单站被动目标的多假设距离粒子滤波跟踪

针对单站被动目标跟踪的无距离信息,多假设距离粒子滤波方法利用多个粒子滤波的并行运算,对不同初始距离的粒子滤波器进行计算,利用各子滤波的残差概率对并行处理的粒子滤波运算进行自适应采样实现单站纯方位目标跟踪,并与粒子滤波、多假设距离滤波方法进行比较,仿真结果表明该算法收敛速度快,跟踪精度高。     

交互式多系统跟踪定位算法

交互式思想在多模型定位中获得广泛应用,但在多系统跟踪定位中应用较少。该文借鉴交互式思想提出交互式多系统跟踪定位算法。该算法利用已获得的估计信息进行系统间定位信息的直接交互,然后进行多系统并行滤波,并利用各系统滤波新息和方差对系统概率进行实时更新,将估计结果按照系统概率加权融合输出。通过跟踪机动目标的仿真实例,可以看出该算法能够根据定位系统的性能及时调整系统概率,有效改善多系统下目标跟踪定位性能。     

基于角度划分的2D传感器三维跟踪定位算法

根据2D传感器的扫描特点和观测信息,建立了单站2D传感器对三维运动目标的观测模型,基于该模型提出了三维匀速运动目标的仰角参数化扩展卡尔曼滤波算法。此算法将传感器的仰角观测范围划分为若干个子区间,对各仰角子区间执行并行独立的EKF跟踪算法,并根据滤波结果动态更新各滤波器的权值,最后融合各EKF估计值得到最终的目标状态估计。计算机仿真结果证明了该算法在2D传感器对三维空间内目标跟踪定位时的有效性和优越性。     

基于RPUKF的固定站无源定位跟踪算法研究

固定单站无源定位跟踪系统面临着可观测性弱、初始误差大等问题,寻找一种快速稳定的定位跟踪算法尤为重要.将距离参数化方法引入固定单站无源定位中,与不敏卡尔曼滤波(UKF)结合给出了基于距离参数化UKF(RPUKF)的固定单站无源定位算法;该算法根据观测站最大探测距离划分距离子区间,每个子区间单独采用UKF算法进行跟踪,将各自跟踪结果进行融合得到最终定位结果.仿真结果表明,在初始误差较大时RPUKF算法仍能实现稳定定位,与RPEKF算法相比在保证实时性的基础上明显改善了定位性能.     

基于势概率假设密度滤波的检测前跟踪新算法

基于势概率假设密度滤波(Cardinalized Probability Hypothesis Density, CPHD)检测前跟踪(Track before detect, TBD)算法能有效解决未知目标数的弱小目标检测跟踪.文章深入研究了CPHD算法, 从标准CPHD滤波的粒子权重更新出发, 结合检测前跟踪的实际, 合理地推导出CPHD-TBD算法的粒子权重更新表达式; 分析了CPHD滤波目标势分布的物理意义, 实现了目标势分布更新计算在检测前跟踪的应用.将CPHD滤波和TBD进行有效结合, 提出了基于势概率假设密度滤波的检测前跟踪算法, 并给出其详细实现步骤.仿真实验证明提出的CPHD-TBD算法与现有概率假设密度检测前跟踪(PHD-TBD)算法相比, 能更详细地传递目标分布信息, 从本质上改变了PHD-TBD对目标数估计的方式, 能更准确稳定估计目标数, 实现了对目标的发现和状态准确估计, 性能明显更优.     

基于卡尔曼滤波的三星时差运动目标定位技术

针对三星时差无源定位体制的特点,研究空中运动目标辐射源定位技术.在匀速直线运动目标模型下,通过改变地球方程参数,利用牛顿迭代算法给出目标的瞬时初始定位点,并在此基础上利用不敏卡尔曼滤波对运动目标进行跟踪定位.仿真验证表明,利用三星时差测量体制和相关滤波算法,可以有效实现空中运动目标的跟踪定位,精度优于5 km;同时在精...     

一种基于多目标的角度时延联合跟踪算法

提出了一种多目标角度时延联合跟踪算法.该算法首先利用高分辨处理估计出目标的个数及其初始角度和初始时延,接着通过相邻时刻估计得到的信道频域冲激响应的差,再得到各个目标相邻时刻的角度差和时延差,从而估计出不同时刻各个目标的角度和时延.相邻时刻估计得到的目标的角度和时延是自动关联的,避免了运算量较大的数据关联过程,而且在跟踪过程中并不需要进行子空间分解.仿真结果表明,该算法具有较高的跟踪性能.     

基于观测站机动的机载单站无源定位跟踪研究

运动单站对运动辐射源在利用相位差变化率进行跟踪时,需要满足更严格的可观测性要求,只有当观测站载机比目标具有至少高一次的已知机动运动才可能实现可观测性.针对目标匀速直线运动的情况,提出观测器加减速直线和匀速圆周两种机动运动方式,并通过非线性滤波算法对目标定位跟踪.给出了两种观测器机动情况下EKF和UKF的滤波结果,计算机仿真表明,两种情况都可以对目标进行定位跟踪,且与EKF算法相比较,UKF算法实现简单,在运算量不增加的同时有更好的定位与跟踪性能.     

机动目标单站无源定位中的测量更新CKF-IMM算法

机动目标单站无源定位是一个典型的非线性滤波问题,将一种新型的滤波算法——容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)应用于IMM算法之中.为进一步提高定位跟踪精度,提出了一种测量更新CKF-IMM算法.该算法利用马尔科夫过程控制子模型间的切换,并采用CKF算法对各模型进行滤波,然后将每个滤波器的输出状态进行概率加权求和,最后对融合状态再进行一次非线性测量更新.结合空频域单站无源定位模型进行仿真实验表明,与传统的EKF-IMM和UKF-IMM算法相比,CKF-IMM算法的估计误差更小、定位精度更高;而测量更新CKF-IMM算法较CKF-IMM算法可进一步提高定位跟踪精度.     

基于PHD滤波的箱粒子划分多目标跟踪算法

针对现有箱粒子概率假设密度(BOX-PHD)滤波存在箱粒子冗余问题,提出一种箱粒子划分的概率假设密度滤波多目标跟踪算法。该算法在目标状态估计的更新阶段之前,将预测得到的每一个箱粒子划分成多个箱粒子,从而得到等价的箱粒子集,然后对这些箱粒子集的权值利用区间量测进行更新,从而估计目标的状态及数目。该划分由于将箱粒子划分更小,能更好地利用区间量测信息,可以有效避免箱粒子因压缩不足而导致的估计有偏情况。仿真结果表明所提方法可以有效地提高目标的跟踪性能。     

Localization of multiple emitters based on the sequential PHD filter

The localization of multiple emitters from passive angle measurements is a widely investigated problem. Traditionally, the central problem of state estimation for multiple targets by multiple passive sensors is data association. Mathematically, the formulation of the data association problem leads to a generalization of an S-dimensional (S-D) assignment problem. Unfortunately, the complexity of solving an S-D assignment problem for S≥3 is NP hard. A practical solution is to solve the multidimensional assignment problem using multistage Lagrangian relaxation. However, the computational requirements of it explode with the number of sensors. Additionally, it cannot give satisfactory results in dense clutter environment. In this paper, the sequential probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter using passive sensors in two different manners for localization of multiple emitters is introduced. Simulation results show that the sequential PHD filter can achieve better performance with smaller computational complexity than the method based on S-D assignment programming in dense clutter environment.     

多传感器箱粒子PHD滤波多目标跟踪算法

针对目标检测概率较低导致单个传感器无法对目标进行有效检测并跟踪的问题,本文提出了多传感器箱粒子概率假设密度(multi-sensor box particle probability hypothesis density filter,MS-BOX-PHD)滤波器。MS-BOX-PHD滤波器首先将多个传感器的量测转换、融合成为一个量测集合,并利用箱粒子概率假设密度(box particle probability hypothesis density filter,BOX-PHD)滤波器对多个目标的状态进行预测和更新。数值实验表明,相较于单传感器箱粒子概率假设密度(Single-BOX-PHD)滤波器,MS-BOX-PHD滤波器在目标检测概率较低时,能够有效地对多目标的状态和数目进行估计;相较于区间量测下多传感器标准PHD粒子(multi-sensor standard probability hypothesis density particle filter with interval measurement,IM-PHD-PF)滤波器,在达到相同的跟踪性能时,计算效率提升了38.57%。     

Neural network optimization for multi-target multi-sensor passivetracking

In this paper, we review a number of neural network approaches to combinatorial optimization. We specifically address the difficult problem of localizing multiple targets using only passive sensors, i.e. the sensors detect only bearing angles. Thus, target positions must be found through triangulation. An efficient solution to this problem has been of particular interest in air defence applications. In this paper, we describe two different neural network based approaches for solving this passive tracking problem. In particular, we demonstrate the use of a Hopfield neural network to preface the subsequent development of the multiple elastic modules (MEM) model. The MEM model is presented as a significant extension to current self-organizing neural networks. We describe the unique features of the MEM model, including nonhomogeneous adaptive temperature field for escaping from poor local optima, and locking and expectation features used for dealing with dynamic real-world problems. Applications of the MEM model to other areas including computer vision, are also briefly described     

Probabilistic data association techniques for target tracking in clutter

In tracking targets with less-than-unity probability of detection in the presence of false alarms (FAs), data association-deciding which of the received multiple measurements to use to update each track-is crucial. Most algorithms that make a hard decision on the origin of the true measurement begin to fail as the FA rate increases or with low observable (low probability of target detection) maneuvering targets. Instead of using only one measurement among the received ones and discarding the others, an alternative approach is to use all of the validated measurements with different weights (probabilities), known as probabilistic data association (PDA). This paper presents an overview of the PDA technique and its application for different target tracking scenarios. First, it describes the use of the PDA technique for tracking low observable targets with passive sonar measurements. This target motion analysis is an application of the PDA technique, in conjunction with the maximum-likelihood approach, for target motion parameter estimation via a batch procedure. Then, the PDA technique for tracking highly maneuvering targets and for radar resource management is illustrated with recursive state estimation using the interacting multiple model estimator combined with PDA. Finally, a sliding window (which can also expand and contract) parameter estimator using the PDA approach for tracking the state of a maneuvering target using measurements from an electrooptical sensor is presented.     

基于多源数据多特征融合的弱小目标关联研究

异质传感器弱小群目标关联是传感器协同探测首先要解决的问题。即使在同视场下,由红外光电系统和雷达组成的异质传感器探测目标也不完全一致,特别是远距离探测时,雷达探测目标多而密集,红外光电系统探测目标相对较少,此时目标航迹关联结果具有很大不确定性。针对这一难题,采用基于多源数据多特征融合的弱小目标关联方法,首先基于多模型估计方法筛选同类型目标作为潜在关联目标,再基于航迹关联算法对同类型目标粗关联,最后基于多特征最大联合概率分布对目标精细关联。经红外光电系统/雷达同站址探测仿真试验验证,相比于仅利用航迹进行目标关联,该方法有效提高了弱小目标关联的准确性。     

编队目标的仅方位跟踪

编队目标跟踪是多目标跟踪领域中的一个特殊问题.一般认为,在巡航状态下编队中的所有目标以同样的速度和航向匀速运动.这一事实可以用来帮助目标跟踪器改善跟踪效果.给出了在仅方位测量条件下编队目标跟踪的3种模型:分开模型、耦合模型和协作模型.分开模型实质上是多个单目标的同时跟踪,与单目标跟踪没有区别;耦合模型是将多个目标的待估状态耦合成一个综合的目标状态,各目标的测量信息也是合在一起使用;协作模型则是利用跟踪效果好的目标的速度和航向解算结果来帮助跟踪效果差的目标.对这3种方法进行的理论和仿真比较分析的结果表明,协作模型更有优势.     

红外与激光主/被动联合跟踪算法

文中针对单站红外被动式跟踪存在可观测性问题,提出红外与激光主／被动单目标联合跟踪方法。该方法首先针对三维空间任意机动目标的跟踪问题,将参考文献[1]给出的一维机动目标“当前”统计模型推广到三维情况,得到三维情况下跟踪任意机动目标的状态方程和跟踪系统的非线性测量方程,然后对红外探测器测量的角度信息和激光测得的距离信息进行融合对准,得到正确的测量值。最后,提出扩展的自适应卡曼滤波算法并进行了仿真研究。仿真研究表明方案可行,可同时对三维空间目标的位置、速度、加速度进行估计。     

基于JPDA的多目标跟踪算法及其应用

在多目标和杂波环境下,量测与对应目标源的关联将变得复杂,当邻近目标运动时,采用滤波算法跟踪目标时,源于目标的量测会相互干扰,导致误跟现象的发生。针对此问题,本文采用基于联合概率数据关联JPDA的方法进行处理,通过引入两个基本假设条件,即每个量测只有一个源和每个量测至多源于一个目标,计算各量测与各目标源的关联概率,进而估计出各目标的状态信息。仿真结果表明在采用本文的算法处理多目标问题时,目标的位置和速度信息能够得到较好的估计,避免误跟现象的发生。     

自适应非线性GM-PHD滤波及在无源跟踪中的应用

首先针对无源传感器目标跟踪中的非线性问题,将高斯-厄米特求积分规则运用于高斯混合概率假设密度滤波,提出一种求积分卡尔曼概率假设密度滤波。其次,针对未知时变过程噪声,将基于极大后验估计原理的噪声估计器运用到概率假设密度滤波中,同时依据目标状态一步预测与状态滤波结果之间的残差,提出一种对滤波发散情况判断和抑制的算法。最后通过无源传感器双站跟踪仿真表明:相较于已有的非线性高斯混合概率假设密度滤波,所提算法有更高的精度,并且在未知时变噪声环境中具有较好跟踪效果。     

Bearings-only maneuvering target tracking based on fuzzy clustering in a cluttered environment

This paper proposes a novel bearings-only maneuvering target tracking algorithm based on maximum entropy fuzzy clustering in a cluttered environment. In the proposed algorithm, the interacting multiple model (IMM) approach is used to solve the maneuvering problem of target, and the false alarms generated by clutter are accommodated through a probabilistic data association filter (PDAF). To reduce the computational load, the association probability is substituted by fuzzy membership degree provided by a modified version of fuzzy clustering algorithm based on maximum entropy principle, and the “maximum validation distance” is also defined based on the discrimination factor, which enables the algorithm eliminate invalid measurements. Moreover, to avoid the unobservability problem of passive target tracking, a nonlinear measurement model of multiple passive sensors is formulated. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has advantages over the conventional IMM-PDAF algorithm in terms of simplicity and efficiency.