光束发散角对星载激光测高仪森林回波的影响

植被树高是生物量评估和森林生态监测的重要参数,但是大区域的植被树高数据获取困难.由大光斑星载激光测高系统森林回波可反演大区域植被树高,然而大坡度山区的植被和地面回波混叠严重,难以准确提取波形参数反演植被树高.为此建立森林目标回波的解析模型,推导出从混叠回波中分离植被和地面回波的必要条件,指出导致回波混叠的因素除了目标粗糙度和坡度,还有发射脉冲的发散角.分析了地表粗糙度和地形坡度对植被冠层回波的展宽效应及其对波形分解的影响,通过比较实测GLAS波形和仿真回波波形,验证了压缩光束发散角可降低森林回波对大坡度地形的敏感性.对于卫星轨道高度在500~600 km之间时,激光测高仪光束发散角一般在40~60μrad,更有利于森林植被树高的反演.所得结论为提高大坡度山地森林树高反演精度,从星载激光测高仪的系统设计角度提供了有意义的参考.     

方向自适应的星载光子计数激光测高植被冠层高度估算

星载光子计数激光测高系统具有较高的沿轨距离分辨率,能够探测得到植被冠层和地表的连续高程信息。然而星载植被点云的低点云密度和低信噪比,对植被相对冠层高度的估算方法提出了新的要求。本文提出了一种方向自适应的星载光子计数激光测高植被点云冠高估算方法。首先通过寻找点云高程统计直方图中代表冠层和地面位置的极值进行粗去噪,大致得到信号高程所在的范围,并估算出冠层,地面和噪声点云的平均密度以及地表坡度。随后对粗去噪后的点云进行方向自适应的密度聚类精去噪,其邻域的方向为地表坡度,与密度有关的阈值均根据估算出的点云密度自适应的做出调整。在滤波后,结合点云的密度和高程百分比分别找出地面与树冠顶端的初始点,并通过三角网方法(TIN)扩展初始点以进行分类,最终确定地表与树冠顶端的高程。采用ATLAS星载激光测高仪的植被点云对算法进行了验证,结果表明算法能够正确估算植被冠高,十分适用于坡度较大和叶面积指数较低的地区,其中冠顶与地面的高程和机载LIDAR数据高程的决定系数R~2分别为0.99与0.77,均方根误差RMSE为0.28 m与2.6 m。     

基于星载激光测高仪的森林植被高度估算

为了提高星载激光测高仪估算森林植被高度的精度,本文在处理星载激光森林地区回波波形时,提出了一种基于高斯混合函数模型的波形分解方法,充分保留了波形中有效峰值信息,提高了利用波形估算植被高度的精度。本文以GLAS过中国长白山地区的20个激光点为例,先后进行了自适应波形背景噪声滤除与高斯平滑滤波的波形预处理,对预处理后波形进行了高斯混合函数模型的波形分解,并利用分解后得到的首末子波形估算出激光光斑内的植被高度,对比该光斑样地实测植被高度,结果表明本文估算的植被高度精度为(0.3±1.4)m,其精度明显高于已有的相关算法,故该方法可用于已在轨的高分七号星载激光估算森林植被高度。     

激光测高仪高斯回波分解算法

地球表面地形的复杂多样可对激光测高仪回波波形产生显著影响,造成多峰叠加形状,该波形通过经典的阈值比较或重心点等算法很难精确得到激光足印内每个反射面的海拔高度。通过高斯分解法把测高回波波形分解成一系列连续的高斯波形,通过拟合得到每个高斯波形的宽度、中心点、幅度等基本参数来估计激光足印内起伏地形的不同反射面的海拔高度。将该算法应用于激光测高仪原理样机,并通过采集不同地形的多模回波数据对该算法进行了验证。     

椭圆高斯足印对星载激光测高仪测距值及其误差的影响

光束空间分布是影响星载激光测高仪测距指标的重要因素。根据星载激光测高仪接收脉冲回波分布特点,通过对椭圆高斯足印及线性目标的理论建模,基于接收脉冲回波信号时间重心及其方差的基本定义,构建了椭圆高斯足印对星载激光测高仪测距值及其误差的影响模型。以GLAS星载激光测高仪为输入条件,利用数值仿真分析的方法,针对倾斜度和粗糙度分别为（3,1.7 m）、（12.5,8.9 m）和（28.2,14.5 m）的三种典型观测目标,系统论述了椭圆高斯足印的椭圆率与方位角对测距值及其误差的影响规律。结果表明,激光测距值基本与椭圆高斯足印的椭圆率和方位角无关,其测距值余量最大值不超过1 mm,但是,激光测距误差会随着椭圆高斯足印的椭圆率和方位角的增加产生起伏变化,其测距误差余量最大值达到了47.04 cm。所得结论对于星载激光测高仪的硬件设计和性能评估具有一定实际应用价值。     

一种基于LM算法的激光足印中心提取方法

足印探测法是星载激光测高仪真实性校验的常用方法,而激光足印的中心提取是足印探测法的关键技术之一。针对受到大气湍流的影响的激光足印信号,提出一种基于Levenberg-Marquard(LM)算法的激光足印中心提取方法,以椭圆高斯函数为目标函数模型,通过椭圆高斯特征参数更新和迭代,以目标函数与观察值的残差作为判据,从而实现对特定参数即激光足印中心的提取。采用前40项泽尼克多项式模拟大气湍流作为激光足印在大气传输过程中的噪声,利用仿真数据对算法的提取精度和稳定性进行验证,实验结果表明,本文算法比传统的中心定位方法有着更高的定位精度并且相对稳定,假设激光足印探测器的布设间距为4 m,本文算法比其他传统算法的提取精度至少优于0.5 m。     

高分七号星载激光测高仪在轨几何检校与精度评估

高分七号卫星（GaoFen-7, GF-7）搭载了我国首台正式用于对地观测的星载激光测高仪,其测高精度备受国内外关注。文中系统性介绍了基于地形匹配、单片足印影像以及地面探测器阵列的3种检校方法,并利用同一地区GF-7星载激光数据,分别进行不同检校试验与验证,对比和分析3种不同检校试验后GF-7星载激光测高仪的高程测量精度。结果表明,基于地面探测器阵列的检校方法精度最高。以高精度机载LiDAR点云作为地面验证数据,GF-7星载激光测高仪经检校后波束1精度达到0.177 m,波束2为0.157 m;受限于检校所用的参考数据精度不足,其他2种检校方法精度相对较低,测高精度达到0.8 m。     

基于波形匹配的高分七号星载激光测高仪山地区域脚点定位方法研究

提出了一种基于波形匹配的激光脚点定位方法,该方法以机载激光雷达点云数据作为参考,通过对观测弧段内激光脚点的单点波形匹配和系列脚点相关系数联合处理的方式,精确计算激光指向和距离信息,实现了对高分七号卫星激光脚点在起伏山区的精确定位。使用美国犹他州山地区域的机载激光雷达点云作为当地实测现场数据,对基于论文方法高分七号星载激光测高仪的精确定位数据进行了实验验证。在平均坡度达到20°的犹他州实验区域,观测弧段内高分七号激光脚点高程精度从精确定位前的（2.45±2.93） m提升至（0.27±0.61） m。试验结果表明,该方法可以有效提升高分七号星载激光测高仪观测成果在起伏山区的精度。     

激光工艺参数对H13钢粉末单道成形特性的影响

为了解激光工艺参数对H13钢表面再制造成型H13粉末层几何特征的影响规律,设计研究了工艺参数(激光功率、光斑直径)对单道成形层几何特征(成形层高度、宽度、基体熔化深度与宽度)影响的实验,根据实验结果归纳了工艺参数对成形层几何特征的影响规律,并采用极差分析了各几何特征的主要影响因素,同时利用了激光再制造形成层几何特征模型对实验结果进行了分析。结果表明光斑尺寸对熔覆层宽度、基体熔化区宽度、深度影响更明显,而激光功率、光斑尺寸对熔覆层高度的影响无显著差别;此外,粉末综合利用率随辐照激光能量密度的增大先增大后维持基本不变。     

基于多流扩张残差稠密网络的图像去雨算法

针对传统图像去雨算法未考虑多尺度雨条纹及图像去雨后细节信息丢失的问题,提出一种基于多流扩张残差稠密网络的图像去雨算法,利用导向滤波器将图像分解为基础层和细节层。通过直接学习含雨图像细节层和无雨图像细节层的残差来训练网络,缩小映射范围。采用3条带有不同扩张因子的扩张卷积对细节层进行多尺度特征提取,获得更多上下文信息,提取复杂多向的雨线特征;同时,将扩张残差密集块作为网络的参数层,加强特征传播,扩大接受域。在合成图片和真实图片上的实验结果表明,所提算法能有效去除不同密度的雨条纹,并较好地恢复图像细节信息。通过对比其他算法,证明了所提算法在主观效果和客观指标上都有提升。     

对地观测星载激光测高系统高程误差分析

星载激光测高系统通过接收卫星平台激光器发出的激光脉冲经地表反射的微弱回波,计算卫星与地表的距离;结合卫星轨道和姿态数据,生成激光脚点精确地理位置和高程结果.其高程误差主要受器件、环境和目标参数影响,目前还没有完整描述对地观测星载激光测高系统平面和高程误差的数学模型.简化并完善了针对固体地表的激光测距误差模型,建立了完整的激光脚点平面和高程误差模型.利用高程精度和空间分辨率更高的机载Lidar数据评估了星载激光测高系统GLAS实测数据的高程偏差,评估结果符合所建误差模型.在较平坦的冰盖表面,GLAS系统高程精度可以达到设计值约15 cm.研究内容对测高系统高程误差评估和系统参数设计具有参考意义.     

Comparison of ICESat Data With Airborne Laser Altimeter Measurements Over Arctic Sea Ice

Surface elevation and roughness measurements from NASA's Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) are compared with high-resolution airborne laser altimeter measurements over the Arctic sea ice north of Alaska, which were taken during the March 2006 EOS Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer sea ice validation campaign. The comparison of the elevation measurements shows that they agree quite well with correlations of around 0.9 for individual shots and a bias of less than 2 cm. The differences are found to decrease quite rapidly when applying running means. The comparison of the roughness measurements show that there are significant differences between the two data sets, with ICESat generally having higher values. The roughness values are only moderately correlated on an individual-shot basis, but applying running means to the data significantly improves the correlations to as high as 0.9. For the conversion of the elevation measurements into snow-ice freeboard, ocean surface elevation estimates are made with the high-resolution laser altimeter data, as well as several methods using lower resolution ICESat data. Under optimum conditions, i.e., when leads that are larger than the ICESat footprint are present, the ICESat- and Airborne Topographic Mapper-derived freeboards are found to agree to within 2 cm. For other areas, ICESat tends to underestimate the freeboard by up to 9 cm.     

ICESat Altimetry Data Product Verification at White Sands Space Harbor

Three unique techniques have been developed to validate the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission altimetry data product and implemented at White Sands Space Harbor (WSSH) in New Mexico. One specific technique at WSSH utilizes zenith-pointed sensors to detect the laser on the surface and enable geolocation determination of the altimeter footprint that is independent of the data product generation. The system of detectors also registers the laser light time of arrival, which is related to the data product time tag. Several overflights of the WSSH have validated these time tags to less than 3plusmn1 mus. The ground-based detector system also verified the laser illuminated spot geolocation to 10.6 m (3.5 arcsec) plusmn4.5 m on one occasion, which is consistent with the requirement of 3.5 m (1sigma). A third technique using corner cube retroreflector signatures in the altimeter echo waveforms was also shown to provide an assessment of the laser spot geolocation. Although the accuracy of this technique is not equal to the other methodologies, it does offer position determination for comparison to the spacecraft altimetry data product. In addition, elevation verifications were made using the comparison of the ICESat elevation products at WSSH to those acquired with an airborne light detection and ranging. The elevation comparisons show an agreement to within plusmn34 cm (plusmn6.7 cm under best conditions) which indicate no significant errors associated with the pointing knowledge of the altimeter     

Comparison of retracking algorithms using airborne radar and laseraltimeter measurements of the Greenland ice sheet

Compares four continental ice sheet radar altimeter retracking algorithms using airborne radar and laser altimeter data taken over the Greenland ice sheet in 1991. The refurbished Advanced Application Flight Experiment (AAFE) airborne radar altimeter has a large range window and stores the entire return waveform during flight. Once the return waveforms are retracked, or post-processed to obtain the most accurate altitude measurement possible, they are compared with the high-precision Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) altimeter measurements. The AAFE waveforms show evidence of varying degrees of both surface and volume scattering from different regions of the Greenland ice sheet. The AOL laser altimeter, however, obtains a return only from the surface of the ice sheet. Retracking altimeter waveforms with a surface scattering model results in a good correlation with the laser measurements in the wet and dry-snow zones, but in the percolation region of the ice sheet, the deviation between the two data sets is large due to the effects of subsurface and volume scattering. The Martin et al. model results in a lower bias than the surface scattering model, but still shows an increase in the noise level in the percolation zone. Using an offset center of gravity algorithm to retrack altimeter waveforms results in measurements that are only slightly affected by subsurface and volume scattering and, despite a higher bias, this algorithm works well in all regions of the ice sheet. A cubic spline provides retracked altitudes that agree with AOL measurements over all regions of Greenland. This method is not sensitive to changes in the scattering mechanisms of the ice sheet and it has the lowest noise level and bias of all the retracking methods presented     

利用天线可实现蛋形波束覆盖的机载雷达高度仪测量海风矢量

讨论的是联合利用机载雷达高度仪(拥有可实现蛋形波束覆盖的天底观测宽波束天线)的短脉冲散射仪模式和同时距离多普勒识别技术来测量海面上的海风矢量,并且提出了测量海面风速与方向的算法。