偶数束亚波长Dammann光栅结构的矢量衍射优化设计

传统的基于标量衍射理论方法设计的Dammann光栅衍射效率较低。基于严格耦合波理论和遗传算法,介绍了亚波长结构偶数分束数Dammann光栅的设计方法。利用优化程序设计了多个光栅结构并对设计结果进行了分析,讨论了关键参数的选取及设计参数和光波偏振态的变化对分束效率和均匀性的影响。仿真结果表明所设计的偶数束Dammann光栅分束均匀性很好并且分束总效率均达到93%以上,而零级衍射效率均降到了0.64%以下,达到了较好的去零级衍射的效果。     

利用光场传感器重建波前相位的仿真研究

利用软件仿真对光场传感器重建波前相位的能力进行了研究。研究采用FFT算法模拟波的传播和衍射效应,利用Zernike多项式模拟像差, 根据相应的光场映射及逆光场映射理论,进行波前重建。研究了前22项单阶像差的波前相位重建情况,选取其中初级像差和二级像差的 重建结果做了比较分析,并针对复合像差的波前重建做了多组仿真实验,比较了低阶复合像差和高阶复合像差的重建误差。结果表明: 无论是单阶像差还是复合像差,光场传感器都能够重建波前相位,并且对低阶像差的相位重建效果好于高阶像差。     

基于角谱衍射的离轴数字全息数值重建理论分析

分析了离轴数字全息的频谱分布，基于角谱衍射的方法进行离轴数字全息的重建，并通过频域滤波去除零级像、共轭像。理论分析表明该方法可用于离轴数字全息的准确重建。即使在菲涅耳近似不满足的情况下，该方法依然有效．可进一步用于数字全息的多平面和多角度的重建。     

Wavefront curvature sensor with phase defocus grating

The proposed optimum phase defocus grating for wavefront curvature sensing features an equidistantly quantized two-phase-step and a phase step height of π. The optimum phase defocus grating suppresses the influence of zero-order diffraction. The high diffractive efficiencies of the ±1 diffraction orders are verified experimentally, showing average values of 38.08% and 40.36% respectively. The phase plate introduces the wavefront deformation, which are measured by wavefront curvature sensing and reconstructed via the Green's Function algorithm. The reconstructed wavefront is compared with the measurement result of a Veeco interferometer. It is verified that the measurement of the self-designed curvature sensor is correct. The error percent of peak-valley value (PV) is 10%, and the error percent of root mean square (RMS) is 2%.     

柯林斯公式的逆运算及其在波面重构中的应用

给出描述光波通过傍轴光学系统衍射的柯林斯公式及其逆运算表达式，然后将数字全息检测研究中的物平面及CCD探测平面视为ABCD系统的输入平面及输出平面，提出通过柯林斯公式的逆运算进行波面重构的一种计算方法。为便于该方法的实际应用，研究了参考光是球面波时全息图的频谱结构，并从理论上证明，全息图的频率空问中存在可以通过滤波器分离的物光及共轭物光的频谱。最后．通过理论模拟及实验研究证明了使用柯林斯公式的逆运算重构波面的可能性。     

Analysis and applications of optical diffraction by gratings

Diffraction characteristics of general dielectric planar (slab) gratings and surface-relief (corrugated) gratings are reviewed. Applications to laser-beam deflection, guidance, modulation, coupling, filtering, wavefront reconstruction, and distributed feedback in the fields of acoustooptics, integrated optics, holography, and spectral analysis are discussed. An exact formulation of the grating diffraction problem without approximations (rigorous coupled-wave theory developed by the authors) is presented. The method of solution is in terms of state variables and this is presented in detail. Then, using a series of fundamental assumptions, this rigorous theory is shown to reduce to the various existing approximate theories in the appropriate limits. The effects of these fundamental assumptions in the approximate theories are quantified and discussed.     

Total-internal-reflection electro-optic diffraction deflector/modulator

An electro-optic diffraction modulator/deflector using tota internal reflection and no external optics is described. The zero-order extinction voltage decreases, and the interorder angle increases, with decreasing interdigitated electrode pitch. With LiNbO3, all the zero-order energy is deflected by less than 60 V. The active-material volume is low, approximately 0.5 mm3. Further optimisation is possible.     

一种基于Shack-Hartmann传感器的自适应波前重建算法

波前重建是自适应光学系统中的一个重要环节,对系统性能影响明显。研究了一种无参考输入光条件下,基于Shack-Hartmann波前传感器的自适应波前重建算法,能根据实际光斑图的特点,自动确定探测窗口、计算实际质心、参考质心、选择重建区域和获取入射波前的Zernike模式系数,讨论了参考质心选择对波前重建结果的影响。搭建自适应光学系统,通过测量和校正模拟大气像差对重建算法进行了验证。实验结果表明,基于该重建算法的自适应光学系统可以把大气扰动引起的波前像差校正到0.1 λ以下,获得接近衍射极限的成像质量,说明该重建算法具有可靠性与实用性。     

高衍射效率光致聚合物薄膜中全息记录研究

为了研究新的全息记录介质,本文我们介绍一种基于TMPTA单体的光致聚合物材料。我们已经在该聚合物薄膜样品中成功记录三维实物信息及数字静态视差图像存储等,证明具有良好的全息记录与重建的性能。实验结果表明:该材料在记录角度为26°时,不加电压等任何外部条件下的衍射效率接近90%,并且制作简便、容易保存,作为全息记录介质能够有效地重建出高分辨率,高衍射效率的全息再现像。由于该聚合物的高衍射效率并且不需要外加电压等特性,该材料更加适合用于全息图和大数据的永久存储,并且它在大尺寸静态三维全息图显示、三维图像存储、数据储存、全息防伪、全息打印等领域具有较强的优势和潜在的应用前景。     

数字全息中几种消零级方法的比较及改进

数字全息再现像中,零级衍射的存在影响了再现像的成像质量。在对几种简单消零级方法利弊分析的基础上,提出了一种定域灰度值非线性变换法。该方法不需要其他光学元件和额外的操作,即可以增强全息干涉图像的条纹对比度,同时消除零级衍射和背景噪声。将其应用在全息干涉术测量物体微小位移的实验中,成功消除了零级衍射的干扰,获得了高对比度的干涉条纹,并实现了物体微小位移的高精度测量。     

双光纤相移点衍射干涉仪装调技术

为了实现对极紫外光刻物镜系统波像差的超高精度检测,引入了双光纤相移点衍射干涉仪,介绍了其工作原理,并对干涉仪的装调方案进行了精密的设计。解决了各个元器件的精确定位问题,保证了进入光纤之前的测试光和参考光严格垂直, 实现了耦合系统与光纤之间最大的耦合效率和干涉条纹最大的条纹对比度, 为最终能够实现极紫外光刻物镜系统波像差的超高精度检测提供了前期准备。装调完毕后,利用实验装置对某一光学系统进行了测量,使用十三步相移算法还原被检光学系统波像差,得到了较好的结果,测试结果为:PV 值为37.82 nm,RMS 值为7.83 nm。     

菲涅耳衍射的逆运算研究

衍射光场的相位逆运算是有意义并且困难的工作.本文基于菲涅耳衍射计算公式,给出了实现衍射逆运算的方法.并用数字全息理论与技术,结合衍射计算和相位解包裹算法,研究了圆孔衍射在菲涅耳衍射区的光场重构.继而完成了用衍射逆运算来计算衍射孔光场分布的计算机模拟和实验测算工作,结果证明两者是吻合的.     

Wavefront-based models for inverse electrocardiography

We introduce two wavefront-based methods for the inverse problem of electrocardiography, which we term wavefront-based curve reconstruction (WBCR) and wavefront-based potential reconstruction (WBPR). In the WBCR approach, the epicardial activation wavefront is modeled as a curve evolving on the heart surface, with the evolution governed by factors derived phenomenologically from prior measured data. The body surface potential/wavefront relationship is modeled via an intermediate mapping of wavefront to epicardial potentials, again derived phenomenologically. In the WBPR approach, we iteratively construct an estimate of epicardial potentials from an estimated wavefront curve according to a simplified model and use it as an initial solution in a Tikhonov regularization scheme. Initial simulation results using measured canine epicardial data show considerable improvement in reconstructing activation wavefronts and epicardial potentials with respect to standard Tikhonov solutions. In particular the WBCR method accurately finds the anisotropic propagation early after epicardial pacing, and the WBPR method finds the wavefront (regions of sharp gradient of the potential) both accurately and with minimal smoothing.     

一种可降低Littman-Metcalf光栅外腔半导体激光器衍射损耗的结构设计

基于原有Littman-Metcalf型光栅外腔半导体激光器的工作原理,设计了一种可以降低衍射损耗的外腔结构。在Littman-Metcalf结构的基础上增加一个反射镜,将闪耀光栅二次衍射产生的零级衍射光反馈回半导体激光器本征腔。推导了新结构模型外腔损耗的表达式,通过等效腔的概念对两种结构激光器的外腔损耗、阈值电流、输出线宽以及输出功率进行了仿真分析。结果表明：将二次衍射产生的零级光反馈回有源区可有效降低Littman-Metcalf结构激光器的外腔损耗,提高了系统的耦合效率,从而降低阈值电流,提高了激光器的输出功率。同时,由于提高了外腔反射效率,该外腔结构进一步压窄激光器的输出线宽。对影响低损耗Littman-Metcalf外腔激光器输出线宽以及输出功率的因素(端面反射率、内外腔长、闪耀光栅衍射效率以及反射镜反射率等)也进行了仿真分析,为后期激光器制作提高了理论指导。     

Numerical computation of diffraction coefficients

Direct numerical methods are explored for the computation of diffraction coefficients for a wide class of canonical structures. Although these canonical structures are infinite or semi-infinite, the initial computations are performed on finite bodies. Extraction of the desired coefficient therefore necessitates the elimination of radiation from extraneous diffraction centers. This is accomplished by a variety of techniques including current windowing, tapered resistivity, and screening by conducting shields. Singularities at shadow boundaries are derived via physical optics (PO). The procedure is elucidated through a number of examples for which analytic results are available for comparison. These include the perfectly conducting half-plane, wedge, rounded wedge, and grooves in a ground plane. Computed diffraction coefficients for lossy dielectric wedges are applied within the context of geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) to the computation of diffraction from a triangular prism and the results are in satisfactory agreement with those of the method of moments (MM).     

用光刻胶作记录材料的全息图象拍摄

光刻胶常用作模压全息母版拍摄的记录材料。本文在叙述了它本身和模压工艺的特点后,指出要拍摄出质量好的光刻胶母版应当注意到的问题。诸如拍摄参数的选择应同时考虑到衍射效率和信噪比,照明的均匀性问题,必须用逆共轭光再现的问题,以及消偏振,相干长度,外界振动对拍摄的影响问题。最后分析说明拍摄的主要矛盾在于,只有用相干性好的大功率激光束,才能提高拍摄的信噪比,获得高质量的全息图片。本文是在大量的实验和检测的基础上写成的.     

衍射谱位相恢复——一种测量波像差的新方法

1.通常用干涉方法测量光学系统的波像差,但由于干涉法需要参考波面,因而在实际应用中有一定限制.Sarnik提出了一种通过恢复点扩散函数(PSF)的位相半反演空间望远镜波像差的方法.但由于在像点附近能量高度集中,探测器易于饱和;并且对高分辨率光学系统(例如高倍显微物镜),常规探测器的分辨率不易满足需要.本文提出一种简单的用衍射谱分析光学系统波像差的方法,可以避免干涉法的一些缺点.并且由     

Electro-optic diffraction grating for light beam modulation and diffraction

The interaction between a strong traveling microwave signal and an optical beam in an electro-optic material is described in the limit of very high microwave dielectric constant. The interaction produces effects analogous to those produced by a moving diffraction grating. When the optical beam is wider than the wavelength of the microwave signal, the first grating order is resolved from the zero-order or main beam. Under this condition two types of devices become possible: 1) a beam deflector which can position an optical maser beam on, for example, 10⁵distinct points with negligible crosstalk and with address times of order 10^-7s, 2) a baseband light intensity modulator which is founded on the fact that light deflected into the first-order beam by the microwave signal is removed from the main beam. The amount deflected into the first-order beam is proportional to the microwave power; the intensity modulation follows the microwave envelope. The power required for a given modulation depth is inversely proportional to the seven halfs power of the dielectric Constant. As an example, for a not unrealistic choice of dielectric constant of 10⁴, complete transfer from the zero-order to the first-order beam requires 5 watts of microwave power. The interaction length is of order one centimeter and the interaction bandwidth is essentially unlimited. As a baseband modulator the maximum instantaneous bandwidth is of order 10 percent of the subcarrier frequency. Experimental verification is provided in an earlier paper [1].     

应用相移技术的形态学联合变换相关器

用数学形态学的方法对相关器的输入图像进行预处理,有效的去除图像噪声和提取边缘;采用相移技术在光学频谱面去除零衍射级,并对其进行二值化。计算机仿真结果表明,本文提出的联合变换相关技术增强了相关器的抗噪声性能,锐化了相关峰强度,提高了衍射效率和对目标的识别能力。     

光纤相移点衍射干涉仪关键技术

为了实现光学系统波像差的高精度检测,引入了改进的光纤相移点衍射干涉仪,介绍了其工作原理,并对干涉仪的关键部件包括激光光源及光纤的参数进行了选择和分析。经测试,激光光源功率稳定性约为1%(10 min),光斑尺寸在实现最佳耦合效率允许范围内,光束位置稳定度约为6 um,相干长度为1 cm 左右,都在测试精度允许范围内;选择了纤芯直径为3.5 um 的单模不保偏光纤,对光纤端面镀半反半透金属膜,实现了较高的条纹对比度和光能利用率,并设计了波前参考源,方便了光纤端面的抛光、镀膜及装卡。最后,利用选择的部件搭建了光纤相移点衍射干涉仪实验装置,为最终能够实现光学系统波像差的高精度检测提供了前期的准备。