REAL EXTENDED SCENE AND MOVING TARGET MULTI-CHANNEL SAR RAW SIGNAL SIMULATION

A real extended scene and moving targets multi-channel Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） raw signal simulator accounting for Inertial Navigation System （INS） errors and antenna patterns is presented in this paper. INS errors are obtained by solving INS error differential equations with Runge-Kutta method. A high resolution SAR image is used to estimate the complex reflectance of real extended scene. Extended scene and moving target are simulated separately and then are superposed in time domain. The simulated multi-channel SAR data can be used for development of multi-channel SAR Ground Moving Target Indication （SAR-GMTI） and also can be used for development of SAR motion compensation.     

Maneuvering Multi-target Tracking Using the Multi-model Cardinalized Probability Hypothesis Density Filter

Tracking an unknown and time-varying number of maneuvering targets is a challenging problem in the presence of noise, clutter uncertainties in target maneuvers, data association, and detection. To account for this problem, a multi-model extension of the Cardinalized probability hypothesis density （CPHD） filter is proposed in this paper. Additionally, a particle implementation and a Gaussian mixture implementation of the proposed extension are given for generic models and linear Gaussian models, respectively. The effectiveness of the extension is illustrated through Monte Carlo simulation.     

IMAGING ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY MODULATION CONTINUOUS WAVE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR IN NEAR RANGE MODE简

Frequency-Modulation Continuous-Wave Synthetic Aperture Radar （FMCW SAR） has shown great potential in the applications of civil and military fields because of its easy deployment and low cost. However, most of these work and analysis are concentrated on airborne FMCW SAR, where the characteristics of the ilnaging geometry and signal are much similar to that of traditional pulsed-SAR. As a result, a series of test campaigns of automobile-based FMCW SAR were sponsored by Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences （IECAS） in the autumn of 2012. In this paper, we analyze the imaging issues of FMCW SAR in automobile mode （named as near range mode）, where a vehicle is used as moving platform and a large looking angle is configured. The imaging geometry and signal properties are analyzed in detail. We emphasize the difference of the near range mode from the traditional airborne SAR mode. Based on the analysis, a focusing approach is proposed in the paper to handle the data focusing in the case. Simulation experiment and real data of automobile FMCW SAR are used to validate the analysis.     

Method of multi-target tracking in wide area surveillance airborne radar system basing on clustering analysis

This paper proposed a robust method based on the definition of Mahalanobis distance to track ground moving target. The feature and the geometry of airborne ground moving target tracking systems are studied at first. Based on this feature, the assignment relation of time-nearby target is calculated via Mahalanobis distance, and then the corresponding transformation formula is deduced. The simulation results show the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

GPS SATELLITE SIMULATOR SIGNAL ESTIMATION BASED ON ANN

Multi-channel Global Positioning System （GPS） satellite signal simulator is used to provide realistic test signals for GPS receivers and navigation systems. In this paper, signals arriving the antenna of GPS receiver are analyzed from the viewpoint of simulator design. The estimation methods are focused of which several signal parameters are difficult to determine directly according to existing experiential models due to various error factors. Based on the theory of Artificial Neural Network （ANN）, an approach is proposed to simulate signal propagation delay, carrier phase, power, and other parameters using ANN. The architecture of the hardware-in-theloop test system is given. The ANN training and validation process is described. Experimental results demonstrate that the ANN designed can statistically simulate sample data in high fidelity. Therefore the computation of signal state based on this ANN can meet the design requirement, and can be directly applied to the development of multi-channel GPS satellite signal simulator.     

WIDE SWATH FMCW SAR DATA PROCESSING IN SQUINT MODE简

This paper concentrates on the data processing of Frequency Modulation Continuous Wave （FMCW）, Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） in the case of wide swath and squint mode. In the mode, the Doppler centroid dramatically varies along slant range compared to conventional pulsed-SAR. This poses a challenge for system design and signal processing since a very large azimuth bandwidth would be introduced. In the paper, we accommodate the Doppler centroid variations with range by an im- proved spectral-length extension method, where a bulk range shift and updated Doppler centroid variations are introduced to greatly reduce the azimuth aliasing with respective to the existing methods Moreover, an image formation approach that integrates wave number domain algorithm is presented to focus the raw data of FMCW SAR in the case of wide swath and squint mode. Point target simulation experiment demonstrates the advantages of the presented method.     

FPGA Implementation of FFT Algorithm for OFDM Based IEEE 802.16d （Fixed WiMAX） Communications

The IEEE 802.16d communication standard uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM）. In the widely used OFDM systems, the fast Fourier transform （FFT） and inverse fast Fourier transform pairs are used to modulate and demodulate the data constellation on the sub-carriers. In this paper, a high level implementation of a high performance FFT for OFDM modulator and demodulator is presented. The design has been coded in Verilog and targeted into Xilinx Spartan3 field programmable gate arrays. Radix-22 algorithm is proposed and used for the OFDM communication system. The design of the FFT is implemented and applied to fixed WiMAX--IEEE 802.16d communi- cation standard. The results are tabulated and the hardware parameters are compared. The proposed architecture is least in number of multipliers used and the memory size, and second to the least in number of adders used.     

Symbolic Macromodeling for Statistical Simulation of Operational Amplifiers

Symbolic circuit simulator is traditionally applied to the small-signal analysis of analog circuits. This paper establishes a symbolic behavioral macromodeling method applicable to both small-signal and large-signal analysis of general two-stage operational amplifiers （op-amps）. The proposed method creates a two-pole parametric macromodel whose parameters are analytical functions of the circuit element parameters generated by a symbolic circuit simulator. A moment matching technique is used in deriving the analytical model parameter. The created parametric behavioral model can be used for op-amps performance simulation in both frequency and time domains. In particular, the parametric models are highly suited for fast statistical simulation of op-amps in the time-domain. Experiment results show that the statistical distributions of the op-amp slew and settling time characterized by the proposed model agree well with the transistor-level results in addition to achieving significant speedup.     

Mixed-grained CMOS field programmable analog array for smart sensory applications

The drive towards shorter design cycles for analog integrated circuits has given impetus to the development of Field Programmable Analog Arrays （FPAAs）, which are the analogue counterparts of Field Programmable Gate Arrays （FPGAs）. In this paper, we present a new design methodology which using FPAA as a powerful analog front-end processing platform in the smart sensory micro- system. The proposed FPAA contains 16 homogeneous mixed-grained Configurable Analog Blocks （CABs） which house a variety of processing elements especially the proposed fine-grained Core Con- figurable Amplifiers （CCAs）. The high flexible CABs allow the FPAA operating in both continu- ous-time and discrete-time approaches suitable to support variety of sensors. To reduce the nonideal parasitic effects and save area, the fat-tree interconnection network is adopted in this FPAA. The functionality of this FPAA is demonstrated through embedding of voltage and capacitive sensor signal readout circuits and a configurable band pass filter. The minimal detectable voltage and capacitor achieves 38 uV and 8.3 aF respectively within 100 Hz sensor bandwidth. The power consumption comparison of CCA in three applications shows that the FPAA has high power efficiency. And the simulation results also show that the FPAA has good tolerance with wide PVT variations.     

FAST RECURSIVE LEAST SQUARES LEARNING ALGORITHM FOR PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Based on the least-square minimization a computationally efficient learning algorithm for the Principal Component Analysis(PCA) is derived. The dual learning rate parameters are adaptively introduced to make the proposed algorithm providing the capability of the fast convergence and high accuracy for extracting all the principal components. It is shown that all the information needed for PCA can be completely represented by the unnormalized weight vector which is updated based only on the corresponding neuron input-output product. The convergence performance of the proposed algorithm is briefly analyzed.The relation between Oja's rule and the least squares learning rule is also established. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of this algorithm for PCA.     

Study on the signature of ground moving target for airborne squint SAR imaging

Compared with the side-looking Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), the flexible beam-pointing of squint SAR makes great application value. This paper derives the image signature of the ground moving target after the processing of Range-Doppler (RD) algorithm, the SAR signatures of ground moving targets are analyzed, including the geometry correction, the offsets and defocusing in both range and azimuth direction. Finally, computer simulation results validate its effectiveness. The research results are especially significant for moving targets detection and parameters estimation in squint mode SAR.     

A fast multichannel SAR raw data simulator of clutter and moving targets

Accessibility of a fast and accurate multichannel synthetic aperture radar raw data generator of stationary clutter and moving targets has high importance, especially in the application of ground moving target indication. In this paper, a fast four-stage algorithm for generating the raw data of each channel stationary clutter and moving targets, has been proposed respectively in the frequency and the hybrid time–frequency domain. Using this simulator, in different conditions in terms of target motion speed, acceleration and direction, for each of the channels, after generating the raw data, its final image has been extracted by the range-Doppler algorithm. Then, using clutter suppression techniques such as DPCA, ATI and hybrid DPCA–ATI, the multichannel SAR final image has been obtained in ideal and nonideal conditions. Finally, the obtained images of the first channel have been studied using the extracted formulas for predicting the effects of target motion parameters on the SAR images as well as analyzing the multichannel SAR final image. The results show that the proposed algorithm for generating the raw data of each channel stationary clutter and moving targets has better performance in terms of speed and accuracy than the other existing simulators and the proposed multichannel SAR simulation method has high quality.     

高效星载TOPSAR场景回波信号模拟方法

星载TOPSAR回波信号模拟中时域逐点法运算效率低,而2维频域法又无法直接模拟星载TOPSAR回波信号。针对这个问题,该文提出了一种高效的星载TOPSAR模式场景回波模拟方法。该方法在距离向上利用参考点回波与场景散射矩阵卷积完成,在方位向上采用对逐个慢时间进行模拟和存储。文中详细给出该方法的处理流程,分析了该方法的运算量,同时还对比了点目标模拟结果与精确的时域模拟方法的差异,最后利用模拟回波信号的成像及干涉结果验证了该文方法的有效性。     

一种机载大斜视SAR运动补偿方法

大斜视合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像要求较长的合成孔径,这样载机的不平稳性对其影响较大,如何对大斜视SAR进行运动补偿是实现大斜视成像的关键.本文根据大斜视SAR成像的几何模型,推导出大斜视SAR的瞬时多普勒调频率表达式,并利用从数据中估计得到的多普勒调频率和运动平台的惯导参数来分离和估计运动误差的空间分量,然后利用所得的运动误差对大斜视SAR数据进行包络和相位的运动误差校正.本文所提出的大斜视SAR运动补偿方法能和大斜视SAR成像算法很好地结合,并且仿真和实测数据的成像结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

星载SAR斜视模式运动目标方位多通道信号重建方法

在星载方位多通道SAR斜视模式下,方位斜视角度和运动目标的速度分别导致回波多普勒频谱发生2次混叠和通道失衡,影响运动目标方位多通道信号重建。针对该问题,该文提出一种适用于多通道斜视模式下的运动目标的重建方法。首先通过方位向去斜预处理消除了斜视导致的2次多普勒混叠,然后通过修正的多通道重建矩阵来解决目标速度导致的通道失衡。此外,该文还研究了通道冗余情况下的杂波抑制能力,分析了估计速度误差带来的残余相位误差,给出了一种星载方位多通道SAR斜视模式下的运动目标速度快速估计搜索方法。最后,通过点目标仿真验证了方法的有效性。     

基于坐标变换的合成孔径雷达高精度成像算法

针对当前合成孔径雷达成像算法处理低频大斜视角数据存在的散焦和运算量大问题, 提出了一种新的高精度大斜视合成孔径雷达成像算法.算法首先把数据录取坐标系数据变换到零多普勒坐标系数据, 然后在零多普勒坐标系中采用距离时域非均匀傅里叶变换去除距离、方位的耦合, 进而得到聚焦良好的合成孔径雷达图像.算法运算量与距离多普勒算法在一个量级, 具有较高的成像效率.仿真结果表明算法在低频大斜视角下能很好地聚焦, 从而验证了算法的正确性.     

基于RD算法的星载SAR斜视成像

本文研究了用距离一多普勒（ＲＤ）算法来实现星载 ＳＡＲ的斜视成像处理。给出了星载 ＳＡＲ斜视时的空间几何模型和回波信号模型，详细分析了地球自转和斜视产生的多普勒质心所引起的距离走动差异，及时域和频域校正对成像的影响，并研究了一种改进的ＲＤ算法进行距离走动的校正，此算法能适应大的斜视距离走动和地球自转距离走动。针对不同的距离走动校正进行了计算机仿真，理论分析和仿真结果表明：这种改进的ＲＤ算法是有效的。     

弹载斜视FMCW-SAR的改进距离堆栈算法

分析了弹载斜视FMCW-SAR的成像几何关系,建立了其点目标回波信号模型和推导了回波信号的二维波数域形式.大斜视情况下,二次以上的高次距离方位耦合项不能忽略,所以FMCW-SAR中常用的改进频率变标算法不再适用.提出的距离堆栈改进算法在聚焦深度范围内利用相同的斜距值进行距离堆栈操作,其计算效率提高了2D2f*/( 1.57cλ)倍.与改进的频率变标算法相比,不同斜视角仿真实验的结果验证所提算法的有效性和正确性.     

一种俯冲段子孔径SAR大斜视成像及几何校正方法

俯冲合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像由于垂直向下速度的存在,使得沿水平飞行方向不再满足平移不变性,导致常规全孔径成像算法无法直接运用于俯冲段的大斜视子孔径成像。针对这些问题,该文基于俯冲等效平飞模型以及子孔径成像特性提出一种俯冲段子孔径SAR大斜视成像算法 频域相位滤波算法(FPFA)。其创新思想是通过方位频域引入滤波因子校正方位空变。由于俯冲等效平飞模型会造成成像平面的旋转,引起较大的图像畸变,为了解决该问题,该文进一步提出一种基于反向投影的快速几何校正方法,得到近似无畸变或畸变较小的地距图像。仿真和实测数据处理验证该文成像方法和几何校正方法的有效性。