Subband Finite-State Vector Quantization for Still Image Coding

Subband coding (SBC) with vector quantization (VQ) has been shown to be an effective method for coding images at low bit rates. The basic idea of subband coding is to split up the frequency band of the signal and then to encode the subbands. Reconstruction is performed by decoding and merging the interpolated subband images. In VQ, the image to be encoded is first processed to yield a set of vectors. The input vectors are individually quantized to the closest codewords in the codebook. In this paper, we propose a new subband finite-state vector quantization (SBC-FSVQ) scheme that combines the SBC and the FSVQ. The frequency band decomposition of an image is carried out by means of 2D separable quadrature mirror filters (QMFs). In our coding scheme, we split the image spectrum into sixteen equally sized subbands. The FSVQ is used to improve the performance by using the correlations of the neighboring samples in the same subband. Thus, our SBC-FSVQ scheme not only has the advantages of the SBC-VQ scheme but also reduces the bit rate and improves the image quality. Experimental results are given and comparisons are made using our new schemes and some other coding techniques. Our technique yields good PSNR performance, for images both inside and outside a training set of five 512 × 512 images. In the experiments, it is found that our SBC-FSVQ scheme achieves the best PSNR performance at nearly the same bit rate.     

Dark satellite image enhancement using knee transfer function and gamma correction based on DWT–SVD

In this paper, an improved and simple approach for enhancement of dark and low contrast satellite image based on knee function and gamma correction using discrete wavelet transform with singular value decomposition (DWT–SVD) has been proposed for quality enhancement of feature. In addition, this method can also process the high resolution dark or very low contrast images, and offers best enhanced result using tuning parameter of Gamma. The technique decomposes the input image into four frequency subbands by using DWT and estimates the singular value matrix of the low–low subband image, and then compute the knee transfer function using gamma correction for further improvement of the LL component. Afterward, processed LL band image undergoes IDWT together with the unprocessed LH, HL, and HH subbands to generate an appropriate enhanced image. Although, various histogram equalization approaches has been proposed in the literature, they tend to degrade the overall image quality by exhibiting saturation artifacts in both low- and high-intensity regions. The proposed algorithm overcomes this problem using knee function and gamma correction. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm enhances the overall contrast and visibility of local details better than the existing techniques.     

基于二进小波变换的边缘保持图像插值算法

利用离散二进小波变换(DDWT)所具有的良好的多尺度边缘提取特性以及子带间的相关性,提出了基于DDWT的边缘保持图像插值算法。算法利用多尺度边缘的指数衰减规律预测损失掉的高频子带中的边缘,并利用三次样条插值算法恢复损失掉的高频子带中的非边缘信息。最后通过离散二进小波合成得到高分辨率图像。实验结果显示,该算法优于传统的双线性和双三次插值算法。对于像Lena这样的纹理较少的图像其峰值信噪比(PSNR)提高了2dB以上,而对其它图像插值的结果也有不同程度的质量改善,插值的结果更符合人的视觉系统特性。     

基于独立分量分析的压缩域彩色图像融合

提出了一种基于独立分量分析的压缩域彩色图像融合方法,其基本思想是将源彩色图像进行IHS变换,将两幅图像的亮度分量/进行小波分解,对分解后的高频系数采用由独立分量分析得出的变换矩阵进行变换,然后对变换系数采用局部方差法进行融合,而对小波分解后的低频子图像分成若干N×N的图像块,分别对每个图像块做二维DCT变换,最后对融合的系数进行反变换得到融合结果,并用客观评价标准对结果进行了定量的分析.实验结果表明:该方法在提高空间信息的基础上,较少地降低了颜色失真.     

Image Encryption Using Dynamic S-Box Substitution in the Wavelet Domain

A number of image encryption techniques have been proposed in recent years. These techniques use either spatial or transform domain image processing. A major challenge when designing an image encryption scheme is to conceal the pixel of the input image, especially when the image has a low texture region. Another problem is the encryption computational time. In this paper, these two issues are addressed. As the use of a single substitution box (S-box) to encrypt digital images does not work well for greater as well as a lower number of gray levels. To solve this problem, a new substitution technique using multiple S-boxes with dynamic substitution is proposed. In the second part of this paper, the proposed discrete wavelet transform based scheme is employed to reduce the encryption computational time. A number of parameters like correlation, entropy, energy, contrast, homogeneity, MSE and PSNR are used to analyze the quality of cipher images.

     

小波域多角度轮廓模板变分模型的单幅图像超分辨率重建

近年来图像超分辨率重建技术因其可以提高图像的识别精度和识别能力而受到重视,其中一个难点问题是如何保证图像边缘纹理区域的重建质量.本文提出一种基于小波域的单幅图像超分辨率重建方法,首先对输入图像进行非下采样小波变换,根据小波变换的多方向性提出三类多角度模板,并采用TV模型估计各子带轮廓,确定其所属的最优方向,然后利用多角度模板来对各个子带进行双三次B样条插值,最后进行非下采样小波反变换.该方法使重建后图像的边缘、纹理信息更加精细,克服了诸如双线性插值法与双三次插值法等传统插值重建所产生的边缘模糊与边缘锯齿化,以及纹理区域失真等不足,在一定程度上提高了重建图像的质量.该方法可用于图像监控、遥感影像分析和医学图像处理等领域.大量的仿真实验验证了所提出方法的有效性.     

Invertible temporal subband/wavelet filter banks with half-pixel-accurate motion compensation

Three-dimensional (3-D) subband/wavelet coding with motion compensation has been demonstrated to be an efficient technique for video coding applications in some recent research works. When motion compensation is performed with half-pixel accuracy, images need to be interpolated in both temporal subband analysis and synthesis stages. The resulting subband filter banks developed in these former algorithms were not invertible due to image interpolation. In this paper, an invertible temporal analysis/synthesis system with half-pixel-accurate motion compensation is presented. We look at temporal decomposition of image sequences as a kind of down-conversion of the sampling lattices. The earlier motion-compensated (MC) interlaced/progressive scan conversion scheme is extended for temporal subband analysis/synthesis. The proposed subband/wavelet filter banks allow perfect reconstruction of the decomposed video signal while retaining high energy compaction of subband transforms. The invertible filter banks are then utilized in our 3-D subband video coder. This video coding system does not contain the temporal DPCM loop employed in the conventional hybrid coder and the earlier MC 3-D subband coders. The experimental results show a significant PSNR improvement by the proposed method. The generalization of our algorithm for MC temporal filtering at arbitrary subpixel accuracy is also discussed.     

离散小波变换域非负张量分解的高光谱遥感图像压缩

该文提出一种基于非负张量分解的高光谱图像压缩算法.首先将高光谱图像的每个谱段进行2维离散5/3小波变换,消除高光谱图像的空间冗余.然后将所有谱段的每级小波变换的4个小波子带看作为4个张量.对每个小波子带张量采用改进HALS(Hierarchical Alternating Least Squares)算法进行非负分解,来消除光谱冗余和空间残余冗余,同时保护了光谱信息.最后,将分解的因子矩阵进行熵编码.实验结果表明,该文提出的压缩算法具有良好压缩性能,在压缩比32:1～4:1范围内,平均信噪比高于40 dB,与传统高光谱图像压缩算法比较,平均峰值信噪比提高了1.499 dB.有效地提高了高光谱图像压缩算法的压缩性能和保护了光谱信息.     

基于协方差特征的图像内插方法的研究

本文提出了一种改进图像插值的方法,该方法通过提取低分辨率图像的协方差矩阵和协方差向量估算出高分辨率图像的相应参数,然后经过内插得到高分辨率图像。其突出优点是它的边缘自适应特性。经过实验证明,用这种方法获得的高分辨率图像和其他方法相比,图像的峰值信噪比(ＰＳＮＲ)有显著提高。在图像边缘模糊和阶梯形失真不仅比传统的线性内插方法有所降低,即使与基于凸面投影(ＰＯＣＳ)等方法相比图像也更加清晰。同时由于算法避免了复杂的迭代计算,因而运算的速度更快。     

基于NSST的红外与可见光图像融合算法

针对红外与可见光图像具有不同的特点,提出一种新的基于非下采样剪切波变换（NSST）的红外与可见光图像融合算法.算法首先采用NSST将已配准的红外与可见光图像进行分解,得到低频子带图像和各尺度各方向的高频子带图像;然后对低频子带图像采用一种基于显著图的低频融合规则进行融合,而对高频子带图像的融合,结合人眼视觉特性,采用一种基于改进的区域对比度的融合规则;最后,对融合的低频子带图像和高频子带图像进行NSST逆变换得到融合图像.实验结果表明,该算法能够有效地综合红外与可见光图像中的重要信息,融合效果要优于一般的基于NSCT、NSST的图像融合方法.     

Image interpolation by adaptive 2-D autoregressive modeling and soft-decision estimation.

The challenge of image interpolation is to preserve spatial details. We propose a soft-decision interpolation technique that estimates missing pixels in groups rather than one at a time. The new technique learns and adapts to varying scene structures using a 2-D piecewise autoregressive model. The model parameters are estimated in a moving window in the input low-resolution image. The pixel structure dictated by the learnt model is enforced by the soft-decision estimation process onto a block of pixels, including both observed and estimated. The result is equivalent to that of a high-order adaptive nonseparable 2-D interpolation filter. This new image interpolation approach preserves spatial coherence of interpolated images better than the existing methods, and it produces the best results so far over a wide range of scenes in both PSNR measure and subjective visual quality. Edges and textures are well preserved, and common interpolation artifacts (blurring, ringing, jaggies, zippering, etc.) are greatly reduced.     

基于NSCT和人工蜂群算法的图像配准

为了增加颅脑肿瘤的诊断信息,提出了基于NSCT(Nonsubsampled ContourletTransform)和改进的人工蜂群算法(Artificial Bee Colony,ABC)的颅脑CT(Computed Tomography)图像和MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)图像的配准方法。首先将参考图像和待配准图像进行NSCT变换,分解成高频子带和低频子带,分别提取两幅图像的低频图像作为参考图像和待配准图像,以互信息作为相似性测度,选用刚体变换模型求解空间变换参数,然后提出一种改进的人工蜂群算法来优化配准所需的空间变换参数。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效提高配准速度,具有较好的配准效果。     

基于Contourlet和改进牛顿插值的图像超分辨率重建

通过研究现有图像超分辨率重建算法原理,针对其不足,提出了一种基于Contourlet轮廓波和改进牛顿插值算法的图像超分辨率重建方法.该算法首先对原始图像进行Contourlet变换,然后对高频分量做多方向的改进牛顿差值计算,最后进行小波逆变换得到更加清晰的高分辨率图像.实验结果表明,该算法比传统插值算法和小波插值算法具有更好的视觉效果,并且拥有更高的信噪比和结构相似性.     

基于压缩卷积神经网络的图像超分辨率算法

为了有效提高深度图像的分辨率,文中借鉴经典SqueezeNet网络结构,提出一种基于Fire Module的卷积神经网络模型。该算法实现了直接从低分辨率图像到高分辨率图像的映射和转化,其中Fire Module作为网络的非线性映射模块,在减少参数的同时可学习图像的深层特征。为了避免插值预处理,在网络的输出层引入反卷积层,实现3倍上采样和高分辨率图像的输出。实验表明,采用该基于Fire Module的卷积神经网络模型的反卷积算法得到的超分辨率图像细节更加丰富,客观指标PSNR值和SSIM值的评价也明显优于其他算法。     

从多帧低分辨率图像序列中获取高分辨率图像的算法研究

从多帧略有位移的低分辨率图像中产生一帧具有精细结构的高分辨率图像是原来基于单帧插值算法无法解决的问题.本文提出了一种基于多帧的递归迭代算法,在得到与传统多帧算法相近效果的同时,大大节省了计算所需的存储空间.论文证明了该算法的收敛性,并得出当使用循环递归迭代时,可以得到理想的结果.计算机模拟给出了与理论分析一致的结果.     

基于纹理子块的小波变换数字水印算法

提出了一种基于纹理子块的小波变换数字水印算法，该算法能够依据人眼视觉特性，通过水印图像降维、图像子块划分等措施．将随机置乱的数字水印信息嵌入到高频子带的纹理区内，从而高效率地实现局部水印和全局水印之双重目的。实验结果表明：本文提出的数字水印算法不仅具有较好的透明性，而且对诸如叠加噪声、JPEG压缩、平滑滤波、几何剪切、图像增强、马赛克等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于自类推的NSCT域单幅图像超分辨率重建

单幅图像放大是一个病态问题。本文利用图像局部结构的自相似性和可传递性,结合非下采样Contourlet变换(NSCT)的优点,提出一种基于自类推的NSCT域单幅图像超分辨率重建方法。首先采用NSCT对源图像和退化图像进行多尺度、多方向分解,得到用于学习的低通子带对和各带通方向子带对,再利用图像自类推技术生成高分辨率的低通子带和各带通方向子带,最后进行NSCT重构得到超分辨率重建的图像。实验结果表明,该方法可以独立进行,摆脱一般方法对训练集合的依赖,并且较一般的图像类推算法速度大为加快,能产生更为合理的细节,视觉边缘更清晰,图像更逼真。     

基于方向性对比度金字塔的图像融合方法

基于对比度塔形分解(CP)的图像融合方法具有良好的物理意义,却没有强调方向性的不足,为此提出了一种具有方向性的对比度金字塔图像融合方法.对多聚焦图像进行对比度塔形分解,利用方向滤波器组对高频加方向,得到不同方向的高频子分量.根据不同频率域特点,采用低频分量系数取加权平均、高频分量系数绝对值取大的融合规则,对分解后的子图像进行融合.结果表明:用提出方法得到的融合图像有较高的清晰度和空间分辨率.与基于CP和基于离散小波变换(DWT)的融合方法相比,提出的方法既能保持对比度的含义,又可提供2n个方向信息.     

一种基于视觉特性的图像质量评价指标

在分析多通道结构、遮掩效应、敏感度带通特性等人类基本视觉特性（HVS）的基础上,提出了一种新的图像质量评价指标的构造方法。指标构造先借助多尺度几何分析（MGA）中的Contourlet变换对图像进行子带分解以此模拟视觉多通道结构特性,然后在各子带中使用一种遮掩效应模型获取失真图像和参考图像之间的视觉误差,最后通过对比度敏感函数（CSF）获取不同子带的视觉误差加权系数,从而获取图像质量评价值。本文在具有5种类型降质图像的LIVE图库进行性能比较实验,结果表明本文所设计指标比峰值信噪比PSNR、结构相似度SSIM算法具有更好的稳定性和主客观评价一致性。      

适于PCT编码的低内存离散小波变换

 基于常用的双正交对称DWT滤波器组的紧支撑性给出了一种适于基于PCT(Parent-Children Tree)的图像编码的低内存DWT实现方法—Stripe-Based DWT(SBWT).该方法生成与全局DWT相同的子带系数,且内存需求仅依赖于图像宽度、DWT滤波器组及分解层数.SBWT直接生成PCT,基于PCT的图像编码器与SBWT之间无需中间缓存.当采用CDF 9/7小波及5层分解时,相对于LBWT及Memory-constrained WT,SBWT的系统时延减小了31行,内存需求分别减小了18.4%与17.9%.