A data predistortion technique with memory for QAM radio systems

The authors present an efficient data predistortion technique with memory for compensation of high-power amplifier (HPA) nonlinearities in digital microwave radio systems employing quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal formats. A practical implementation method is described which trades off performance against complexity and which makes it possible to implement this kind of predistorter in 256-QAM, and higher-level QAM systems. Using the 16-, 64-, and 256-QAM signal constellations, it is shown that the proposed technique achieves a considerably higher performance than that of conventional memoryless data predistortion of the predistortion technique with memory based on finite-order inverses of nonlinear systems. Specifically, numerical results show that the proposed technique achieves a gain that is in excess of 2 dB over conventional memoryless data predistortion     

Data predistortion techniques using intersymbol interpolation

Two data predistortion techniques are presented that compensate for high-power amplifier (HPA) nonlinearities in digital microwave radio systems by employing quadrature amplitude-modulation (QAM) signal formats. The first one is a T/2-spaced predistortion technique that ensures distortion-free HPA output at two points per symbol interval T. The second is a T/3-spaced predistortion technique which cancels nonlinear distortion at the HPA output at three points per symbol interval. As opposed to conventional data predistortion, which can only compensate for warping of the signal constellation, the new techniques are effective against intersymbol interference. Using the 64- and 256-QAM signal constellations, it is shown that the proposed techniques lead to a very efficient utilization of the available HPA power. It is shown that, of the two techniques, the T/3-spaced data predistortion employs narrower transmit-pulse shaping and achieves higher protection against adjacent-channel interference at the expense of some additional complexity     

Checksum-Based Probabilistic Transient-Error Compensation for Linear Digital Systems

In this paper, a probabilistic compensation technique for minimizing the effect of transient errors effect is proposed. The focus is to develop a compensation technique for DSP applications in which exact error compensation is not necessary and end-to-end system level performance is degraded minimally as long as the impact of the ldquonoiserdquo injected into the system by the transient errors is minimized. The proposed technique, called checksum-based probabilistic compensation, uses real-number checksum codes for error detection and partial compensation. Traditional coding techniques need a code of distance three and relatively complex calculations for perfect error correction. Here, it is shown that a distance-two code can be used to perform probabilistic error compensation in linear systems with the objective of improving the signal-to-noise ratio in the presence of random transient errors. The goal is to have a technique with small power and area overhead and to perform compensation in real time with negligible latency. The proposed technique is comprehensive and can handle errors in the combinational circuitry and storage elements. Comparison against a system with no error correction shows that up to 13-dB SNR improvement is possible. The area, power, and timing overheads of the proposed technique are analyzed.     

UFMC系统中基于Volterra滤波器的非线性失真补偿方案

为实现通用滤波多载波(UFMC)通信系统高效、可靠的通信性能,需在最大程度上补偿由记忆型高功率放大器(HPA)引起的非线性失真.为解决HPA造成的失真问题,本文提出了一种基于Volterra滤波器的非线性失真补偿(V-NLDC)技术.该技术利用了Volterra级数的稀疏特性和能够模拟任意精度非线性系统的性质以逐次逼近的方式对信号进行预失真.将预失真后的信号传送至HPA,然后采用噪声消除器做进一步噪声消除处理,以达到更小失真度的目的.同时,本研究采用收敛速度快、性能稳定的自适应最小二乘法(RLS),可根据环境变化自适应地计算Volterra滤波器和噪声消除器的系数.通过大量蒙特卡罗仿真实验证实了所提出的非线性失真补偿技术可以很好的补偿由记忆型HPA非线性失真所造成的影响,从而优化系统性能.     

一种行波管用毫米波射频预失真线性化器

射频预失真是提高功率放大器线性度的一种有效手段,精确补偿放大器的非线性失真需保证幅度和相位补偿同时满足要求.针对Ka波段行波管放大器的线性化,提出一种新型射频预失真电路.该电路由前置、后置电平调节模块和基于矢量合成技术的非线性信号产生模块构成.改变两电平调节模块的增益,可实现补偿区间的调节;改变非线性信号产生模块中两支路的偏置电压,可实现预失真补偿量调节及幅度/相位的独立调节.将实际电路与配用Ka行波管联测,在输出功率回退6 dB时,行波管三阶互调系数提高约11.5 dBc.     

Combination of PAPR reduction and linearization for the OFDM communication system

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely used in many kinds of communication systems. However, OFDM signal has serious problem of high peak‐to‐average‐power ratio (PAPR) due to so many sub‐carriers. So, OFDM signal has very wide dynamic range. Therefore, the bit error rate (BER) performance may be degraded because of the nonlinear devices like the high power amplifier (HPA). Even if the linearization and large back‐off are used to compensate for the HPA nonlinearity, the power efficiency of the HPA is still very low since the PAPR is very high. Therefore, the PAPR reduction of the OFDM signal before the linearization would be more reasonable to improve the power efficiency and nonlinear compensation at the same time. In this paper, we propose a new combined method of SPW (sub‐block phase weighting) for PAPR reduction and linearization technique for the improvement of the power efficiency and for the nonlinear compensation of HPA. An updated SPW method is proposed to use a novel weighting factor multiplication of the complementary sequence characteristic and PAPR threshold technique. From the simulation results, it can be confirmed that BER performance is significantly improved and out‐of‐band spectrum radiations are much mitigated. Power efficiency of HPA can be enhanced since we can set small IBO (input back‐off) due to the PAPR reduction. The proposed system shows about 3 and 1 dB performance improvement than the LCP (linearized constant peak‐power)‐OFDM and LCP‐OFDM plus SPW at BER = 10⁻⁴. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An effective mesh-based motion compensation technique for video coding

The block-matching algorithm is the most popular motion compensation technique in video coding. However, it cannot provide acceptable quality at very low bit rate. In this paper, a new mesh-based motion compensation method is proposed to attack the problem. First, a regular non-uniform mesh, which has regular structure with variable patch size, is presented. The patch size is varied according to motion activity of a video sequence. Next, a weighted interpolation block matching is developed to improve the estimate accuracy of displacements of grid points. It utilizes the motion correlation between a grid point and its associated patches. Finally, based on the new mesh and motion estimation scheme, an efficient motion compensation algorithm is developed. When compared to the conventional motion compensation techniques, the proposed method improves performance significantly with lower computational complexity and overhead information bits.     

一种新的互耦补偿方法及其理论分析

提出了一种新的互耦补偿方法并应用到偶极子天线阵,该方法采用初次特征基函数作为每个阵元在阵列环境中的电流分布,分别应用互易定理和感应电动势法计算互阻抗矩阵,有效地修正了传统开路电压模型中的不足,具有明显高于传统方法的补偿精度;同时对近年提出的一种新互阻抗定义作了理论推导,证明了该方法与本文方法是等效的,而作者所宣称的新互阻抗定义并没有脱离传统框架.     

基于间隔子样旋转矢量的SINS圆锥误差补偿

针对激光陀螺捷联惯导系统的圆锥误差补偿问题,研究了区别于传统多子样算法的姿态解算方法,并提出一种基于间隔子样的等效旋转矢量捷联惯导系统(SINS)圆锥误差补偿方法。该方法通过陀螺仪输出数据中临近姿态解算周期角增量的相关性分析,选取最接近于无限小转动区间的数据,进而优化等效旋转矢量的修正。激光陀螺仪实测数据姿态解算结果表明,相比于一般多子样算法,新方法在补偿精度及算法收敛性等方面均有一定优势。     

一种新的互耦补偿方法及其在DOA估计中的应用

提出了一种新的互耦补偿方法并应用到偶极子天线阵,该方法采用特征基函数作为各阵元在阵列环境中的电流分布,应用感应电动势法计算互阻抗矩阵;与已有的方法比较,它具有显式的计算公式,不仅计算量小,而且有效考虑了传统开路模型中开路阵元的散射作用;通过在空间谱估计中的应用,证明了该方法具有明显高于传统方法的补偿精度.     

An Improved Multilevel Green's Function Interpolation Method With Adaptive Phase Compensation

An improved multilevel Green's function interpolation method (MLGFIM) with adaptive phase compensation (APC) is proposed. The difficulty in applying interpolation approaches to the fast varying phase term in the integral equation kernel for full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations is eradicated by using the phase compensation and adaptive direction separation (ADS). The multilevel tree structure in MLGFIM keeps the number of direction separation invariant at all levels, attributing to the recursive interpolation with multilevel phase compensation. The proposed MLGFIM-APC in conjunction with the Lagrange-Chebyshev interpolation yield an O(N log N) CPU time and O(N) computer memory requirement for surface scattering problems. By introducing a transition level, the MLGFIM-APC can adaptively incorporate interpolation techniques of conventional interpolation (CI), transition interpolation (TI) and phase-compensation interpolation (PI), corresponding to electromagnetic simulation of problems of small, moderate, and large electrical sizes, respectively. Large-scale microstrip antenna arrays are simulated to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. It is found that the CPU time scales better than O(N log N) for these co-planar problems.     

Adaptation of hidden Markov model for telephone speech recognitionand speaker adaptation

The authors propose a channel compensation method for the hidden Markov model (HMM) parameters in automatic speech recognition. The proposed approach is to adapt the existing reference models to a new channel environment by using a small amount of adaptation data. The concept of HMM parameter adaptation by incorporating the corresponding phone-dependent channel compensation (PDCC) vectors is applied to improve the performance of speech recognition. Two extended PDCC techniques are presented. One is based on the refinement of PDCC using vector quantisation. The other is based on the interpolation of compensation vectors. Both techniques are evaluated on the experiments on telephone speech recognition and speaker adaptation. The experimental results show that the performance can be significantly improved     

面向非平衡数据分类的概率过抽样过滤方法

利用非合作博弈理论为概率过抽样合成的少数类数据决定其最可能的类标签,将数据中的非本类合成数据进行过滤,减少概率过抽样合成数据过程中产生的重叠数据,得到更高质量的少数类数据进而改善数据倾斜状况。实验分别以CART和SVM分类器建立模型,将本文提出的面向非平衡数据分类的概率过抽样过滤方法RACOG+F与原始概率过抽样方法分别在8个KEEL非平衡数据集上进行对比。实验表明,本文提出的方法在评价指标F-measure、G-mean和AUC上获得了较好的分类性能。     

Ku-band high-power amplifier MMIC with on-chip gate biasing circuit

A new active bias scheme for GaAs HEMT high-power amplifier (HPA) MMICs is proposed that compensates variation of gate threshold voltage and temperature. The quiescent currents of the amplifier were estimated within ±0.7% when the threshold voltage varied from -0.3 to 0.3 V. Also, the measured quiescent currents were increased with temperature, providing compensation of temperature variations. A Ku-band HPA, using 0.5 νm GaAs pHEMT processes, was fabricated to demonstrate the suggested bias topology.     

An Inductor-Loaded Microstrip Directional Coupler for Directivity Enhancement

A directivity-enhancement technique is demonstrated for a microstrip directional coupler. By loading the coupler with shunt inductors, the phase velocities of the even and odd modes are altered in such a way that an isolation null is achieved. Compared with other compensation techniques for directivity enhancements, the proposed method provides the advantages of being simple yet easily application to high frequencies. For a 10 dB directional coupler at 0.9 GHz, a maximum directivity improvement of nearly 38 dB is measured over the conventional counterpart.      

基于极化码的可见光通信自适应调光方法研究

针对在可见光通信的闪烁问题,提出了一种通过曼彻斯特编码级联极化码进行调光控制的自适应打孔方法。极化码与曼彻斯特编码级联以便于在可见光系通信统系统中提供50 ％的调光,并且通过打孔和插入补偿比特的方式可以实现不等于50 ％的调光值。常规打孔方案应将曼彻斯特编码符号的所有比特都打孔,本文提出的方法可以根据选定的极化码的预定冻结比特自适应地打孔,并插入相对应的补偿比特。因此,与常规打孔方法相比,所提出的方法可以对曼彻斯特编码符号的更少比特进行打孔并且需要更少的补偿比特。仿真结果表明,所提出的方法具有比参考方法更好的差错性能性能。     

基于模糊神经网络的自适应预失真功放

在无线通信中,高数据传输率的数字无线系统要求用频谱有效的线性调制方法,但是这些调制方法对功放的非线性又很敏感,会产生频谱扩展、邻近信道干扰和误码率(BER)特性的恶化。本文提出用模糊神经网络(FNN)的算法来实现功放的自适应预失真,以补偿功放的非线性,并仿真了模糊神经网络对功放非线性的补偿以及对误码率特性的改进。结果表明,此方法实现的预失真器具有良好的自适应性和鲁棒性,不需要从一大堆原始数据中进行费时的训练,而可以充分地利用己有的知识和经验;而且,在学习的过程中,采用变结构的神经网络,先粗后细、分组学习,更大大缩短了学习的时间。     

On-line compensation of dead-time and inverter nonlinearity with disturbance voltage observer

This paper discusses and analyses a simple on-line compensation scheme for dead-time and inverter nonlinearity in the pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage source inverter (VSI). Dead-time effect and voltage drop in switching devices cause nonlinearity between reference and output voltage. In a conventional three-phase six-switch inverter, this nonideal condition adds extraneous harmonics that badly disturb voltage characteristics. In its turn, voltage disturbance causes distortion of the current waveform and degrades performance. In this paper, an on-line dead-time compensation method based on inverse dynamics control is proposed, and it is much simpler than conventional full/reduced order observation methods adopted in dead-time compensation. Disturbance voltages are observed on-line with no additional circuitry or off-line measurements. The observed disturbance voltages are fed back to the voltage reference for compensation. Stability problem of the proposed observer arisen from inverter delay and parameter mismatch was analysed. The proposed method is applied to a surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) drive. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is validated by the experimental results.     

Compensation for chromatic dispersion and nonlinear effect in highdispersive coherent optical repeater transmission system

A design for a chromatic dispersion equalizer that provides 4.4 times higher efficiency in the dispersion compensation characteristics, compared with a conventional equalizer, is proposed. In addition, the amplitude response slope in the frequency domain is less than half of the conventional characteristic. This extends the compensation limit for chromatic dispersion up to 82500 ps/nm for a 2.5-Gb/s heterodyne system, which corresponds to a 4900-km normal dispersion fiber transmission system. A compensation method for modulational instability is also proposed. The method was confirmed by a 2.5-Gb/s continuous-phase frequency-shift-keying (CPFSK) 764-km normal dispersion fiber transmission experiment, with the abovementioned chromatic dispersion equalizer. Employing computer simulations, an over-1000-km normal dispersion fiber optical repeater transmission system with 2.5-Gb/s CPFSK heterodyne detection was shown to be feasible     

New windowing techniques for variable-size block motioncompensation

The conventional overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC) technique, although effective in reducing the blocking effect for fixed-size partitioned frames, cannot be readily used for a frame partitioned region-wise or using variable-size blocks. The generalised OBMC (GOBMC) method, even though generally applicable, is not very effective in reducing the blocking effect and prediction error. Two windowing techniques are presented to reduce the blocking effect for a frame partitioned region-wise or using variable-size blocks. In the first technique, a virtual re-partitioning operation is employed, which maps a partitioned frame into its corresponding fully partitioned frame at the bottom level of the quadtree so that each resulting block has eight neighbouring blocks. In the second technique, the virtual re-partitioning operation for a given block (region) is carried out adaptively and performed locally; however, blocks (regions) need not always be virtually partitioned to the bottom level. Compared to the GOBMC method, the proposed techniques make use of more pixels in the close vicinity of boundaries of the regions in the windowing operation. Simulation results are included of applying the proposed techniques on a number of MPEG video sequences. These results indicate that the proposed techniques are superior to the GOBMC method in terms of reducing the prediction error as well as the blocking effect