基于Split-Field FDTD法的近埋地无限长散射体二维算法

提出了一种基于周期结构split-field FDTD法的近埋地无限长散射体二维算法.该方法根据散射体轴向均匀性将三维split-field FDTD法转化为二维算法,减少了内存和计算量,可分析斜入射脉冲波照射下近地、埋地无限长散射体散射问题.为了进一步减小计算量,连接边界上的入射波(地上为原始入射波和反射波的叠加,地下为透射波)采用一维FDTD法引入.吸收边界采用了UPML匹配层,导出了适用于split-field FDTD算法与有耗介质匹配的UPML方程.通过数值算例,验证了此二维算法应用于近埋地无限长散射体问题的有效性和实用性.     

ADI-FDTD在二维散射问题中的应用

利用交替隐式时域有限差分(ADI—FDTD)这一新方法计算二维电磁散射问题。研究了ADI—FDTD方法的入射波设置、连接边界条件、PML吸收边界和近远场变换等关键技术。与传统FDTD方法相比，ADI—FDTD的时间步长不受时间步长和空间步长的稳定性条件(CFL约束条件)限制。在该方法中，可选取较大的时间步长进而提高计算效率。最后还给出了金属和介质柱散射截面的数值算例，证实了ADI—FDTD方法处理散射问题的有效性和实用性。     

三维大尺寸介质目标散射问题的总场边界PSTD技术

传统的伪谱时域差分(PSTD)方法中不存在硬连接边界条件,基于Gao 等人的思想,在PSTD计算区域内设置8～10个网格层的连接区.通过引入加权窗函数,使得整个计算区域被有效地划分为总场区、连接区和散射场区.总场边界PSTD技术在成功地把入射波引入到PSTD计算区域内的同时,更便于复杂目标离散建模.以时域高斯脉冲为宽频带平面入射波,通过数值算例,验证了总场边界PSTD技术应用于三维大尺寸介质目标散射问题的有效性和实用性.     

FDTD中的一种新截断边界-STWBC

本文提出了一种新的边界条件:驻波-行波边界条件(STWBC).这种边界条件是在计算域外附加理想导电(磁)壁进行截断,运用反射原理,将边界处的驻波转化为行波,保持计算域内的行波状态,在有限空间内有效模拟出无限大的电磁散射空间.文中给出了该边界条件在FDTD中的差分迭代式,以及二维数值实验结果,并与PML边界和单向波边界进行了比较.由于该边界比单向波边界所需计算空间小,数值稳定性好,同时不象PML边界,需要进行场量分离和附加额外的吸收层,因此计算效率较高.     

在手机辐射作用下人体内外的场强分布

利用FDTD法在建立人体电磁模型的基础上，计算了在手机辐射作用下，人体内外的场强分布。在计算过程中，采用了硬吸收边界条件来解决FDTD算法中计算区域的截断误差问题，即把吸收性能良好的吸波材料加到计算空间的边界上以吸收边界上的入射波，消除反射波。计算结果表明，手机的辐射绝大部分被人体的皮肤所吸收，人体内部在手机辐射作用下的场很弱。因此，在非长期地、连续性地使用手机的情况下，手机的辐射应不会对人体的健康产生较大的影响。     

加权总场法在PSTD算法中的应用

伪谱时域(PSTD)方法可以处理电大尺寸目标电磁散射问题。本文介绍了一种能够把入射波有效引入PSTD计算区域的新方法——加权总场法。该方法通过引入类似于FDTD中连接边界的连接层，将计算区域划分为总场区、连接区和散射场区。为了总场区和散射场区的连续，在连接区引入窗函数．通过设置8—10层连接区就可以将入射波有效地引入到PSTD总场区。这样使入射波和目标分离，实现了复杂目标的单独建模，从而使PSTD便于模拟复杂目标的电磁散射。文中以高斯脉冲为入射波，通过二维情况下目标散射宽度的数值结果，验证了加权总场法应用于PSTD算法时的有效性和计算精度。     

时域MEI方法在矩形导体柱散射问题中的应用

本文用时域有限差分法（FDTD）模拟二维矩形导体柱的电磁散射场，采用时域不变性测试方程（MEI）作为吸收边界条件对该散射场进行求解。将所得计算结果与截断边界网格点采用Mur二阶吸收边界条件所得的数值结果相比较，两者吻合很好。结果表明使用时域MEI方法作为吸收边界条件能有效缩短截断边界与物体边界的距离，且能得到足够精确的解。     

FDTD算法的线性预测吸收边界条件

提出了一种全新的FDTD吸收边界条件——线性预测吸收边界条件(Linear Prediction Absorbing Boundary Condition——LPABC)。通过对吸收边界上的入射场进行深入的分析研究，发现在某些条件下吸收边界上的场值与入射方向上其相邻区域的场值是线性相关的，从而提出了一种利用入射方向相邻区域的场值对吸收边界上的场值进行线性预测的吸收边界条件。采用这种吸收边界条件，计算域内的场为行波场，在边界处是无反射的。此外，这种吸收边界条件不需要设置额外的吸收层，也不需要存储前一时刻的场值。最后进行了FDTD实际计算，计算结果表明LPABC吸收边界条件是有效的。     

周期结构FDTD算法的各向异性PML边界条件

本文建立了一种新的适用于周期FDTD计算的边界条件—周期/各向异性PML混合边界条件.计算验证表明,本文的方法改善了原来单向波边界的缺点,具有较高的精度,使周期FDTD算法进一步走向成熟.     

无时间约束FDTD方法在三维散射中的应用

本文阐述了一种无时间约束条件的FDTD方法(ADI-FDTD)在三维目标电磁散射中的应用.由于散射问题的复杂性,文中分别推导了ADI-FDTD原始方程在连接边界条件、吸收边界条件和近远场外推等关键处的修正方程,并提出了ADI-FDTD方法中的时间步长上限.通过算例表明该方法与传统FDTD方法相比,时间步长可突破传统时间－空间约束条件,它的选取能远大于原有时间步长,对同一散射问题,总计算时间步可以相应大幅度减少,进而提高FDTD方法在计算散射问题中的效率.最后,数值计算显示了该方法的计算精度,并通过图表给出与传统FDTD计算时间的比较.     

有耗媒质的PML技术及其在目标探测中的应用

完全匹配层是近年来迅速发展起来的一种非常有效的吸收边界,本文进一步将非分裂完全匹配层技术扩展到有耗有媒质,并将它与时域有限差分法一起用于研究有耗媒质中的目标探测问题,文中具体讨论了计算模型、天线加载以及完全匹配层媒质参数的选取;详细分析了收发天线以及收发天线与有耗媒质之间的相互耦合关系,最后给 耗媒质中存在空洞、金属管等散射体时,天线在媒质表面扫描所得的波形图,本文中的方法和模型更接近实际。可用于     

Application and optimization of PML ABC for the 3-D wave equation in the time domain

A three-dimensional algorithm with the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition (ABC) for the scalar wave equation in the time domain is presented for general inhomogeneous lossy or loss-free problems. The proposed PML ABC is applicable to practical finite difference schemes treating the time-domain wave equation, such as the time-domain wave-potential (TDWP) technique and the time-domain scalar wave equation approaches to the analysis of optical structures. The time-domain wave equation for lossy media is expressed in terms of stretched coordinate variables. The algorithm is tested for homogeneous and inhomogeneous media. We demonstrate applications to open (radiation) problems and to port terminations in high-frequency circuit problems. New PML conductivity profiles are developed for use with the second order wave equation, which offer lower reflections in a wider frequency band in comparison with the commonly used (in finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithms) profiles. The effect of the termination walls on the overall PML performance is studied and the best choices are singled out.     

Absorbing boundary conditions in the frequency-domain TLM methodand their application to planar circuits

The frequency-domain transmission-line-matrix method is extended to include absorbing boundary conditions. Three different approaches are considered: zero-reflection termination (ZRT), Berenger's perfectly matched layer (PML), and anisotropic PML. The ZRT technique is the simplest one of the three. Its main advantage over the PML techniques is that it requires no additional nodes to model the boundary. However, when placed too close to an area with high field intensity, the ZRT boundary takes out substantial parts of the transmitted power, thus giving results on the “lossy side.” The numerical losses can be reduced by moving the boundaries further away from the area of interest. The PML techniques are more difficult to implement and require additional nodes for their modeling. However, they offer more flexibility since the numerical reflections from the PML absorbers can be controlled by using several layers with conductivities gradually increasing with depth. The computer simulations show that Berenger's and anisotropic PMLs give virtually the same results. A detailed investigation regarding the optimal number of layers in the PML absorbers and distances between the absorbing boundaries and the structure under analysis is performed     

Investigation of nonplanar perfectly matched absorbers forfinite-element mesh truncation

We present a detailed theoretical and numerical investigation of the perfectly matched layer (PML) concept as applied to the problem of mesh truncation in the finite-element method (FEM). We show that it is possible to extend the Cartesian PML concepts involving half-spaces to cylindrical and spherical geometries appropriate for closed boundaries in two and three dimensions by defining lossy anisotropic layers in the relevant coordinate systems. By using the method of separation of variables, it is possible to solve the boundary value problems in these geometries. The analytical solutions demonstrate that under certain conditions, outgoing waves are absorbed with negligible reflection, and the transmitted wave is attenuated within the PML. To reduce the white space in radiation or scattering problems, conformal PMLs are constructed via parametric mappings. It is also verified that the PML concept, which was originally introduced for problems governed by Maxwell's equations, can be extended to cases governed by the scalar Helmholtz equation. Finally, numerical results are presented to demonstrate the use of the PML in FEM mesh truncation     

Multidomain pseudospectral time-domain simulations of scattering by objects buried in lossy media

A multidomain pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method with a newly developed well-posed PML is introduced as an accurate and flexible tool for the modeling of electromagnetic scattering by 2-D objects buried in an inhomogeneous lossy medium. Compared with the previous single-domain Fourier PSTD method, this approach allows for an accurate treatment of curved geometries with subdomains, curvilinear mapping, and high-order Chebyshev polynomials. The effectiveness of the algorithm is confirmed by an excellent agreement between the numerical results and analytical solutions for perfectly conducting as well as permeable dielectric cylinders. The algorithm has been applied to model various ground-penetrating radar (GPR) applications involving curved objects in a lossy half space with an undulating surface. This multidomain PSTD algorithm is potentially a very useful tool for simulating antennas near complex objects and inhomogeneous media.     

Frequency responses of ground-penetrating radars operating over highly lossy grounds

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to investigate the effects of highly lossy grounds and the frequency-band selection on ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) signals. The ground is modeled as a heterogeneous half space with arbitrary background permittivity and conductivity. The heterogeneities encompass both embedded scatterers and surface holes, which model the surface roughness. The decay of the waves in relation to the conductivity of the ground is demonstrated. The detectability of the buried targets is investigated with respect to the operating frequency of the GPR, the background conductivity of the ground, the density of the conducting inhomogeneities in the ground, and the surface roughness. The GPR is modeled as transmitting and receiving antennas isolated by conducting shields, whose inner walls are coated with absorbers simulated by perfectly matched layers (PML). The feed of the transmitter is modeled by a single-cell dipole with constant current density in its volume. The time variation of the current density is selected as a smooth pulse with arbitrary center frequency, which is referred to as the operating frequency of the GPR.     

A novel finite-difference time-domain wave propagator

A novel time-domain wave propagator is introduced. A two-dimensional (2-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm is used to analyze ground wave propagation characteristics. Assuming an azimuthal symmetry, surface, and/or elevated ducts are represented via transverse and/or longitudinal refractivity and boundary perturbations in 2-D space. The 2-D FDTD space extends from x=0 (bottom) to x→∞ (top), vertically and from z→-∞ (left) to z→∞ (right), horizontally. Perfectly matched layer (PML) blocks on the left, right, and top terminate the FDTD computation space to simulate a semi-open propagation region. The ground at the bottom is simulated either as a perfectly electrical conductor (PEC) or as a lossy second medium. A desired, initial vertical field profile, which has a pulse character in time, is injected into the FDTD computation space. The PML blocks absorb field components that propagate towards left and top. The ground wave components (i.e., the direct, ground-reflected and surface waves) are traced longitudinally toward the right. The longitudinal propagation region is covered by a finite-sized FDTD computation space as if the space slides from left to right until the pulse propagates to a desired range. Transverse or longitudinal field profiles are obtained by accumulating the time-domain response at each altitude of range and by applying the discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) at various frequencies     

A moment method solution for TMz and TEzwaves illuminating two-dimensional objects above a lossy half space

A moment method (MM) solution for analyzing the electromagnetic shielding and scattering properties of two-dimensional (2-D) objects over a lossy half space is presented. The materials of the objects can be metal, dielectric, or magnetic. Also, the lossy half space is included to simulate the effects of the earth ground or any flat homogeneous lossy surface. An MM based on a volume formulation and a special Green's function in the spectral domain is developed. Both TM _z and TE_z waves incident upon 2-D metal or lossy material structures are demonstrated for the shielding effects of those bodies in the presence of the lossy ground. Besides, the echo widths of a composite object either in free space or above the lossy half space are determined by using the MM. Some of the results are compared with those by other methods, and good agreements are obtained. The MM solution can be used to study the shielding and scattering problems for cylindrical structures located over a lossy ground     

Analysis of exponential time-differencing for FDTD in lossydielectrics

We determine the stability condition and analyze the accuracy of the exponential and centered time-differencing schemes for finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) in an isotropic, homogeneous lossy dielectric with electric and magnetic conductivities σ and σ*, respectively. We show that these schemes are equivalent and determine that, for accuracy, both schemes must be used with a time step that finely resolves the electric and magnetic conduction current relaxation time scales. The implications of these results for perfectly matched layer (PML)-type absorbing boundary conditions are discussed