热红外联合被动微波重构裸土区地表温度时间序列数据算法

在进行一定区域地表温度时间序列的研究中,常遇到由于天气原因造成的温度数据缺失问题,针对这一突出问题,在分析土壤发射率数据库的基础上,提出了一种裸露地表晴空时段热红外、微波亮温数据与非晴空时段微波亮温数据相结合来获取时间序列中缺失的地表温度数据的算法.此算法不仅解决了被动微波进行地表温度反演过程中下垫面发射率难以确定的问...     

利用新型经验函数模拟云底亮温及误差分析

Stephen在2008年提出了一种新型亮温经验函数,为反演云底高提供了一种无需计算大气中实时水汽含量的新方法.利用SBDART模式和Stephen亮温函数比较系统地研究了不同天顶角、水汽、云、气溶胶、能见度等气象要素条件下,云底红外亮温Tb随天顶角的变化情况,并对其进行误差分析.模拟结果显示,水汽、云、天顶角及能见度小于5 km时对Tb影响较大,不同气象要素条件下,Stephen亮温函数模拟的云底亮温与SBDART模拟结果相近,所以,采用Stephen亮温函数模拟云底亮温具有可行性.     

FY-3B红外分光计亮温资料的云检测算法研究

结合风云三号B星(FY-3B)载红外分光计(InfraRed Atmospheric Sounder,IRAS)资料的通道特性,分析了云在不同波段的光谱特性。与通道亮温偏差阈值法不同,利用通道多光谱信息以及基于平滑梯度和通道信噪比的方法对FY-3B/IRAS资料进行云检测方法研究,更有效地识别出了有云视场点。对2013年1月9日00时至1月14日00时共5天的IRAS资料数据进行了偏差订正,然后采用以上方法进行了IRAS资料云检测。结果表明,经过云检测后的通道亮温偏差服从高斯分布,满足后期变分同化IRAS通道亮温的要求。     

卫星视频运动目标检测算法

为了实现对卫星视频图像序列的运动目标进行跟踪,提出了一种背景建模与添加实际条件约束相结合的卫星视频运动目标检测算法。首先,针对卫星视频图像序列的背景建立背景模型。然后,把接下来各帧图像同该模型相比较,进行减法运算,所得偏差为运动区域。最后添加满足卫星实际情况的约束条件,根据卫星视频的分辨率估算出运动目标合理的像元尺寸,从而滤掉噪声。将本算法在PC端进行实现,并与三帧差法和背景建模法的检测准确度进行对比。实验结果表明:本算法对卫星视频图像序列运动目标检测的准确度可达83.6%,三帧差法检测准确度为6.1%,背景建模法检测准确度为21.0%。从实验结果可以看出,本文算法可以比较准确地对卫星视频图像序列进行运动目标检测。     

基于TRMM VIRS可见光和红外五通道的白天云检测方案

热带测雨卫星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Minion,TRMM)积累的从可见光到微波的多光谱云和降水辐射信息,为全球尺度云和降水参数反演研究提供了宝贵资料.云/晴空识别作为反演流程中的关键一环,对反演结果准确度起到决定性的作用.利用可见光/红外扫描仪(visible and infrared scanner,VIRS)提供的五通道辐射通量观测,提出一种可依靠TRMM平台观测资料独立实现的白天云检测方案.此方案由地形识别、二维表云检测和决策树云检测三个基本步骤构成,检测结果分为无云覆盖、部分云覆盖和完全云覆盖三种.与MODIS云产品的对比结果表明,非冰雪下垫面云检测精度较高,云量均值差异低于5%.特别对于冰雪下垫面,结合使用1.6μm反射率以及3.7μm和10.8μm亮温信息,利用阈值法对冰雪覆盖的晴空像素和真实云像素实现了较好的分离.利用该云检测方案,仅借助TRMM平台可见光和红外多通道资料即获得可信的云/晴空识别,这将为基于TRMM卫星多仪器融合资料的云和降水参数反演等相关研究带来方便.     

静止轨道微波卫星热带气旋观测数值模拟及时空分辨率分析:以台风“菲特”为例

观测热带气旋所需的空间分辨率以及识别出变化所需的时间分辨率对于用于观测热带气旋的辐射计的指标设计有重要意义.利用美国国家环境预报中心6 h全球最终分析资料作为初始场, 通过中尺度数值天气预报模式输出不同时刻水凝物含量和温湿度廓线等参数, 使用欧洲中期数值天气预报中心发展建立的快速辐射传输模式输出亮温, 分析了不同时刻及不同空间分辨率下氧气吸收频段和水汽吸收频段的静止轨道探测模拟亮温.结果表明:热带气旋等级越高, 观测的空间分辨率需求越高, 氧气吸收频率、水汽吸收频率、窗区频率对空间分辨率敏感度依次增大; 短时间内低等级热带气旋的观测时间分辨率需求越高, 水汽吸收频段探测频率所需时间分辨率高于氧气吸收频段.     

红外卫星资料的云检测对台风数值模拟的影响

为提高红外卫星资料的利用率,需将更多的资料同化进入数值预报模式初始场,尽量减小云污染的影响。针对大气红外探测器(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, AIRS)卫星资料,用云检测方法识别了云顶高度。在验证该方法的有效性之后,在大范围卫星视场的含云区域中保留所有云顶以上的通道,并将这些通道的亮温数据同化进入数值预报模式初始场,通过对比分析不同方案下台风的模拟路径来评估云检测方法对台风数值模拟的影响。结果表明,该云检测方法的效果较好,检测出的晴空区及云区的分布与实际观测对应,检测得到的高云顶区域与台风云系的对应性较好。将云顶以上的通道亮温加以利用后,红外卫星资料的利用率得到很大提高,数据是原数据量的2.4倍。在台风路径模拟方面,同化云层以上的通道数据后,数据量的增加使路径模拟变得更精确了,与观测值明显接近。     

CRTM云模式的建立与敏感性试验

云污染会严重影响云区辐射的模拟,导致大量云区卫星资料被废弃。结 合快速辐射传输模式(Community Radiative Transfer Model, CRTM)的应用现状以及 红外遥感原理,对CRTM模式中的辐射传输模块进行了修改,并提出了能够模拟云 区红外辐射的CRTM云模式。利用CRTM云模式模拟了高光谱大气红外探测 器(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, AIRS)的通道亮温,并针对云模式中新增的参数进行了 敏感性分析。结果表明,随着通道高度的下移,对卫星接收辐射贡献较大的大气层也在下移,偏 差大值区所处的高度也越来越低;在偏差大值区中,偏差值会随着云量的增加而增大,直到全云覆盖时,偏 差值最大;云量较大时,输入的温度廓线的垂直变化会引起云顶发射辐射产生相同的垂 直分布,这与用CRTM云模式模拟出的亮温随云顶高度抬升而出现的垂直变化一致;用CRTM云模 式模拟的亮温值对新增的云量和云顶高度参数的敏感性较强,符合大气红外辐射传输的规律。     

静止轨道微波辐射计在轨冷定标方案初探

地球静止轨道微波辐射计利用大气吸收频段对温湿度廓线探测,辐射计在轨采用冷空作为低温定标源。当反射器指向冷空获取宇宙背景辐射亮温时,太阳或其他星体会进入冷空观测视场,由于其亮温远远高于冷空辐射亮温2.73 K,一旦进入会严重影响冷空观测值。为充分有效利用辐射计观测数据,本文主要分析最大影响源太阳对冷空观测亮温的影响,初步给出一种静止轨道微波辐射计冷定标方案,使冷空观测亮温与背景标准值的最大偏差降低至0.04 K,同时也分析了月球和卫星本体等因素对冷空观测亮温的影响。     

3mm波段天空亮温计算与测量

在毫米波被动探测中,金属目标往往是被探测的对象.金属的发射率近似为零,它几乎全部反射来自天空的辐射能量.建立了晴天时的天空亮温计算模型,在3mm波段计算了天空亮温.在几种典型天气条件(晴天、多云、阴天、降雨)下对天空亮温进行了实验测量.测量结果表明,晴天时的天空亮温计算模型是可行的,天空亮温随天气条件而变.晴天时,随着温度和湿度的增加,天空亮温明显增大;晴天淡云对天空亮温的影响较小;阴天时的浓云层对天空亮温的影响显著;降雨对天空亮温的影响最大.     

云参数对AIRS亮温模拟计算的影响试验

由于云污染对大气红外遥感的严重干扰,大量红外资料遭到了舍弃。为 了充分同化红外资料,提高初始场精度和改善数值预报效果,利用通用辐射传输模式(Community Radiative Transfer Model, CRTM) 模拟了大气红外探测仪(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, AIRS)的通道亮温,并分析了云类型、云层含水量、云厚度和云顶高度等云参数对AIRS亮温的 影响。结果表明：(1)由于云层对红外辐射的截断作用,只有高于云顶的大气才会对辐射亮温产 生影响;(2)随着云层积分含水量的增加,亮温逐渐减小,但其减速放缓,直至不变;有效半径较 大的粒子对辐射的散射作用较强,相应亮温较小;(3)若云顶高度固定不变,云厚度的变化 则不会对亮温产生影响;若云底高度固定不变,云层越厚,相应的亮温越小;(4)地面通道亮温 对云顶高度的变化比较敏感,云顶以上通道的亮温不受云顶高度变化的影响。     

利用FY-1C资料反演水云的光学厚度和粒子有效半径

利用FY-IC极轨气象卫星扫描辐射计的通道1(0．58—0．68μm)、通道3(3．55—3．95μm)和通道6(1．58—1．64μm)所提供的探测数据进行了水云光学厚度和粒子有效半径的反演试验．在非水汽吸收波段(如通道1)，云的反射函数主要是云光学厚度的函数，而在水汽吸收波段(如通道6)，云的反射函数主要是云粒子大小的函数．因此当云光学厚度较厚时，可利用通道1和通道6反射率，或通道1反射率和通道3亮度温度同时计算出云的光学厚度和有效粒子半径。     

Microwave radiometric technique to retrieve vapor, liquid and ice.I. Development of a neural network-based inversion method

With the advent of the microwave radiometer, passive remote sensing of clouds and precipitation has become an indispensable tool in a variety of meteorological and oceanographical applications. There is wide interest in the quantitative retrieval of water vapor, cloud liquid, and ice using brightness temperature observations in scientific studies such as Earth's radiation budget and microphysical processes of winter and summer clouds. Emission and scattering characteristics of hydrometeors depend on the frequency of observation. Thus, a multifrequency radiometer has the capability of profiling cloud microphysics. Sensitivities of vapor, liquid, and ice with respect to 20.6, 31.65 and 90 GHz brightness temperatures are studied. For the model studies, the atmosphere is characterized by vapor density and temperature profiles and layers of liquid and ice components. A parameterized radiative transfer model is used to quantify radiation emanating from the atmosphere. It is shown that downwelling scattering of radiation by an ice layer results in enhancement at 90 GHz brightness temperature. Once absorptive components such as vapor and liquid are estimated accurately, then it is shown that the ice water path can be retrieved using ground-based three-channel radiometer observations. In this paper the authors developed two- and three-channel neural network-based inversion models. Success of a neural network-based approach is demonstrated using a simulated time series of vapor, liquid, and ice. Performance of the standard explicit inversion model is compared with an iterative inversion model. In part II of this paper, actual radiometer, and radar field measurements are utilized to show practical applicability of the inverse models     

Influence of microphysical cloud parameterizations on microwavebrightness temperatures

The microphysical parameterization of clouds and rain cells plays a central role in atmospheric forward radiative transfer models used in calculating microwave brightness temperatures. The absorption and scattering properties of a hydrometeor-laden atmosphere are governed by particle phase, size distribution, aggregate density, shape, and dielectric constant. This study investigates the sensitivity of brightness temperatures with respect to the microphysical cloud parameterization. Calculated wideband (6-410 GHz) brightness temperatures were studied for four evolutionary stages of an oceanic convective storm using a rive-phase hydrometeor model in a planar-stratified scattering-based radiative transfer model. Five other microphysical cloud parameterizations were compared to the baseline calculations to evaluate brightness temperature sensitivity to gross changes in the hydrometeor size distributions and the ice-air-water ratios in the frozen or partly frozen phase. The comparison shows that enlarging the raindrop size or adding water to the partly frozen hydrometeor mix warms brightness temperatures by as much as 55 K at 6 GHz. The cooling signature caused by ice scattering intensifies with increasing ice concentrations and at higher frequencies. An additional comparison to measured Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3) brightness temperatures shows that in general all but two parameterizations produce calculated T_Bs that fall within the CAMEX-3 observed minima and maxima     

风云卫星云图自动识别追踪MCS的方法

根据中尺度对流系统(MCS)的识别判定标准,基于数字图像处理和模糊模式识别等技术,研究对MCS云团的自动识别与追踪。利用SUSAN边缘检测算子提取边界轮廓,并以亮温直方图结合云团的多个特征量构建追踪模板,实现云团追踪。通过对2014年5月10日12～17时的追踪实验发现,该方法可快速实现MCS云团的自动识别,并能实现对多时次MCS云团的连续有效追踪。     

Deriving Winds at Cloud-Base Height With an Infrared Camera

An uncooled commercial infrared camera is used to retrieve horizontal winds at cloud-base height. The camera is equipped with a microbolometer array of 320 times 240 pixels covering a field of view of 32deg times 24deg. It operates in the atmospheric window from 7.5 to 14 mum . In this wavelength range, the camera has day and night measurement capabilities, independent of the illumination conditions. Optically thick clouds appear as blackbody radiators and offer a large brightness temperature contrast with the much colder clear-sky background. We develop a method to follow the infrared structures in the clouds as they pass through the field of view of the camera. Taking a picture every 6 s, the angular velocity of the cloud base is calculated as the ratio of the angular displacement of the cloud structures between two pictures over the elapsed time. To transform the angular velocity into a metric velocity, we use the temperature profile retrieved by a microwave radiometer called All-Sky MUlti-WAvelength Radiometer. The case study of September 10, 2007 is shown. The retrieved wind is of 18.0 plusmn 2.4 m/s at an altitude of 4164 plusmn 546 m above the instrument, blowing from northwest. These results agree well with radiosondings launched in the vicinity of the experiment site.     

全天空红外云探测在航空气象中的应用

利用合肥新桥机场温湿度、云高、能见度以及全天空云图仪数据资料, 分析了 2019 年 7 月至 2020 年 4 月机 场上空各类云的红外特征以及云、雾演变规律。结果表明: (1) 在云判别上, 云底高度越高, 红外云图上表现亮度越暗, 反之亦然。且不同类型的云具有各自独有的红外特征。 (2) 不同高度的波状云最大云块平均最短直径表现为层积云云 块是高积云的 2∼4 倍, 高积云是卷积云的 2∼4 倍。碎层云主要呈现出团状, 具有蓬松棉花状结构; 而碎雨云相对破碎, 一般为烟带状或散片状。 (3) 云与雾有明确的转化过程。辐射雾一般发生在云层刚散开期间, 天空至少一半为晴空的 时段, 且雾逐步抬升为云, 并持续消散。当天空形成不均匀缺口, 表明雾开始消散, 其可作为能见度迅速回升的一个重 要指标。非对流降水云层演变呈现出云高由高到低, 云层由分散纹理状变为均匀层状, 降水前期均会出现“均匀层状”, 地面相对湿度呈现出陡增现象。     

Satellite infrared imagery,rawinsonde data,and gravity wave remote sensing of severe convective storms

GOES digital infrared data during the time period between two hours before the touchdown of tornado and the tornado touchdown time were used in this study. Comparison between tornado-associated clouds and non-tornado-associated clouds indicates that the difference between overshooting cloud top temperature and the tropopause temperature, or how much the cloud has penetrated above the tropopause, rather than either the absolute temperature of penetrative cloud top or the height of the top of overshooting turret is significant for the possible formation of severe storms. The penetrative overshooting cloud top collapses about 15 to 30 minutes before the touchdown of tornado. Gravity waves were detected from the severe convective storms.     

Stereo Cloud Heights From Multispectral IR Imagery via Region-of-Interest Segmentation

Multispectral thermal imagery acquired from low Earth orbit was used to develop a method of cloud-height determination that applies image brightness temperature histograms and region-of-interest (ROI) image segmentation as a processing step prior to stereo-height retrieval. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Infrared Spectral Imaging Radiometer (ISIR) acquired all imagery during the August 1997 STS-85 mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery. ISIR, the first Earth-observing spectroradiometer to employ an uncooled large-format microbolometer-array focal plane, provided continuous coverage in four spectral bands along track in an 80-km-wide swath. ROI segmentation created binary cloud masks ranging over brightness temperatures in the imagery for which the parallax was determined by a two-dimensional correlation method, allowing stereo heights to be determined using the standard parallax equations. A subpixel parallax algorithm allowed stereo heights to be determined with a precision of roughly$pm$0.39 km for clouds in the observed altitude range of 0.5–10 km.     

高分一号光学遥感数据自适应云区识别

光学卫星遥感数据在获取过程中易受云层干扰,云区识别是光学遥感数据应用及分析的一个基础但重要的步骤,高效的云区识别技术对节省数据收集成本和提高数据利用效率具有较强的现实意义.同态滤波算法是经典的基于单幅影像的云区识别方法之一,该算法具有计算快速方便、云区检测精度较高的优点,然而识别的云区范围极大程度取决于同态滤波器截止频率的位置.同态滤波截止频率通常采用经验值,显然经验截止频率无法适应批量遥感数据的自动处理需求.针对以上问题,本文通过建立输入影像频谱能量与截止频率的关系,结合白度指数(Whiteness Index)和形态学算子,实现对国产高分辨率光学卫星高分一号(GF-1)遥感数据的批量云区识别处理.与传统同态滤波方法相比,该算法能根据影像频谱能量自适应判定同态滤波时采用的截止频率,具有更强的适用性.通过对98景GF-1多光谱数据进行随机点人工目视标记精度检验,精度检验结果表明该算法对云区有较好的检测效果,总体识别精度达93. 81%.该算法对GF-1遥感数据能进行批量化云区检测,获得高精度的云区掩膜结果,并有效降低高反射率地物造成的误识率.