Multi-beam interference competition in heterodyne detection

In a typical infrared optical system, the “Narcissus” effect exists extensively. This concept can be extended into a heterodyne detection. In a heterodyne detection, besides the probe and local oscillator beams, a third coherent beam or even more beams caused by spurious reflection might interfere with each other on the surface of the photodetector. Generation of heterodyne signal is dependent on the interference effects between regular and unexpected waves. Based on the theory of PM demodulation, we analyze the effect of multi-beam interference competition in a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). A mathematical analysis demonstrates that the signal competition depends on the modulation index, the amplitude ratio of competing signals and their relative phases. The distortion of demodulated signal due to the appearance of ripples or spikes is also predicted in this study. These effects are verified by setting up an all-fiber LDV system for measuring vibration.     

Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor for Multi-point Temperature Measurement

The distributed optical fiber sensing technology is overviewed, which is based on Raman scattering light theory. Basic operation principle, structure, system characteristics and signal processing are discussed. This structure and method of the signal processing possess of certain spatial resolution, hence will ensure the practicability of system.     

Research of Confocal Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection System for Micro-fluidic Chip

The characteristics such as signal noise ratio（SNR） and sensitivity of the fluorescence detection system for micro-fluidic chip influence the performance of the whole system extremely. The confocal laser induced fluorescence detection system is presented. Based on the debugging of optical and circuit modules, the results of detecting the samples are given and analyzed theoretically, and the improved project is put forward.     

An integrated optical 3D electric field sensing system based on time-division multiplexing

A new integrated optical three-dimensional (3D) electric field (E-field) sensing system is shown in this paper. In the system, the method of tuning laser’s wavelength is used for controlling the working point of the integrated optical E-field sensor to keep it always in linear working area. The sensing system contains three independent E-field sensors, and the tuning of their working points and the sensing of electric signal are completed by adopting time-division multiplexing (TDM) technique. Then, the theoretical analysis and simulation of the working mechanism of the E-field sensing system are done in this paper. The results show that the bandwidth of electric signal is directly related with the tuning time of working point, and also determines the working rate of the controlling system.     

Design of airport wake vortex monitoring system based on 1.5-μm pulsed coherent Doppler lidar

To shun the vortex hazard,the airport wake vortex monitoring system based on 1.5-mm pulsed coherent Doppler lidar is designed successfully in this paper.Based on the realistic analytical model,the wake vortex generated by airbus A340 under typical flight condition is simulated.Then the principle of airport wake vortex monitoring is introduced,and the work flow of the monitoring system is also presented.Moreover,based on the mechanism of vortex coherent detection and typical system parameters,both detection SNR and detection precision are obtained through numerical simulations.When the system outputs 2 J energy,the coherent detection SNR at 10 km distance is up to 23.452,and detection precision can reach 0.328 m/s.With the wake vortex monitoring experiment of A340,some vortex parameters are estimated.Due to these results comparatively coinciding with the previous simulation conclusions,the ability of Doppler lidar for full-scale wake vortex characterization and real time measurement is demonstrated.The study shows that the wake vortex detection based on 1.5-mm pulsed coherent Doppler lidar has the advantages of high accuracy and far distance,and the designed airport wake vortex monitoring system has proved to be effective and feasible,which has significant development and application prospect in the aspect of assuring flight security and increasing airport capacity.     

Wavelet-denoising technique in near-infrared methane detection based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

A novel wavelet denoising （WD） assisted wavelength modulation technique is proposed for improving near-infrared de- tection performance on methane concentration based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy （TDLAS）. Due to the ability of multi-level analytical resolutions both in time- and frequency-domains, the noise contained in the differen- tial signal is greatly suppressed. Sensor mechanical part, optical part and electrical part are integrated, and a portable detection device is finally developed. Theory and formulations of the WD-assisted wavelength modulation technique are presented, and experiments are carried out to prove the normal function on the extraction of the second harmonic （2j） signal from severely polluted differential signal by using the technique. By virtue of WD＇s suppression on noises, the sensing characteristics on CH4 concentration are improved, and the limit of detection （LOD） is decreased from 4× 10-6 （without WD processing） to 10-6. The proposed technique can also be used for the measurement on the concentration of other gases with corresponding near-infrared distributed feedback lasers.     

Photonic envelope detection and fiber transmission of 24 GHz IR-UWB signal based on phase modulation

A novel scheme for photonic envelope detection and fiber transmission of 24 GHz impulse radio ultra-wideband(IRUWB) signal is proposed based on phase modulator(PM). In the system, an optics assisted envelope detection unit(OAEDU) is used for filtering one of the first sidebands at the output of PM, then this narrow band optical signal transfers over single-mode fiber(SMF), and the envelope of 24 GHz IR-UWB signal is obtained after photodetection(PD) and low pass filter(LPF). The numerical simulation results show that the combination of PM and OAEDU can alleviate the fiber chromatic dispersion(CD) effectively. The proposed system may provide a simple and cost-effective solution for IR-UWB receiver.     

Combined optical fiber interferometric sensors for the detection of acoustic emission

A type of combined optical fiber interferometric acoustic emission sensor is proposed. The sensor can be independent on the laser source and make light interference by matching the lengths of two arms,so it can be used to monitor the health of large structure. Theoretical analyses indicate that the system can be equivalent to the Michelson interferometer with two optical fiber loop reflectors,and its sensitivity has been remarkably increased because of the decrease of the losses of light energy. PZT is powered by DC regulator to control the operating point of the system,so the system can accurately detect feeble vibration which is generated by ultrasonic waves propagating on the surface of solid. The amplitude and the frequency of feeble vibration signal are obtained by detecting the output light intensity of interferometer and using Fourier transform technique. The results indicate that the system can be used to detect the acoustic emission signals by the frequency characteristics.     

Study on Differential Demodulation System of Laser Doppler

To meet the seism detection‘ s require of high accuracy, high resolving power, the measurement technique of Laser Doppler and detection technique of faint signal are further researched. A differential demodulation system of Laser Doppler is designed. Phase grating is adopt to obtain same intensity measured beams with big separative angle in the system, and by focusing the waists of two Gauss beams on the measured object with extender and collimating lens group, the smallest speckle and the superposition of plane waves are obtained. And because the big diameter lens is used to collect scattered light,the Doppler signal of high SNR is obtained. It‘s measured range of frequency and amplitude respectively are 0.3～1000 Hz, 1.5～5mm. And the measure accuracy of amplitude and frequency respectively are 1% and 0.4%.     

基于极大倾角光纤光栅的龙门架低频振动传感系统的性能研究

提出了一种光强解调型极大倾角光纤光栅(Excessively Tilted Fiber Grating,ExTFG)的龙门架低频振动传感器。首先分析Ex-TFG振动传感的基本原理和传感特性,实验分析Ex-TFG的偏振相关谐振峰的损耗强度与横向压力的关系;然后通过弹性膜片将PZT的振动信号转换为对传感器的横向压力;再通过光电探测模块把光信号转化为电信号;并且对输出信号进行FFT变换分析。实验结果表明,所设计的传感系统对正弦信号频率响应时间为0.045s,检测范围为1~10Hz,平均误差为0.085Hz,最大误差率为1.4%,幅度响应的线性度为96.46%,传感性能良好,其FFT变换主频分量占80%以上,对低频振动信号的传感与检测具有一定的指导意义。     

采用后向瑞利散射空间差分的周界安防分布式振动监测

提出了应用于周界安防的基于后向瑞利散射光空间差分干涉的光纤分布式振动传感监测方案。环境振动信号引起传感光纤的相位变化,含有相位信息的后向瑞利散射信号注入到非平衡迈克尔逊干涉仪,实现了后向瑞利散射信号的空间差分干涉,光纤分布式振动传感监测完成相位信号的解调,提高了系统的灵敏度。该系统能够实时监测入侵者的行走路线和速率以及模拟挖掘的距离的判断,实现了15 dB的信噪比以及35 m的探测距离。     

相位敏感OTDR和布里渊OTDR结合的双参量分布式光纤传感的研究

在分布式光纤传感及应用中,单一传感系统一般只能实现一种参量的监测,如相位敏感光时域反射计(Φ-OTDR)只能监测光纤沿线的振动信息,布里渊光时域反射计(BOTDR)仅能监测应变/温度信息。对于多参量监测的应用场合,必须通过配合多种技术和系统来实现多参量监测和分析,增加监测成本和复杂性。设计并搭建了一种集成Φ-OTDR和BOTDR的双参量分布式光纤传感系统。该系统通过同时测量光纤中的瑞利散射和布里渊散射信号,在一根传感光纤中实现了温度/应变和振动的双参量检测。经过试验测试和验证,其测量距离达50 km以上,空间分辨率可达20 m,温度测量精度为±3℃,频率测量精度±0.15 Hz以上。     

干涉型光相位传感系统信号频率特性的研究

从光学相干理论出发,通过分析传感系统输出信号的形成过程,揭示了系统输出光电信号的频率特性与传感信号特征的关联.研究表明,光电信号的频率不仅与外部振动的频率线性相关,而且与其振动强度呈非线性增长关系,理论预测与实验结果相吻合.     

Influence of laser wavelength instability, polarization fading and phase fluctuation on local heterodyne detection wavelength scanning BOTDR

In this paper, the influence of laser wavelength instability, polarization fading and phase fluctuation on local heterodyne detection wavelength scanning Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer (WS-BOTDR) is theoretically analyzed, and a local heterodyne detection WS-BOTDR system is built for experimental verification. The experimental results show that with the increase of sensing distance, the adverse effect of laser wavelength instability, polarization fading and phase fluctuation on local heterodyne detection WS-BOTDR is gradually aggravated, which will lead to the broadening and distortion of the wavelength power spectrum (WPS), resulting in large errors in demodulated Brillouin central wavelength (BCW) and temperature. The average temperature measurement errors at the positions of 1 km, 5 km, 9 km non-heating section and 9.45 km heating section are 1.76 °C, 3.42 °C, 3.89° C and 4.3 °C, respectively.     

基于相位敏感光时域反射计的音频激励信号解调与复现

解调复现外部振动信号在实际工程监测应用中具有广阔的应用前景。基于相位敏感光时域反射计(Φ-OTDR)的DAS可以探测分布式单模光纤的振动信号,其集传感和光纤于一体且还原原始信号时无需参考信号,适用于工程应用。本文设计演示了一种基于 Φ-OTDR的直接监测的简易且低成本的音频振动信号的解调与复现系统。在实验装置中使用聚苯乙烯板作为声音在空气中传输的增敏材料。将正弦干扰声音、人声及音乐三种激励源通过扬声器对待测光纤播放,证明本系统能在10 km的传输距离中复现频率丰富的外部振动信号,且具有4 m的空间分辨率,该系统适用于长距离监测下的外部振动的解调复现。     

基于自外差探测的多光纤光栅远程传感系统

提出并实验证明了一种基于自外差探测和波长扫描技术的光纤布拉格光栅远距离传感系统。该系统将远程光纤光栅阵列的反射信号光与本地参考光进行差频探测,并通过声光调制器对探测光的频移及脉冲进行调制,有效地提高了系统的探测灵敏度和传感距离。在没有放大的情况下,在171km的探测距离处,光纤光栅传感器的反射布拉格波长信号的信噪比达到33dB。该系统可以准确地绘制出远端光纤光栅阵列的反射谱,实验结果显示两个光纤光栅的布拉格波长与温度均成良好的线性关系,且传感灵敏度为11pm/℃。     

Degree of polarization detection: a dual‐polarized antenna based spectrum sensing algorithm for cognitive radio

A new spectrum sensing algorithm‐degree of polarization (DoP) sensing algorithm is proposed in this paper. By exploiting a pair of dual‐polarized antenna at the receiver, DoP of the received vector signal is estimated and utilized to detect the presence of primary users based on the polarization characteristics of electromagnetic waves. The dual‐polarized narrowband and broadband systems are both considered for DoP detection. In theoretical analysis, we derive the probability of detection, the probability of false and detection threshold of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that our algorithm overcomes the noise uncertainty problem. Considering the polarization‐sensitive channel impairments, the impact of polarization mode dispersion on DoP detector is discussed. This method can be utilized for various signal detection applications without requiring the knowledge of signal, transmission channel, and noise power. In simulations based on wireless microphone signals, by applying polarization information signal carries, DoP achieves a better detection performance than arithmetic‐to‐geometric mean detector, the maximum‐to‐minimum ratio eigenvalue detector, and energy detector with noise uncertainty. The simulations based on digital video broadcasting‐terrestrial signals are also presented, which may show the detection performance of the proposed method may be affected by polarization mode dispersion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distributed optical fiber perturbation sensing system based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer

A novel distributed optical fiber vibration-sensing system based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer has been designed and experimentally demonstrated. Firstly, the principle of Mach-Zehnder optical path interferometer technique is clarified. The output of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proportional to the phase shift induced by the perturbation. Secondly, the system consists of the laser diode (LD) as the light source, fiber, Mach-Zehnder optical interferometers as the sensing units, a 1×N star fiber-optic coupler, an N×1 fiber-optic coupler, a photodiode (PD) detector, and a computer used in signal processing. The entire monitoring region of this system is divided into several small zones, and each small monitoring zone is independent from each other. All of the small monitoring zones have their own sensing unit, which is defined by Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer. A series of sensing units are connected by the star fiber-optic couplers to form a whole sensing net. Thirdly, signal-processing techniques are subsequently used to calculate the phase shift to estimate whether intruders appear. The sensing system is able to locate the vibration signal simultaneously, includ-ing multiple vibrations at different positions, by employing the time-division multiplexed (TDM) technique. Finally, the operation performance of the proposed system is tested in the experiment lab with the conditions as follows: the number of the sensing units is 3, the length of the sensing fiber is 50 m, and the wavelength of the light diode is 1550nm. Based on these investigations, the fiber surrounding alert system is achieved. We have experimen-tally demonstrated that the sensing system can measure both the frequency and position of the vibration in real time, with a spatial positional resolution better than 50 m in an area of 1 km2.     

基于快速变极化的认知无线电频谱感知算法

为充分利用授权信号的极化状态矢量信息进行频谱感知,该文提出一种基于K臂赌博机的快速变极化算法,通过将双自由度搜索问题转化为K个1维问题,能够实现满足实时频谱感知要求的授权信号极化状态识别。给出了算法收敛时预期收益的上下确界。最后分析了基于该算法进行极化匹配接收的频谱感知性能。仿真结果表明,算法能够快速收敛,并高精度识别授权信号极化状态,对频谱感知性能提升显著。