基于双向拍卖的DTN拥塞感知激励策略

为激励DTN自私节点在自身缓存有限时,有效地转发其他节点的消息,提出一种基于双向拍卖的拥塞感知激励策略.该策略中节点根据当前空闲缓存大小和消息接收速率确定自身拥塞程度,结合消息的传递概率和拥塞度并基于双向拍卖模型进行消息的买卖,从而实现节点间的合作.在真实数据集上进行仿真验证,结果表明由于进行了拥塞感知,该策略能够进一步激励自私节点进行合作转发,提高消息传递成功率,减小消息传递时延.     

基于Q学习的无线传感网络自愈算法

无线传感网络存在关键区域节点能量消耗过快,节点能量供应有限以及通信链路拥塞等问题,容易造成节点故障和路由破坏。为减小上述问题对网络传输造成的影响,提出一种基于Q学习的无线传感网络自愈算法,通过引入Q学习的反馈机制,动态感知网络的状态信息,当故障发生时,自适应地选择恢复路径,保证数据实时顺利传输。仿真结果表明,该算法降低了错误选择故障或拥塞路径的概率,在故障感知、故障恢复和延长网络寿命等方面,表现出了良好的性能。     

WiNoC中无线通信拥塞与故障感知的容错路由算法

在无线片上网络中,无线通信拥塞和故障对整个片上网络的通信效率具有严重影响.为此本文提出了一种针对无线通信拥塞和故障的容错路由算法,首先设计了无线通信拥塞和故障感知模型,该模型能够感知无线节点通信对的拥塞和故障信息,并对其编码发送给子网中的路由器;然后子网中的路由器根据接收到的无线节点通信对状态信息,判断数据包是否使用无线传输.实验表明,本文方案相较于对比对象能够在较小的额外面积、功耗开销下,保证较低的网络延迟和较高的网络吞吐率,并对无线节点通信对的永久性故障具有良好的容错能力.     

基于反馈机制的自愈算法

提出了一种网络自愈算法,当网络中的节点发生故障或链路出现拥塞时,该算法利用Q学习的反馈机制、多QoS约束的评价函数和基于Boltzmann-Gibbs分布的路径选择策略,自适应地选择恢复路径,降低了选择发生故障和拥塞路径的概率,从而实现了自愈。仿真结果表明,该算法在恢复率、区分业务能力和网络资源优化等方面,表现出了良好的性能。     

DTN分发网络中基于数据投递概率的拥塞控制机制

针对DTN网络数据编码分发过程中数据拥塞造成投递性能下降的问题,提出了一种基于主题数据投递概率的节点拥塞控制机制(CCM-DP)。综合考虑节点移动模型、主题包投递概率、节点拥塞程度等因素建立数据投递概率模型,从两方面进行拥塞控制,一方面基于数据投递概率动态调节数据分组转发过程,避免节点因收取过多的数据分组造成拥塞,另一方面,通过设计合理的丢弃策略,降低因拥塞造成数据分组丢失产生的影响。最后,将该拥塞控制机制应用在数据分发过程中进行了仿真分析,结果表明,该方法能提升数据拥塞情况下的数据投递性能。     

基于多Agent强化学习的Ad hoc网络跨层拥塞控制策略

该文首先证明基于MAC层竞争造成的网络拥塞模型中存在纳什均衡点。其次,基于WOLF-PHC学习策略提出了一种跨层拥塞控制(WCS)机制。它在路由层中选择一对去耦合节点作为转发节点,同时在MAC层对源节点的发送数据进行分流,从而提高链路的空间重用性。仿真结果表明:在不需要交互任何信息的情况下,通过节点之间的相互博弈以后,采用WOLF-PHC算法能够找到每个节点的最佳分流概率进而使整体网络吞吐量达到最大值;同时当外界环境发生改变时,该算法能够较快地找到新的最佳分流概率从而实现对环境的自适应能力。     

基于马尔可夫相遇时间间隔的延迟容忍网络路由策略

在延迟容忍网络中,节点间的连接具有间断性和未知性,源节点和目的节点间不存在完整的通信路径,使得节点仅能通过移动获得的通信机会对待转发消息进行转发,易导致其转发成功率较低。对此,本文提出了基于马尔可夫相遇时间间隔预测的拥塞控制策略(CCSMP)主要是通过规定节点缓存的排队方式和丢弃机制,将预测得到的较早与目的节点相遇的报文排于队首,尽可能丢弃效用值较低的报文,进而解决由于节点缓存有限而带来的拥塞问题。     

一种基于QoS的空间延迟/中断容忍网络拥塞控制方法

为缓解网络拥塞对空间延迟/中断容忍网络产生的影响,该文提出一种基于QoS的网络拥塞控制算法。该算法包括接触拥塞判断和基于QoS的数据转发两种机制,分别从接触剩余可用容量和节点剩余存储空间两方面对每一段接触的拥塞程度进行预测,将接触划分为不同的拥塞等级。在计算路由时,以整段路径中所包含接触的最高拥塞等级为该路径的拥塞等级,并根据该拥塞等级发送不同优先级的数据。实验表明,基于QoS的拥塞控制算法可以提高低优先级数据的传递率并在节点存储空间不足时降低最高优先级数据的传递时延。     

基于博弈理论的无线自组织网增强协作模型研究

为了解决无线自组织网络中转发节点因自身能量与存储空间限制而拒绝协作的自私性问题,该文从分析数据包源节点与转发节点的收益与开销特性出发,基于虚拟货币的奖励机制,结合博弈理论提出无线自组织网络增强协作模型。该模型将网络协作问题转化为数据包转发路径中多转发节点与源节点收益的博弈均衡问题,在保障双方利益的基础上提出最优的激励方式,促进通信协作的进行。另外,为最大化网络生存时间与避免拥塞,该模型对转发节点的电量与存储空间状态做了相应的约束。     

基于光通路状态感知的分簇式故障定位机制

针对现有故障定位机制定位时间长和对业务分布依赖高等问题,该文提出基于光通路状态感知的分簇式故障定位机制。该机制根据网络分簇约束条件,以最小支配集理论为基础,建立两级网络模型。并且根据算法特点,定义了适用于该算法的矩阵与运算。故障后簇头节点以及汇聚节点通过对各节点发送的矩阵进行矩阵与运算实现快速准确的故障定位。仿真表明,该机制以较低的复杂度和资源开销,有效地降低了对业务分布的依赖,极大地提升了故障定位率,减少了故障定位时间。     

TCP over optical burst-switched networks with controlled burst retransmission

For optical burst-switched (OBS) networks in which TCP is implemented at a higher layer, the loss of bursts can lead to serious degradation of TCP performance. Due to the bufferless nature of OBS, random burst losses may occur, even at low traffic loads. Consequently, these random burst losses may be mistakenly interpreted by the TCP layer as congestion in the network. The TCP sender will then trigger congestion control mechanisms, thereby reducing TCP throughput unnecessarily. In this paper, we introduce a controlled retransmission scheme in which the bursts lost due to contention in the OBS network are retransmitted at the OBS layer. The OBS retransmission scheme can reduce the burst loss probability in the OBS core network. Also, the OBS retransmission scheme can reduce the probability that the TCP layer falsely detects congestion, thereby improving the TCP throughput. We develop an analytical model for evaluating the burst loss probability in an OBS network that uses a retransmission scheme, and we also analyze TCP throughput when the OBS layer implements burst retransmission. We develop a simulation model to validate the analytical results. Simulation and analytical results show that an OBS layer with controlled burst retransmission provides up to two to three orders of magnitude improvement in TCP throughput over an OBS layer without burst retransmission. This significant improvement is primarily because the TCP layer triggers fewer time-outs when the OBS retransmission scheme is used.     

Dropping Policy with Burst Retransmission to Improve the Throughput of TCP Over Optical Burst-switched Networks

A major concern in optical burst-switched (OBS) networks is contention, which occurs when more than one bursts contend for the same data channel at the same time. Due to the bufferless nature of OBS networks, these contentions randomly occur at any degree of congestion in the network. When contention occurs at any core node, the core node drops bursts according to its dropping policy. Burst loss in OBS networks significantly degrades the throughput of TCP sources in the local access networks because current TCP congestion control mechanisms perform a slow start phase mainly due to contention rather than heavy congestion. However, there has not been much study about the impact of burst loss on the performance of TCP over OBS networks. To improve TCP throughput over OBS networks, we first introduce a dropping policy with burst retransmission that retransmits the bursts dropped due to contention, at the ingress node. Then, we extend the dropping policy with burst retransmission to drop a burst that has experienced fewer retransmissions in the event of contention at a core node in order to reduce the number of events that a TCP source enters the slow start phase due to contention. In addition, we propose to limit the number of retransmissions of each burst to prevent severe congestion. For the performance evaluation of the proposed schemes, we provide an analytic throughput model of TCP over OBS networks. Through simulations as well as analytic modeling, it is shown that the proposed dropping policy with burst retransmission can improve TCP throughput over OBS networks compared with an existing dropping policy without burst retransmission.     

OBS网络中一种基于突发包优先级分割的可控重传方案

在光突发交换(OBS)网络中,突发包会由于竞争OBS核心节点输出端口的有限波长资源而发生冲突。突发包重传能够在一定程度上减少由于突发包在核心节点冲突而导致的数据损失,但重传次数的增加可能会加重网络负荷,反而增加数据丢失率。并且,在多业务存在的OBS网络中,重传方案需要能够实现区分服务以保证网络的服务质量(QoS)。据此,本文提出一种基于突发包优先级分割的可控重传方案,在实施优先级分割的同时,根据网络负荷赋予每次重传不同的概率,并对重传次数加以控制。最后,仿真分析了路径阻塞率和不同优先级业务的字节丢失率(ByLP,byte loss probability)性能。     

A framework of prioritized burst segmentation supporting controlled retransmission in OBS networks

In optical burst switching (OBS) networks, burst contentions in OBS core nodes may cause data loss. To reduce data loss, retransmission scheme has been applied. However, uncontrolled retransmission may increase network load significantly and data loss probability defeating the retransmission purpose. In addition, in a priority traffic existing OBS network, OBS nodes may apply different retransmission mechanisms to priorities bursts for quality-of-service (QoS) support. This study has developed a controlled retransmission scheme for prioritized burst segmentation to support QoS in OBS networks. Unlike previous works in the literature, we have set a different value to retransmission probability at each contention and propose a retransmission analytical model for burst segmentation contention resolution scheme. In addition, we have applied the proposed retransmission scheme to the prioritized burst segmentation for QoS support. We have taken into account the load at each link due to both fresh and retransmitted traffic, and have calculated the path blocking probability and byte loss probability (ByLP) for high-priority and low-priority burst to evaluate network performance. An extensive simulation has been proposed to validate our analytical model.     

OBS考虑优先级的突发包碎片可控合并重传算法

为了降低光突发交换网络中突发包的丢失率、降低网络路径的阻塞率、减小突发包冲突的概率,提出了考虑优先级的突发包碎片可控合并重传算法。当网络中数据通信发生冲突时,该算法能根据优先级进行突发包的分片,核心节点将这一信息反馈给边缘节点,边缘节点根据突发碎片的优先级以一定的概率重传被丢弃的突发包分片;同时,针对由于多次重传导致的突发包碎片过多的问题,该算法还按照突发包碎片的优先级顺序进行碎片重组,大大降低了网络的阻塞率。结果表明,相比以往的冲突解决算法,此算法在网络业务繁忙时的数据丢比特率和网络阻塞率方面的改善作用有比较明显的优势。这一结果对光突发交换网络的网络的性能改善方面是有帮助的。     

一种改善TCP性能的链路层重传方案

有线网络中TCP拥塞控制机制是建立在网络丢包的基础之上的,所以该机制不能适应无线网络中高误码率造成的无线链路丢包的情况。无线链路层重传技术是改善网络性能因无线信道误码率较高而下降的一项重要措施。文中研究了WCDMA无线网络中链路层重传技术对无线TCP数据传输的影响,比较两种重传方案,通过OPNET仿真技术对其进行仿真比较,得出其中一种更有效的改善TCP传输性能的方案。     

OBS网络中突发重传和IP包重传的性能比较

文章分别分析了将基于优先级的突发重传和基于分段的IP包重传方式引入光突发交换(OBS)网络后的性能,并对这两个机制进行了分析比较.通过分析比较发现,采用基于优先级的突发重传可以有效地减少重传次数、所需缓存和重传延迟,提高网络吞吐量,是OBS网络中的一种理想的重传选择方案.     

A dynamic load-aware congestion control scheme in optical burst switching networks

The most important design goal in Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks is to reduce burst loss resulting from resource contention. Especially, the higher the congestion degree in the network is, the higher the burst loss rate becomes. The burst loss performance can be improved by employing an appropriate congestion control. In this paper, to actively avoid contentions, we propose a dynamic load-aware congestion control scheme that operates based on the highest (called ‘peak load’) of the loads of all links over the path between each pair of ingress and egress nodes in an OBS network. We also propose an algorithm that dynamically determines a load threshold for adjusting burst sending rate, according to the traffic load in a network. Further, a simple signalling method is developed for our proposed congestion control scheme. The proposed scheme aims to (1) reduce the burst loss rate in OBS networks and (2) maintain reasonable throughput and fairness. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces the burst loss rate significantly, compared to existing OBS protocols (with and without congestion control), while maintaining reasonable throughput and fairness. Simulation results also show that our scheme keeps signalling overhead due to congestion control at a low level.     

FAST TCP over optical burst switched networks: Modeling and stability analysis

FAST TCP is important for promoting data-intensive applications since it can cleverly react to both packet loss and delay for detecting network congestion. This paper provides a continuous time model and extensive stability analysis of FAST TCP congestion-control mechanism in bufferless Optical Burst Switched Networks (OBS). The paper first shows that random burst contentions are essential to stabilize the network, but cause throughput degradation in FAST TCP flows when a burst with all the packets from a single round is dropped. Second, it shows that FAST TCP is vulnerable to burst delay and fails to detect network congestion due to the little variation of round-trip time, thus unstable. Finally it shows that introducing extra delays by implementing burst retransmission stabilizes FAST TCP over OBS. The paper proves that FAST TCP is not stable over barebone OBS. However, it is locally, exponentially, and asymptotically stable over OBS with burst retransmission.     

An adaptive retransmission‐based multipath transmission mechanism for conversational video

Conversational video service is characterized by high bandwidth demand and low delay requirement. Bandwidth and transmission schemes play an important role in providing high‐quality delivery service for point‐to‐point conversational video service. Multipath transmission is regarded as an effective way to aggregate bandwidth. Transmission schemes need to ensure the strict time relation between information entities and to alleviate the negative impact of packet loss on video quality. To achieve this, existing transmission schemes may incur either a large delay or a large amount of duplicated packets that are not suitable for conversational video service. In this paper, we propose an adaptive retransmission mechanism–based multipath transmission (MT‐AR) for conversational video service delivery. MT‐AR takes advantage of historical reception experience to timely detect packet loss with a certain degree of misjudgement. Receiver requests sender to retransmit the lost packet if the lost packet benefits the decoding. Adaptive playout speed adjustment and alternative path retransmission cooperatively optimize the performance of retransmission. Receiver slightly extends playout speed to reserve time for retransmission and accelerates playout speed to alleviate negative impact of cumulative extension. Multiple paths support to conduct retransmission on an optimal path selected from alternative paths to avoid continuous congestion or error on the original path. Finally, we conduct extensive tests to evaluate the performance of MT‐AR. Experimental results show that MT‐AR can effectively improve the quality of experience of conversational video service by retransmission.