量高效的MAC协议是提高整个无线传感器网络能量效率的基础.针对无线网络中能量储备有限的特点,在分析了现有无线传感器网络节能协议的基础上,提出了一种能量高效的MAC协议.通过动态调整占空比和消除边界节点等方式,提高了无线传感器网络的能量效率,延长了网络的生命周期.     

分级有序路由无线传感器网络的研究与测试

本文提出了无线传感器网络分级组织的网络架构。在对这种网络的4层协议模型进行深入研究的基础上,在物理层利用超低功耗MCU和nRF905射频收发器设计了无线传感器节点,链路层上设计了双信道跳频媒体访问控制策略,网络层上提出了分级有序分配路由策略。网络测试结果表明,该分级有序路由无线传感器网络具有低功耗、自组织和稳定的特点。     

基于AODV的多度量无线路由算法研究

随着移动自组网络的快速发展,对距离矢量按需路由协议(AODV)的服务质量提出了越来越高的要求.为了提升AODV在无线传感器网络通信中的表现,文章提出了一种新型的基于AODV的多度量无线路由协议(MWR-AODV).MWR-AODV综合考虑了对路由协议性能影响重大的最小跳数、剩余能量、能量流失率和网络节点密度这四个因素,并且引入了一种低成本且高效的本地修复策略.通过Network Simulator-2仿真平台对MWR-AODV与标准AODV、DSDV协议的表现进行了仿真分析.结果表明,所提出的MWR-AODV能为无线传感器网络提供更好的通信服务,并且在均衡能量消耗延长网络寿命和平衡网络通信负载方面也有上佳表现.     

一种基于能量优化的无线传感网络自适应组织结构和协议

本文提出了一种新的无线微传感器网络协议和组织结构ALEP。与传统的无线微传感器网络协议相比，ALEP更加充分地考虑到实际应用，将一种高效能量控制算法引入组网协议，提高了网络的能量利用率，显著延长了无线网络的生命周期，增强了网络的健壮性。通过对ALEP协议进行OPNET仿真，结果显示该协议与传统模式的无线微传感器网络协议相比，在传送相同的数据量的条件下有更高效的能量特性和信息传输特性。     

WSN中基于网络覆盖控制算法优化研究

无线传感器网络中,传感器节点的能量不易补充,如何提高能量效率成为了传感器网络研究的重大问题。文章首先分析了经典的无线传感器网络节点调度算法（CPNSS算法）。针对其利用率低,能量不均衡的问题,提出了一种高效节能的无线传感器网络覆盖优化算法（Efficient Coverage—Preserving Node Scheduling Scheme）,并具体介绍了ECPNSS算法设计及其实现过程。最后,将ECPNSS算法应用于LEACH协议,仿真结果表明,ECPNSS算法能有效节省网络能量,延长网络生存期。     

Towards a classification of energy aware MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks

Power management is an important issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because wireless sensor nodes are usually battery powered, and an efficient use of the available battery power becomes an important concern specially for those applications where the system is expected to operate for long durations. This necessity for energy efficient operation of a WSN has prompted the development of new protocols in all layers of the communication stack. Provided that, the radio transceiver is the most power consuming component of a typical sensor node, large gains can be achieved at the link layer where the medium access control (MAC) protocol controls the usage of the radio transceiver unit. MAC protocols for sensor networks differ greatly from typical wireless networks access protocols in many issues. MAC protocols for sensor networks must have built‐in power conservation, mobility management, and failure recovery strategies. Furthermore, sensor MAC protocols should make performance trade‐off between latency and throughput for a reduction in energy consumption to maximize the lifetime of the network. This is in general achieved through duty cycling the radio transceiver. Many MAC protocols with different objectives were proposed for wireless sensor networks in the literature. Most of these protocols take into account the energy efficiency as a main objective. There is much more innovative work should be done at the MAC layer to address the hard unsolved problems. In this paper, we first outline and discuss the specific requirements and design trade‐offs of a typical wireless sensor MAC protocol by describing the properties of WSN that affect the design of MAC layer protocols. Then, a typical collection of wireless sensor MAC protocols presented in the literature are surveyed, classified, and described emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages whenever possible. Finally, we present research directions and identify open issues for future medium access research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy efficient TDMA-based MAC protocol associated with GAF for wireless sensor networks

The design of media access control (MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with the idea of cross layer attracts more and more attention. People can improve the MAC protocol by obtaining certain information regarding the network layer and physical layer. This article synthesizes and optimizes certain cross-layer protocols which have existed. On the basis of the routing, topology information in the network layer, and transmission power information in the physical layer, the time slot assignment algorithm has been improved in the MAC layer. By using geographical adaptive fidelity algorithm (GAF) to divide the grids, controlling of transmission power and scheduling the work/sleep duty cycle for sensor nodes, a new MAC protocol has been proposed to decrease energy consumption and enlarge the lifetime of WSNs. Simulation results show that the MAC protocol functions well.     

基于发布/订阅模型的WSN设计

为降低通信频率对节点能耗的影响同时提高大规模节点下传感器网络的连通率,本文设计了一种以发布/订阅模型作为应用层数据交互方式的无线传感器网络。该网络利用6LoWPAN技术实现组网,并以Contiki操作系统为平台完成了基于发布/订阅模型的MQTT-S应用层协议设计。测试结果表明,该设计能够有效降低节点的通信流量,实现对节点功耗以及网络通信优化,并能与互联网实现无缝连接减少开发成本,对大规模传感器网络的设计与应用具有重要意义。     

Impact of MAC frame length on energy efficiency in 6LowPAN

To reach necessary end-to-end connectivity between the Internet and wireless sensor networks （WSNs）, the Internet Engineering Task Force （IETF） IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network （6LowPAN） working group has been established and introduced an adaptation layer for integration of IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer/media access control （PHY/MAC） layers and the upper layers of any Intemet protocol （IP）-based networks, such as the Internet. The energy efficiency is one of the most important performance measures in WSNs because most sensor nodes are only battery powered so we should reduce the energy consumption to the lowest to extend the life of nodes. Therefore the determination of MAC frame length should be carefully considered since that the radio frequency （RF） module consumes most the energy of a sensor node meanwhile the MAC protocol is the direct controller of RF module. In this paper, we provide a star-shaped 6LowPAN non-beacon mode with unslotted carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance （CSMA/CA） mechanism to access to the channel and model the stochastic behavior of a target end node as the M/G/1 queuing system. Analytical expressions for some parameters such as channel busy probability, packet loss probability and energy efficiency are obtained in this paper and our analytical results can clearly show the impact of MAC frame length on the energy efficiency of a target node in both ideal and lossy channel.     

A MAC/Routing cross-layer approach to geographic forwarding in wireless sensor networks

Geographic forwarding is an emerging paradigm for communications between nodes in sensor networks. No exchange of location information is required, and nodes only have to know their own coordinates and those of the destination. Due to the device’s limited processing and storage capabilities, a simplified protocol architecture should be designed so as to make communications in these networks efficient and simple at the same time. Moreover, sensor nodes are battery supplied and, thus, protocol design should be aimed at reducing energy consumption in order to increase network lifetime. In this perspective, one sensor feature recently regarded as of key importance, is the ability to tune the transmission power. This allows the communication range to be varied according to node density and connectivity constraints. In this paper we propose an integrated cross-layer protocol, called MACRO, which integrates MAC and routing layer functionalities in order to support geographic forwarding in wireless sensor networks. In MACRO, a competition is triggered to select the best next relay node while forwarding information to the destination. The competition is based on the evaluation of a weighted progress factor representing the progress towards the destination per unit of transmission power. An analytical paradigm facilitating the most appropriate choice of the next relay is proposed. The proposed solution is assessed through both analysis and ns-2 simulations. Performance results show the advantages of the proposed solution when compared to other geographic forwarding protocols which do not exploit cross-layer features.     

新型光纤光栅传感网络及其MAC协议设计

传统光纤光栅传感网络具有灵活性低、移动性差等缺点.提出采用无线通信方式进行数据传输,构建一个新型的光纤光栅无线传感网络.设计了该传感网络的MAC层协议-FG-MAC(Fiber Grating Media Access Control)协议,并与IEEE 802.11协议在时延、吞吐量和能耗三方面进行了比较分析,结果显示FG-MAC协议更适合该新型传感网络.

Abstract：

The conventional fiber grating sensor network is poor in flexibility, mobility, etc. A novel fiber grating sensor networks is introduced, which is based on wireless data transmission. The FCr-MAC protocol (Fiber Grating Media Access Control) in MAC layer is designed, and is compared with IEEE 802.11 protocol in time delay, throughput, energy consumption. The results indicates FG-MAC protocol is more suitable for the novel fiber grating sensor networks.     

Combined Tuning of RF Power and Medium Access Control for WLANs

Mobile communication systems, such as handhelds and laptops, still suffer from short operation time due to limited battery capacity. We exploit the approach of protocol harmonization to extend the time between battery charges in mobile devices using an IEEE 802.11 network interface. Many known energy saving mechanisms only concentrate on a single protocol layer while others only optimize the receiving phase by on/off switching. We show, that energy saving is also possible during the sending process. This is achieved by a combined tuning of the data link control and physical layer. In particular, harmonized operation of power control and medium access control will lead to reduction of energy consumption. We show a RF power and medium access control trade-off. Furthermore we discuss applications of the results in IEEE 802.11 networks.     

一种基于功率控制的无线传感器网络MAC协议

提出了一种基于功率控制机制的无线传感器网络MAC协议 Distance Prediction Power Control MAC (DPPC-MAC).DPPC-MAC协议基于目前十分成熟的SMAC协议[1-2],引入了功率控制机制以降低数据包发送时的能耗,并且提出了一种新的通过功率预测距离来解决暴露终端和隐藏终端的方法.仿真结果表明,DPPC-MAC能有效降低网络能耗,同时吞吐量性能也得到了一定的改善.     

Reliable and energy aware query-driven routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks become very attractive in the research community, due to their applications in diverse fields such as military tracking, civilian applications and medical research, and more generally in systems of systems. Routing is an important issue in wireless sensor networks due to the use of computationally and resource limited sensor nodes. Any routing protocol designed for use in wireless sensor networks should be energy efficient and should increase the network lifetime. In this paper, we propose an efficient and highly reliable query-driven routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Our protocol provides the best theoretical energy aware routes to reach any node in the network and routes the request and reply packets with a lightweight overhead. We perform an overall evaluation of our protocol through simulations with comparison to other routing protocols. The results demonstrate the efficiency of our protocol in terms of energy consumption, load balancing of routes, and network lifetime.     

基于ERPMT改进启发式方法的WSN寿命最大化算法

针对传感器节点的电池容量限制导致无线传感网络寿命低的问题,基于容量最大化(CMAX)、线上最大化寿命(OML)两种启发式方法以及高效路由能量管理技术(ERPMT),提出了基于ERPMT改进启发式方法的无线传感网络寿命最大化算法。首先,通过启发式方法初始化每个传感器节点,将节点能量划分为传感器节点起源数据和其它节点数据延迟;然后利用加入的一种优先度量延迟一跳节点的能量消耗;最后,根据路径平均能量为每个路由分配一个优先级,并通过ERPMT实现最终的无线传感网络优化。针对不同分布类型网络寿命的实验验证了本文算法的有效性及可靠性,实验结果表明,相比较为先进的启发式方法CMAX及OML,本文算法明显增大了无线传感网络的覆盖范围,并且大大地延长了网络的寿命。