Three-dimensional scattering center extraction using the shootingand bouncing ray technique

We present a technique to extract the three-dimensional (3-D) scattering center model of a complex target. Using the shooting and bouncing ray technique, we first generate the 3-D inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image of the target based on a one-look ISAR algorithm. In step two, we use the image processing algorithm CLEAN to extract the 3-D position and strength of the scattering centers from the 3-D ISAR image. Various implementation issues related to computation time and memory are addressed and an efficient scheme is presented to accomplish the 3-D scattering center extraction. Several examples ranging from simple canonical structures to complex targets are presented to demonstrate the validity of the extraction scheme and the usefulness of the resulting 3-D scattering center model     

Two-dimensional ISAR model and image reconstruction with stepped frequency-modulated signal

A two-dimensional (2-D) inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) return signal model that employs stepped frequency (SF) modulation is developed. The geometry of the examined ISAR scenario is described by analytical geometrical equations. The target to be imaged is represented by a rectangular grid of point scatterers, moving along a rectilinear trajectory at constant speed, without any rotational motion. Thus, the inverse synthetic aperture results from the translational motion of the target for a short period of time. The process of ISAR signal modelling through coherent summation of the SF-modulated signals reflected from different point scatterers of the target is thoroughly described. Moreover, an efficient ISAR image reconstruction approach, including cross-correlation-based range compression and fast-Fourier-transform-based azimuth compression, is presented through analytical mathematical expressions. Numerical simulations are carried out for various SF ISAR scenarios and high-resolution ISAR images are obtained by applying the proposed ISAR image reconstruction approach. Simulation results (ISAR images and corresponding entropy values) indicate the validity of the proposed 2-D SF ISAR return signal model and the efficiency of the proposed imaging algorithms. Finally, a numerical simulation result is illustrated, which shows the comparison of the performance of the proposed ISAR image reconstruction algorithms based on SF and linear frequency modulation waveforms. It is shown that the two waveforms attain almost the same ISAR image resolution.     

基于非线性流形学习的ISAR目标识别研究

详细分析了逆合成孔径雷达（Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar, ISAR）二维像的非线性流形结构特点,指出ISAR二维像可以看作是由位置、姿态和尺度等内在参数共同作用而张成的一个在高维图像空间中的非线性流形。在此基础上,论文将非线性流形学习的思想引入到ISAR目标识别领域,提出了一种基于局部保持投影（Locality Preserving Projections, LPP）算法和k近邻分类器的ISAR二维像特征提取和目标识别方法。该方法首先利用LPP算法对维数较高的ISAR二维像进行降维,然后采用具有拒识功能的k近邻分类器对四类飞机目标进行了分类识别。仿真实验结果表明,LPP算法能够发现嵌入在高维ISAR图像空间中的低维非线性流形,并且能够利用LPP算法降维后的特征获得较高的识别率。     

低轨卫星目标干涉ISAR三维成像方法

研究了在低轨道上运行的卫星目标的逆合成孔径雷达（Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar，ISAR）成像问题，提出将干涉逆合成孔径雷达（Interferometric ISAR，IF-ISAR）成像技术应用于对卫星目标成像，并用此方法实现了对低轨卫星的三维成像。研究设计了卫星轨道模型和雷达天线空间配置，建立了卫星目标三维成像的几何坐标系，并对干涉成像的三维分辨率进行了估计。仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性和成像方法的有效性。     

干涉ISAR三维成像试验研究

阐述了干涉式逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)三维成像的基本原理,与传统的ISAR二维成像方法的性能进行了比较.结合实际的宽带雷达平台,介绍了试验验证的基本方法,并通过静态双散射点和过航飞机等目标的实际跟踪试验,获取了目标回波信号的和、方位差和俯仰差三通道宽带数据,给出了干涉ISAR三维成像的算法流程.采用干涉ISAR三维成像的算法对实际测量数据进行了处理,得到了各类目标的成像结果,对成像效果进行了分析和评估,提出了工程应用的建议.     

干涉式逆合成孔径雷达成像技术综述

干涉式逆合成孔径雷达（InISAR）成像是一种将干涉技术与逆合成孔径分辨相结合的高分辨雷达三维成像方法,能够实现对远距离运动目标全天候、全天时的三维成像,在军事和民用领域都呈现出广泛的应用前景和实用价值。其基本思想是利用位置分布不同的多个天线获取成一定视角差的多幅逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）复图像,实现目标散射中心的二维分辨,然后通过干涉相位处理,恢复出目标散射中心的真实三维分布。本文综述了InISAR三维成像的理论框架,回顾了InISAR成像技术的发展历程,着重对图像配准、相位解缠绕、运动补偿、斜视、基线配置等关键技术难点进行了分析和评估,明确了研究中存在的问题,阐述了有待进一步研究的方向,最后对InISAR的发展现状和趋势进行了总结和展望。      

ISAR imaging for three-dimensional rotation targets based on adaptive Chirplet decomposition

In this paper, a new algorithm of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging for three-dimensional (3-D) rotation targets is presented. The characteristic of the received signal when the target has 3-D rotation is studied, and it is approximated as multi-component amplitude modulated and frequency modulated (AM–FM) signal. Then a new algorithm for the adaptive Chirplet decomposition is presented to analyze the AM–FM signal, and the high quality instantaneous ISAR images are obtained based on the Range-Instantaneous-Doppler (RID) algorithm. The results of simulated and real data demonstrate the effectiveness of the method proposed.     

基于窄带步进频率的旋转目标三维ISAR成像

针对窄带发射信号,该文提出了基于步进频率的高速旋转目标三维成像方法。在运动补偿的前提下,首先利用单距离匹配滤波在子脉冲内进行二维逆合成孔径雷达像,然后结合CLEAN技术估计散射点参数,利用此参数在多个步进信号之间及多个距离单元内分别进行ISAR成像,最后利用频域距离合成技术在距离向实现高分辨,从而实现三维成像。该方法避免了旋转目标所引起的多普勒变化对距离合成的影响,能有效提高距离分辨率。多个散射点目标的仿真验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

MIMO雷达三维干涉诊断成像方法

2维合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)和逆合成孔径雷达(Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar, ISAR)成像是目标散射机理高分辨率分析和散射诊断测量的重要手段,现有被广泛采用的技术主要包括转台ISAR和导轨SAR成像技术。相比于传统的2维成像,3维成像可以提供目标局部散射中心在空间的3维位置和散射强度信息。因此,探索新的、可工程化实现与应用的目标3维成像技术是一项极具吸引力的工作。该文提出一种基于多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, MIMO)阵列技术的3维干涉成像方法。首先,设计并试验了一种具有高孔径利用率和通过虚拟孔径实现干涉成像功能的MIMO阵列;其次,分析了MIMO阵列合成的两组虚拟孔径所成两幅2维雷达像的干涉相位与目标散射中心高度之间的关系,发展了MIMO雷达3维干涉成像算法;最后,通过数值仿真和原理样机实验验证了所提方法在目标散射机理分析和诊断测量应用中的可行性和有效性。      

Radar imaging for targets with complex rotation based on phase history decomposition

Traditional inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging algorithms can not obtain focused images when the target undergoes complex three-dimensional (3D) rotation. An imaging algorithm to obtain two dimensional (2D) images or 3D distributions of scattering centers is proposed in this paper for targets undergoing complex rotation in a small angular extent. Firstly, the phase histories of different scattering centers are extracted by signal decomposition and they are arranged into a phase history matrix. Then, the singular value decomposition is carried out for the phase matrix to reveal the rotation characters. 3D rotations and 2D rotations are identified from the singular values and these two cases are treated separately. When target undergoes 2D rotation, the focused ISAR image can be obtained by resampling the received signals according to the first column of the right singular matrix. When target undergoes 3D rotation, the distorted 3D scattering center model can be obtained directly from the first and second columns of the left singular matrix. The distortion and ambiguity for the extracted 3D scattering center model are also analyzed theoretically. Simulations and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.     

Polarimetric ISAR autofocusing

Interest in polarimetric inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) systems has been growing because of their capability to provide extra information about the imaged target compared with single polarisation ISAR systems. Target classification and recognition can be improved by exploiting full polarisation ISAR images. Moreover, full polarisation can be exploited for improving image formation and in particular image autofocusing. Two novel image autofocusing techniques are defined by extending two well-known single polarisation autofocusing techniques, namely the image contrast-based autofocus and image entropy-based autofocus. A performance analysis is carried out by comparing the results obtained by using the extended and the original autofocusing techniques.     

Motion compensation in ISAR imaging using the registration?restoration?fusion approach

The distortion in the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image of a target is a result of small time-varying perturbed motion experienced by the target during the image integration period and is attributed to a phase modulation effect of the radar return from the target. Large distortion in ISAR images of a moving target has been investigated and demonstrated under controlled experiments and simulation. Results from the analysis suggest that severe distortion is attributed to the phase modulation effect where a time-varying Doppler frequency provides the smearing mechanism. For applications of target identification, the registration-restoration-fusion method has been developed to refocus the distorted ISAR images. This method has been applied to both the experimental and simulated ISAR data. Results demonstrate that the registration-restoration-fusion motion compensation approach can improve the distorted ISAR image better than what can be achieved by conventional Fourier transform methods. This study also adds insight into the distortion mechanisms that affect the ISAR images of a target in motion.     

低分辨雷达目标成像的横向距离定标

确定低分辨雷达目标横向成像的距离定标(横向距离因子),是正确获取目标横向距离像和进行雷达目标识别的一个前提。根据逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)原理,目标横向距离因子取决于雷达波长和目标对于雷达视线(RLOS)在相干处理时间内的转角,前者可已知,但对于非合作的运动目标,后者在简单的ISAR方式下,是难以确定的。该文根据合成阵列以及干涉SAR(INSAR)的原理,利用两个水平方向放置的天线,通过对两个天线所成一维横向距离像进行比相,便可对目标进行横向定标。通过理论分析和仿真实验证明,该方法是正确和有效可行的。     

Three-dimensional SAR imaging of a ground moving target using the InISAR technique

In this paper, a three-dimensional (3-D) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging method for moving targets is presented. This imaging method is based on the ISAR principle and the simple observation that all scatterers on a moving target move in tandem. The angular motion parameters in the cross-range directions could be estimated using the overall range profile of the moving target. Registration of the respective complex images at the two (or more) interferometric antennas can then be achieved via compensating the respective echoes at the raw data level, thus avoiding phase-unwrapping processing and image-resampling processing as required by conventional methods. Finally, a 3-D image of the moving target can then be reconstructed from the 3-D spatial coordinates of these scatterers. Furthermore, the method works well even for a target moving in heavily cluttered environments.     

Joint time-frequency ISAR using adaptive processing

A new joint time-frequency inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) algorithm that combines ISAR processing with the joint time-frequency signal representation is presented as a means of extracting the nonpoint-scattering features from the standard ISAR image. The adaptive Gaussian representation, applied to the range aids of the ISAR image, is used as the time-frequency processing engine. This technique uses Gaussian basis functions to adaptively parameterize the data and, as a consequence, the point-scattering mechanisms and resonance phenomena can be readily separated based on the width of the Gaussian bases. The adaptive joint time-frequency ISAR algorithm is tested using data generated by the moment-method simulation of simple structures and the chamber measurement data from a scaled model airplane. The results show that nonpointscattering mechanisms can be completely removed from the original ISAR image, leading to a cleaned image containing only physically meaningful scattering centers. The nonpoint-scattering mechanisms, when displayed in the frequency-aspect plane, can be used to identify target resonances and cutoff phenomena     

用于空间转换的巴克ISAR信号形成与图像重构

讨论了基于巴克相位编码调制发射信号和三维逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）结构的ISAR概念。ISAR信号形成可理解为3D图像功能向2D信号功能的非对称空间转换,而图像重构被认为是2D信号功能向2D图像功能（重构的图像）的空间逆转换。经证实,这种图像重构算法由距离压缩互相关、方位压缩傅里叶变换（被认为是第一级运动补偿）和更高级相位校正组成（被认为是更高级运动补偿,通称自聚焦程序）。引入熵作为图像成本功能,以评估相位校正功能的多项式系数。通过数值实验以验证ISAR的几何结构,信号形成模式和图像重构算法。     

Blind-velocity SAR/ISAR imaging of a moving target in a stationarybackground

A synthetic aperture radio/inverse synthetic aperture radar (SAR/ISAR) coherent system model and inversion to image a target moving with an unknown constant velocity in a stationary background are presented. The approach is based on a recently developed system modelling and inversion principle for SAR/ISAR imaging that utilizes the spatial Fourier decomposition of SAR data in the synthetic aperture domain to convert the SAR system model's nonlinear phase functions into linear phase functions suitable for a computationally manageable inversion. It is shown that SAR/ISAR imaging of a moving target can be converted into imaging the target in a stationary squint-mode SAR problem where the parameters of the squint-mode geometry depend on the target's velocity. A method for estimating the moving target's velocity that utilizes a spatial Doppler analysis of the SAR data within overlapping subapertures is presented. The spatial Doppler technique does not require the radar signal to be narrowband, so the reconstructed image's resolution is not sacrificed to improve the target's velocity estimator.     

Estimation of three-dimensional motion parameters in interferometric ISAR imaging

In most interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar (InISAR) systems, the pixels between two ISAR images derived from corresponding antennas usually do not register properly. As such, correct phase difference between two ISAR images could not be obtained. A three-dimensional (3-D) motion compensation method, or 3-D focusing, is put forward in this paper. With a multiple antenna pair configuration, the angular motion parameters both in the azimuth and pitching directions are accurately estimated without the usual phase-unwrapping processing. As such, there is no phase ambiguity in the inteferometric systems. The angle motion trajectory measurement here is based on the range profiles (or spatial spectrum) so that the "angle scintillation" phenomenon can be effectively suppressed. The angular motion trajectory is then obtained by curve fitting of the spatial spectrum (range profile in the cross-range direction). The compensated ISAR images are registered accurately. Finally, the simulation data are used to illustrate the accuracy of the proposed method.     

Complex ISAR imaging of maneuvering targets via the Capon estimator

An inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) can be used to produce high-resolution images of moving targets of interest by utilizing the relative motion between the target and the radar and by transmitting signals with large bandwidth. Most ISAR imaging algorithms are based on the range-Doppler processing, which implies that the Doppler shifts remain constant during the coherent integration time. For maneuvering targets, the Doppler shifts are time varying. In this case, the algorithms will produce blurred images. We present herein an adaptive Capon (1969) spectral estimation algorithm for the complex ISAR image formation of maneuvering targets. It is an efficient recursive implementation of the well-known Capon complex spectral estimation algorithm by using FFT and simple matrix operations     

基于调频率微调的ISAR抗干扰技术研究

逆合成孔径雷达的欺骗式干扰技术日趋成熟,而ISAR抗干扰技术则研究不足。在分析了ISAR有源欺骗式干扰的工作原理基础上,提出了基于线性调频信号调频率微调的ISAR抗干扰方法,使虚假目标回波的增益在Dechirp处理时因调频率失配而被抑制。但在该体制下调频率变化导致信号带宽变化,从而距离分辨率改变,为此提出先进行距离像插值再做ISAR成像。针对距离向插值导致的方位向多普勒模糊问题,采用了多普勒域平均处理提高了ISAR成像质量,以利于目标识别。利用仿真数据对该方法进行了验证,结果证明了该方法的有效性。