超前进位加法器的一种优化设计

描述了超前进位加法器的一种优化设计.在结构上采用按4位分组进行超前进位的方法达到并行、高速的目的.为了在高速运算的同时降低功耗,对求和式子进行了逻辑变换;在晶体管级进行优化的单元电路设计,可减小延时、降低整个电路的面积和功耗.     

混合模块无等待时间序列超前进位加法器设计

在不增加超前进位加法器模块延迟时间的条件下,为最大限度地扩展操作位数,在分析混合模块超前进位加法器(CLA)延迟时间公式的基础上提出了混合模块无等待时间序列超前进位加法器.给出了混合模块CLA的无等待时间序列和无等待时间完全序列的定义,推证出序列的延迟时间公式及重要性质.并在功耗、面积(资源)占用约束下,优化设计了操作位数复盖范围为10～854位的94个混合模块无等待时间序列超前进位加法器.实现了保持CLA模块速度条件下,最大限度地扩展操作位数的目的.     

对数跳跃加法器的算法及结构设计

本文介绍一种新型加法器结构——对数跳跃加法器,该结构结合进位跳跃加法器和树形超前进位加法器算法,将跳跃进位分组内的进位链改成二叉树形超前进位结构,组内的路径延迟同操作数长度呈对数关系,因而结合了传统进位跳跃结构面积小、功耗低的特点和ELM树形CLA在速度方面的优势.在结构设计中应用Ling's算法设计进位结合结构,在不增加关键路径延迟的前提下,将初始进位嵌入到进位链.32位对数跳跃加法器的最大扇出为5,关键路径为8级逻辑门延迟,结构规整,易于集成.spectre电路仿真结果表明,在0.25μmCMOS工艺下,32位加法器的关键路径延迟为760ps,100MHz工作频率下功耗为5.2mW.     

基于流水线的自检测进位相关和加法器设计

文章提出了一种基于流水线设计的具有自检测功能的进位相关和加法器。该加法器包括四个8位进位相关和加法器（CDSA）．一个4位超前进位单元（BLCU）和一个奇偶校验器。与普通的行波进位加法器相比，文章设计的加法器硬件实现面积仅增加3．85％，而在关键路径的延时上，该加法器要减少39．2％。     

基于逻辑结构的超前进位加法器的设计

通过对计算机加法器的研究,从门电路标准延迟模型出发,在对超前进位加法器逻辑公式研究的基础上,在主要考虑速度的前提下,给出了超前进位加法器的逻辑电路的设计方案。主要对16位、32位加法器的逻辑电路进行分析设计,通过计算加法器的延迟时间来对比超前进位加法器与传统串行进位链加法器,得出超前进位算法在实际电路中使加法器的运算速度达到最优。     

用于加法器的功耗延迟积优化混合进位算法

为了实现高性能的加法器,提出了面向功耗延迟积(PDP)优化的混合进位算法。该算法能快速搜索加法器的混合进位,以优化PDP。采用超前进位算法和行波进位算法交替混合,兼具超前进位算法速度快和行波进位算法功耗低的特点。该算法采用C语言实现并编译,结果应用于MCNC Benchmark电路,进行判定测试。与应用三种传统算法的加法器相比,应用该算法的加法器在位数为8位、16位、32位和64位时,PDP改进量分别为40.0%、70.6%、85.6%和92.9%。     

基于DSP处理器的加法器的设计

从延迟、功耗、面积等方面对加法器的实现方式性能的比较，适应兼容TMS320C54XDSP处理器的高速、低功耗的需要和结构特点，而采用超前进位加法器的两种设计方案，通过两种方案性能对比和结果分析，最终采用4位一组的分组结构．完成了DSP处理器的40位加法器的设计。     

TC~2CLA的混合模块延迟公式及优化序列

为提高长加法器的运算速度,扩展操作位数,提出了一种加法器结构--混合模块顶层进位级联超前进位加法器(TC2CLA).该结构将层数Mi>1的CLA模块底层进位级联改为顶层超前进位单元进位级联.在CLA单元电路优化和门电路标准延迟时间tpd的基础上,由进位关键路径推导出混合模块TC2CLA的模块延迟时间公式,阐明了公式中各项的意义.作为特例,导得了相同模块TC2CLA的模块延迟时间公式.并得出和证明了按模块层数递增级联序列是混合模块TC2CLA各序列中延迟时间最短、资源(面积)占用与功耗不变的速度优化序列.这一结论成为优化设计的一个设计规则.还给出了混合模块级联序列数的公式和应用实例.TC2CLA和CLA的延迟时间公式表明,在相同模块序列和不等待(组)生成、传输信号的条件下,最高位进位延迟时间及最高位和的最大延迟时间减小.     

对数跳跃加法器的静态CMOS实现

介绍了一种32位对数跳跃加法器结构.该结构采用ELM超前进位加法器代替进位跳跃结构中的组内串行加法器,同ELM相比节约了30%的硬件开销.面向该算法,重点对关键单元进行了晶体管级的电路设计.其中的进位结合结构利用Ling算法,采用支路线或电路结构对伪进位产生逻辑进行优化;求和逻辑的设计利用传输管结构,用一级逻辑门实现"与-民或"功能;1.0μm CMOS工世实现的32位对数跳跃加法器面积为0.62mm2,采用1μm和0.25μm 工世参数的关键路径延迟分别为6ns和0.8ns,在100MHz下功耗分别为23和5.2mW.     

对数跳跃加法器的静态CMOS实现

介绍了一种32位对数跳跃加法器结构.该结构采用EL M超前进位加法器代替进位跳跃结构中的组内串行加法器,同EL M相比节约了30 %的硬件开销.面向该算法,重点对关键单元进行了晶体管级的电路设计.其中的进位结合结构利用L ing算法,采用支路线或电路结构对伪进位产生逻辑进行优化;求和逻辑的设计利用传输管结构,用一级逻辑门实现“与-异或”功能;1.0 μm CMOS工艺实现的32位对数跳跃加法器面积为0 .6 2 mm2 ,采用1μm和0 .2 5 μm工艺参数的关键路径延迟分别为6 ns和0 .8ns,在10 0 MHz下功耗分别为2 3和5 .2 m W.     

A low-power adder operating on effective dynamic data ranges

To design a power-efficient digital signal processor, this study develops a fundamental arithmetic unit of a low-power adder that operates on effective dynamic data ranges. Before performing an addition operation, the effective dynamic ranges of two input data are determined. Based on a larger effective dynamic range, only selected functional blocks of the adder are activated to generate the desired result while the input bits of the unused functional blocks remain in their previous states. The added result is then recovered to match the required word length. Using this approach to reduce switching operations of noneffective bits allows input data in 2's complement and sign magnitude representations to have similar switching activities. This investigation thus proposes a 2's complement adder with two master-stage and slave-stage flip-flops, a dynamic-range determination unit and a sign-extension unit, owing to the easy implementation of addition and subtraction in such a system. Furthermore, this adder has a minimum number of transistors addressed by carry-in bits and thus is designed to reduce the power consumption of its unused functional blocks. The dynamic range and sign-extension units are explored in detail to minimize their circuit area and power consumption. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed 32-bit adder can reduce power dissipation of conventional low-power adders for practical multimedia applications. Besides the ripple adder, the proposed approach can be utilized in other adder cells, such as carry lookahead and carry-select adders, to compromise complexity, speed and power consumption for application-specific integrated circuits and digital signal processors.     

Evaluation of three 32-bit CMOS adders in DCVS logic for self-timedcircuits

The efficient implementation of adders in differential logic can be carried out using a new generate signal (N) presented in this paper. This signal enables iterative shared transistor structures to be built with a better speed/area performance than a conventional implementation. It also allows adders developed in domino logic to be easily adapted to differential logic. Based on this signal, three 32-b adders in differential cascode switch voltage (DCVS) logic with completion circuit for applications in self-timed circuits have been fabricated in a standard 1.0-μm two-level metal CMOS technology. The adders are: a ripple-carry (RC) adder, a carry look-ahead (CLA) adder, and a binary carry look-ahead (BCL) adder. The RC adder has the best levels of performance for random input data, but its delay is significantly influenced by the length of the carry propagation path, and thus is not recommended in circuits with nonrandom input operands. The BCL adder is the fastest but has a high cost in chip area. The CLA adder provides an intermediate option, with an area which is 20% greater than that of the RC adder. Its average delay is slightly greater than that of the other two adders, with an addition time which increases slowly with the carry propagate length even for adders with a high number of bits     

A high-accuracy approximate adder with correct sign calculation

Conventional precise adders take long delay and large power consumption to obtain accurate results. Exploiting the error tolerance of some applications such as multimedia, image processing, and machine learning, a number of recent works proposed to design approximate adders that generate inaccurate results occasionally in exchange for reduction in delay and power consumption. However, most of the existing approximate adders have a large relative error. Besides, when applied to 2's complement signed addition, they sometimes generate a wrong sign bit. In this paper, we propose a novel approximate adder that exploits the generate signals for carry speculation. Furthermore, we introduce a low-overhead module to reduce the relative error and a sign correction module to fix the sign error. Compared to the conventional ripple carry adder and carry-lookahead adder, our adder with block size of 4 reduces power-delay product by 66% and 32%, respectively, for a 32-bit addition. Compared to the existing approximate adders, our adder significantly reduces the maximal relative error and ensures correct sign calculation with comparable area, delay, and power consumption. We further tested the performance of our adders with and without the sign error correction module in three real applications, mean filter, edge detection, and k-means clustering. The experimental results demonstrated the importance of reducing the relative error and ensuring the correct sign calculation for 2's complement signed additions. The outputs produced using our adder with the sign error correction module are very close to those produced using accurate adder.     

Compact four bit carry look-ahead CMOS adder in multi-output DCVSlogic

A four-bit carry look-ahead (CLA) CMOS adder based on transistor sharing in a multi-output differential cascode voltage switch (MODCVS) logic is presented. This adder uses a new enhanced CLA unit, which enables the generation of all output carries in one single compact gate structure. Simulation results using HSPICE with CMOS 1.0 μm technology designs show that the four-bit adder proposed has 15.7% less transistors, 27.2% less silicon area, ~14% speed improvement, and a 29.1% reduction in average power consumption compared to a standard DCVS implementation     

Design and analysis of low power high-speed 1-bit full adder cells for VLSI applications

This paper presents a low power and high speed two hybrid 1-bit full adder cells employing both pass transistor and transmission gate logics. These designs aim to minimise power dissipation and reduce transistor count while at the same time reducing the propagation delay. The proposed full adder circuits utilise 16 and 14 transistors to achieve a compact circuit design. For 1.2 V supply voltage at 0.18-μm CMOS technology, the power consumption is 4.266 μW was found to be extremely low with lower propagation delay 214.65 ps and power-delay product (PDP) of 0.9156 fJ by the deliberate use of CMOS inverters and strong transmission gates. The results of the simulation illustrate the superiority of the newly designed 1-bit adder circuits against the reported conservative adder structures in terms of power, delay, power delay product (PDP) and a transistor count. The implementation of 8-bit ripple carry adder in view of proposed full adders are finally verified and was observed to be working efficiently with only 1.411 ns delay. The performance of the proposed circuits was examined using Mentor Graphics Schematic Composer at 1.2 V single ended supply voltage and the model parameters of a TSMC 0.18-μm CMOS.     

Low power and high speed multiplier design with row bypassing and parallel architecture

This paper presents a low power and high speed row bypassing multiplier. The primary power reductions are obtained by tuning off MOS components through multiplexers when the operands of multiplier are zero. Analysis of the conventional DSP applications shows that the average of zero input of operand in multiplier is 73.8 percent. Therefore, significant power consumption can be reduced by the proposed bypassing multiplier. The proposed multiplier adopts ripple-carry adder with fewer additional hardware components. In addition, the proposed bypassing architecture can enhance operating speed by the additional parallel architecture to shorten the delay time of the proposed multiplier. Both unsigned and signed operands of multiplier are developed. Post-layout simulations are performed with standard TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology and 1.8 V supply voltage by Cadence Spectre simulation tools. Simulation results show that the proposed design can reduce power consumption and operating speed compared to those of counterparts. For a 16×16 multiplier, the proposed design achieves 17 and 36 percent reduction in power consumption and delay, respectively, at the cost of 20 percent increase of chip area in comparison with those of conventional array multipliers. In addition, the proposed design achieves averages of 11 and 38 percent reduction in power consumption and delay with 46 percent less chip area in comparison with those counterparts for both unsigned and signed multipliers. The proposed design is suitable for low power and high speed arithmetic applications.     

High performance 8 bit cascaded carry look ahead adder with precise power consumption

Multiple bit adders like ripple carry adder make the propagation of carry bit very slow and this is the reason why it must be replaced with fast adders as carry‐look‐ahead adder (CLA). Power consumption in digital circuits depends on the number of metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor employed and various other parameters. If number of metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor is reduced the power consumption would definitely be reduced. Conventional CLAs would consume significant amount of power that still needs to be improved. The paper here deals with the implementation of 8 bit CLA with the aim of reducing the size and to precise the power consumption within nanowatt range, by improving the fundamental components of the circuit. All the parameters have been calculated by using Cadence Virtuoso tool at 45 nm technology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pipelined GaAs carry lookahead adder

Based on the recently introduced GaAs pseudo-dynamic latched logic, the authors present a new type of carry lookahead adder (CLA) which combines the benefits of 0.6 μm E/D MESFET technology with the above mentioned class of logic. Consideration is given to power dissipation, taking into account that for high levels of integration, techniques to reduce the power budget are essential. As a result. The design of a four bit pipelined GaAs CLA operating at 800 MHz and exhibiting less than 1.8 mW of power dissipation is presented