电子产品中的无铅焊料及其应用与发展

由于传统焊接技术使用的Sn-Pb焊料中的铅会对环境造成污染而被禁止使用,近年来无铅焊料成为了研究热点。文中介绍了运用于电子产品中的无铅焊料的发展背景、特点及要求。根据应用温度不同,无铅焊料可以分为低温、中温和高温无铅焊料。文章综述了它们各自的应用特点、场合及存在的问题和发展前景。     

无铅焊料的新发展

传统焊接技术使用锡铅焊料，对环境造成严重伤害．本从环保角度出发，阐述了应用无铅焊料的必然性，并介绍了无铅焊料近几年的发展，指出现阶段无铅焊料离市场要求还有一定差距。     

氮气保护无铅波峰焊焊接质量分析

相对于传统的Sn-Pb焊料,无铅焊料更容易氧化,润湿性较差,从而影响波峰焊接质量.N2保护可以降低无铅焊料的氧化,提高无铅焊料的润湿性,从而提高波峰焊接质量.从润湿性的机理分析了N2保护提高无铅焊料润湿性的原因,并通过润湿性实验和波峰焊接试验证实了N2保护的优越性.     

无铅波峰焊设备的特点

相对于传统的Sn-Pb焊料,无铅焊料需要较高的焊接温度,而且润湿性差,另外免清洗助焊剂和水溶性助焊剂的固体含量低,活性温度高和活性区间窄。无铅焊料和助焊剂的特性决定了无铅波峰焊设备在结构和材料选用上有很大不同。通过对无铅波峰焊设备的各个部分的特点进行分析,为传统的旧波峰焊设备的改造提供参考。     

Sn—Bi无铅焊料的研究

通过总结传统Sn-Pb焊料的特点和研制无铅焊料的条件,综述Sn-Bi无铅焊料低熔点等优点以及脆性大、易偏析的缺点,分析添加In,Ag,AI,Sb等微量合金元素对Sn-Bi无铅焊料微观组织及性能的影响,提出了此合金系焊料的抗蠕变性、导电性、润湿性、拉伸性能等尚待完善的性能及可采用合金化、开发新型焊剂等新方法使Sn-Bi焊料成为理想的无铅焊料,为无铅焊料的进一步研究提供一定的参考.     

Sn-Zn系无铅焊料抗氧化性和润湿性研究现状

Sn-Zn无铅焊料由于熔点接近Sn-Pb,价格低廉、无毒性、力学性能优良等特点,倍受人们的关注。然而由于Zn的表面活性高,在钎焊过程中焊料容易氧化,导致了润湿性能下降。本文综述合金元素对Sn-Zn无铅焊料氧化性能、润湿性的影响。并对Sn-Zn焊料今后的研究方向进行了简要分析。     

新型无铅焊料合金Sn-Ag-Cu-In-Bi的研究

目前广泛用于电子工业界的Sn-Pb焊料合金由于Pb的毒性而将被限制使用,无铅焊料合金的研制成为研究的热点。笔者以Sn-Ag-Cu合金为母合金,同时添加In和Bi元素,得到了性能更好的无铅焊料合金,进行了一系列的性能测试,包括熔点、硬度、剪切强度以及可焊性。并且确定了综合性能较好的焊料的成分范围。     

Sn3．5Ag0．7Cu焊料的疲劳特性及铅杂质的影响

含铅焊料应用在电子产品上已超过50年的时间。然而出于环境方面的考虑，在未来的几年含铅焊料的使用将被禁止。作为替代，必须发明不含铅的焊料。对无铅焊料总的要求类似于含铅焊料。它们要求类似的诸如焊接温度及时间工艺参数窗口和相当于含铅焊料或更好的特性。科学家们已研究了许多不同类型的无铅焊料，从中我们选取Sn3、5Ag0．7Cu作为本次研究的对象，因为它可能目前是在欧洲应用最广泛的一种无铅合金。通过下面几项工作中我们研究了Sn3．5Ag0.7Cu的疲劳特性。制成板(PCBA)温度循环(热冲击)试验：用Sn3．5Ag0．7Cu无铅焊料在不同的焊接气氛下将各种不同类型的器件焊在有不同可焊性表面覆层的印制板上，做成试验制成板(PCBA)。将125℃到-15℃的温度循环(热冲击)施与试验制成板并研究板上焊点在经受不同次数的温度循环后其微观组织结构及变化。模型焊点的机械应力循环试验：室温条件下利用特别设计的环一插针模型焊点，Sn3．5Ag0．7Cu无铅焊点被施加机械应力循环并和传统的Sn-Pb焊点进行比较。包含不同铅含量的焊点也被研究以确认铅杂质对无铅焊点特性的影响。比起传统的Sn-Pb焊料，Sn3．5Ag0．7Cu有更好的疲劳特性。然而研究同时发现一个2％-5％的铅杂质含量对无铅焊点的寿命是有害的。     

Sn-Ag系电子无铅软钎料的超电势研究

随着微电子表面组装技术（SMT）的迅速发展和公众环境意识的增强，无铅软钎料成为近年来研究的焦点。主要研究了Sn-Ag系合金钎料的超电势电化学性能，并且与传统的Sn-Pb近共晶合金进行了对比。试验证明在酸、碱两种不同的溶液环境中，无铅软钎料在Sn-Pb合金的超电势有明显的差异。并指出含铋的钎料的超电势随着铋的含量的增加而降低，从而提出了在无铅软钎料研究中应当考虑因超电势变化而引起的问题。     

无铅波峰焊工艺与设备的技术特点探讨

(上接2004年第5期第201页) 3.2 锡炉的腐蚀性问题 波峰焊接PCB上的插装电子元器件,当采用无铅焊料时,由于无铅焊料的焊接温度比Sn-Pb合金焊料高约30 ℃～50 ℃,另外无铅焊料中Sn的含量大幅度提高,一般都在95 %以上,造成了波峰焊时无铅焊料对锡炉和喷口的腐蚀性加强.国内一般锡炉采用的材料是SUS304和SUS316型不锈钢.实验表明,不锈钢材料在高温条件下6个月就被高Sn无铅焊料明显腐蚀.最容易受到腐蚀的是与流动焊料接触的部位,如泵的叶轮、输送管和喷口.     

Nanoparticles of the Lead-free Solder Alloy Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu with Large Melting Temperature Depression

Due to the toxicity of lead (Pb), Pb-containing solder alloys are being phased out from the electronics industry. This has lead to the development and implementation of lead-free solders. Being an environmentally compatible material, the lead-free Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (wt.%) solder alloy is considered to be one of the most promising alternatives to replace the traditionally used Sn-Pb solders. This alloy composition possesses, however, some weaknesses, mainly as a result of its higher melting temperature compared with the Sn-Pb solders. A possible way to decrease the melting temperature of a solder alloy is to decrease the alloy particle size down to the nanometer range. The melting temperature of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder alloy, both as bulk and nanoparticles, was investigated. The nanoparticles were manufactured using the self-developed consumable-electrode direct current arc (CDCA) technique. The melting temperature of the nanoparticles, with an average size of 30 nm, was found to be 213.9°C, which is approximately 10°C lower than that of the bulk alloy. The developed CDCA technique is therefore a promising method to manufacture nanometer-sized solder alloy particles with lower melting temperature compared with the bulk alloy.     

无铅焊料的新发展

传统焊接技术使用锡铅焊料,对环境造成严重伤害。文章从环保角度出发,阐述了应用无铅焊料的必然性,并介绍了无铅焊料近几年的发展,指出现阶段无铅焊料离市场要求还有一定差距, 需进一步加强研究与开发。     

Lead (Pb)-free solders for electronic packaging

The harmful effects of lead on the environment and human health, coupled with the threat of legislation, have prompted a serious search for lead-free solders for electronic packaging applications. At present, Sn-Pb eutectic and other Pb-containing solders find widespread use in printed circuit board assembly. Several Pb-free solder alloys which appear to have the potential for replacing Sn-Pb solders are receiving increased attention from the electronic assembly community. Recently, numerous studies have been published detailing the wetting characteristics, tensile and shear strength, and creep and low-cycle fatigue properties of these alloys. It is the purpose of this paper to review these results and assess the suitability of the solders for electronic packaging from the viewpoints of process technology and reliability.     

低温无铅焊料

随着无铅焊料的发展,低温组装技术越来越多的需求对低温无铅焊料提出了诸多挑战。对国内外低温无铅焊料的发展情况进行了综述,详细介绍了四种不同的低温无铅焊料的研究现状,以及不同的领域应用的优缺点和解决方案,分析了未来实现低温安装的途径与开发方向。     

Characterization of the growth of intermetallic interfacial layers of Sn-Ag and Sn-Pb eutectic solders and their composite solders on Cu substrate during isothermal long-term aging

Single shear lap joints were made with four different solders, Sn-Pb and Sn-Ag eutectic solders, and their composites containing about 20 vol.% in-situ Cu6Sn5 intermetallic phases about 3–8 micrometers in diameter. Two sets of experiments were performed: In the first set, all of the above four solder joints were aged at 150°C for periods ranging to 5000 h and the intermetallic growth was monitored periodically. In the second set, each of the above four solder joints was aged at five different temperatures for 4000 h. The interfacial layers between solders and the Cu substrate were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The growth kinetics of intermetallic interfacial layers formed between solder and Cu substrate was characterized. The effect of in-situ Cu₆Sn₅ intermetallic phases on the growth rate is discussed. The growth rate of the intermetallic layers in the eutectic Sn-Pb composite was slower for the first 150 h as compared to the eutectic Sn-Pb non-composite. The growth rate of the intermetallic layers were similar for both the eutectic Sn-Ag and eutectic Sn-Ag composite throughout the aging duration. The activation energies for Cu₆Sn₅ layer growth for the eutectic Sn-Pb and Sn-Ag solder joints are evaluated to be 111 kJ/mol and 116 kJ/mol, respectively. The eutectic Sn-Pb and Sn-Ag composite solder joints exhibit higher activation energies of 161 kJ/mol and 203 kJ/mol.     

Flux development for lead-free solders containing zinc

New lead-free solders containing zinc are promising candidates to replace near-eutectic tin-lead solders because the solders melt at lower temperatures than Sn-Ag-base solders. They also possess good mechanical and fatigue properties and are less expensive. However, the contact angle on copper for Sn-Zn solders is high when fluxes used for Sn-Pb solders are utilized. A novel approach for flux development to improve wetting of copper surfaces by tin-zinc eutectic solder was developed: tin containing organic compounds, which decomposes at soldering temperatures and produces metallic tin on surfaces to be soldered was added to several specially formulated fluxes. This process improves wetting of copper surfaces by molten tin-zinc eutectic solder. Fluxes were developed that give a contact angle as low as 20°.     

Lead-free ball-grid array balls: Production method and properties

Production method and properties of lead-free ball-grid array (BGA) balls in comparison to standard BGA balls with the eutectic Sn-Pb composition are presented. Lead-free BGA balls can also be produced by an innovative process that allows the production of solder balls directly from the melt. In contrast to Sn-Pb solder balls, the surface of lead-free balls is not perfectly shiny but appears partly rough. This is caused by a different solidification behavior. The stability of Sn-based solder balls against darkening caused by oxidation effects during movement is far more pronounced than for Sn-Pb balls. The patent situation concerning Sn-based soft solders is not critical any more because of an existing “older” patent that covers comparable alloy types.     

Ag对Sn-Pb电子钎料合金性能的影响

研究了Ag的合金化对Sn-Pb钎料合金材料性能的影响。并从钎料的润湿性能，机械性能及抗腐蚀性能等方面讨论了Ag的有利作用，研究表明，在一些特定条件下的电子元件的焊接，Sn-Pb-Ag钎料可部分地或全部地替代昂贵的遗金属钎料合金。     

低银无铅焊料的研制动态

分析了低银无铅焊料(w(Ag)≤1.0％)在成本、抗跌落性能、Ag3Sn化合物的形成等方面与高银焊料相比的优势,综述了低银焊料在应用过程中面临的问题,如高熔点与氧化、热疲劳性能、返修缺陷等,并列举了实例,提出了一些有针对性的解决方案.最后展望了低银无铅焊料的发展趋势.