掺铥光纤放大器及其研究进展

介绍了S-波段光纤放大器——掺铥光纤放大器和增益位移掺铥光纤放大器的原理、结构、发展现状。     

S-band光纤放大器的研究进展

主要介绍了几种S-band光纤放大器,包括光纤喇曼放大器(RFA)、增益位移掺铥光纤放大器(GS-TDFA)、掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)和光学参量光纤放大器(OPA),综述了其原理、特点、研究现状及发展趋势。     

S—波段光纤放大器及其研究进展

介绍了实现S-波段放大的3种光纤放大器；掺铥光纤放大器（TDFA）、增益位移TDFA（GSTD-FA）和光纤喇曼放大器，就其原理、结构、特点和发展现状进行了综述。     

S波段光纤放大器的研究

利用1064nm连续光纤激光器为泵浦源,上转换方式泵浦掺铥硅基光纤,实现了S波段的放大。实验采用后向泵浦方式,在1445—1485nm,得到了大于1dB的信号开关增益;在1485nm处峰值增益达到1．45dB。     

混合拉曼光纤放大器的实现

在拉曼光纤放大器(FRA)和掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)理论建模的基础上,设计并制作了双波长泵浦的FRA和EDFA相结合的混合光纤放大器,获得了较为平坦的(±1dB),80nm(1533～1613nm)的增益带宽,峰值增益达到了近16.5dB,带内平均增益为15.5dB.     

S波段掺铥光纤放大器的研究进展

掺铥光纤放大器是S波段最具潜力的放大器件,对光纤通信系统谱带向S波段拓展具有重要意义。文章介绍了铥离子的能级特点;比较了常用的掺铥光纤放大器基质的优缺点;详细介绍了各种常见泵浦方式的特点。     

高功率掺铥光纤放大器中受激布里渊散射效应研究

近年来随着对单频光纤激光器和放大器研究的不断深入,得到了越来越高的输出功率,由于单频光纤激光器、放大器的输出功率在很大程度上受限于受激布里渊散射(SBS)效应,故需要研究SBS效应的影响因素和抑制方法。利用铥离子(Tm3+)的速率方程和SBS效应下双包层光纤放大器的速率方程,建立了单频光纤放大器的理论模型,计算得到了掺铥光纤放大器的能量分布和输出功率,并讨论了光纤长度、抽运功率、Tm3+掺杂浓度、增益光纤内温度分布等因素对单频光纤放大器中SBS效应和输出功率的影响,总结了在提高放大器输出功率的同时有效抑制SBS效应的方法。自行搭建了全光纤掺铥光纤种子光源及放大器,高稳定性的全光纤掺铥激光种子光的中心波长为1941 nm,信噪比约为60 d B。当掺铥放大器的抽运功率达到2.15 W时,激光的输出功率可以达到0.766 W。     

铒铥共掺碲基质宽带光纤放大器研究

文章作者分析了铒铥共掺碲基质光纤放大器在980 nm泵浦下Er~(3+)-Tm~(3+)离子之间的能量转移过程,建立了速率方程和功率传输方程,并通过仿真得出了其放大增益随光纤长度和泵浦功率的变化规律.仿真结果表明:通过优化光纤长度和泵浦功率,该放大器可以在1 440～1 540 nm波段得到高达50 dB的平坦增益.     

百瓦级全光纤掺铥光纤激光器及超荧光光源

报道了一个全光纤主振荡功率放大(MOPA)结构的窄线宽掺铥连续光纤激光器,该高功率光纤激光器由窄线宽连续光纤激光种子源和两级包层抽运掺铥光纤放大器组成。激光种子源经过两级双包层掺铥光纤放大器后,最大平均输出功率为120W,功率放大器的斜率效率高达60%,输出激光的中心波长为1986nm,3dB光谱带宽为0.48nm,平均输出功率未能进一步提高仅受限于最大抽运功率。此外,利用该两级掺铥光纤放大器,得到了平均输出功率为122W的宽带超荧光光源,放大后的超荧光源的中心波长为1990nm,3dB光谱带宽为25nm。     

反向泵浦光纤拉曼放大器的实现与传输实验

文章设计并实现了C L波段4泵浦光纤拉曼放大器(FRA),讨论了泵浦驱动电路的设计及掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)与FRA 150 km混合传输的传输性能.实验结果表明,驱动电路可以稳定可靠地工作,当拉曼放大器的增益＜5 dB时,信号的误码性能不会得到显著提高.实验结果可为EDFA与FRA混合传输系统中增益的配置提供参考.     

Highly Efficient S-Band Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Employing High-Thulium-Concentration Doping Technique

In the paper, we describe in detail a highly efficient S-band thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) employing a high-thulium-concentration doping technique. A TDFA with a dual-pass configuration is superior to a TDFA with a single-pass configuration with regard to power-conversion efficiency, whereas it is inferior with regard to noise figure (NF). We propose a cascaded configuration consisting of a single- and double-pass configuration, which provides high efficiency and a low NF. The configuration generated no interference noise, which can result from multipass interference (MPI) with a double-pass configuration. We achieved gains exceeding 26 dB and NFs of less than 7 dB in the 1480-1510-nm wavelength region (30-nm bandwidth). Furthermore, an 8 times 10-Gb/s transmission experiment also confirmed that there was no MPI-induced excess noise.     

Gain-shifted dual-wavelength-pumped thulium-doped fiber amplifierfor WDM signals in the 1.48-1.51-μm wavelength region

We constructed a gain-shifted dual-wavelength-pumped (1.05/1.56 μm) thulium doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) for wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) signals in the 1.48-1.51-μm, wavelength region. We obtained a gain of larger than 20 dB and a noise figure of less than 7 dB in the range from 1478 to 1505 nm. Amplifier saturated output power was +20.1 dBm with an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 9.1% for 12-channel WDM signals. We also obtained a successful bit error rate performance for signals modulated at 10 Gb/s when the gain-shifted TDFA was used in an optical preamplifier configuration. These results confirm the feasibility of using the gain-shifted TDFA as both a booster and an optical preamplifier in WDM networks     

1.49-/spl mu/m-band gain-shifted thulium-doped fiber amplifier for WDM transmission systems

This paper describes in detail the amplification characteristics of gain-shifted thulium-doped fiber amplifiers (GS-TDFAs) operating in the 1480to 1510-nm wavelength region (1.49-/spl mu/m S-band) for use in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) systems. Gain shifting of a TDFA, which normally has a gain band at 1.47 /spl mu/m (S/sup +/-band), is achieved by two types of dual-wavelength pumping: (1) 1.05 and 1.56 /spl mu/m or (2) 1.4 and 1.56 /spl mu/m. The main pump source at 1.05 or 1.4 /spl mu/m creates population inversion between /sup 3/F/sub 4/ (upper laser level) and /sup 3/H/sub 4/ (lower laser level), while the auxiliary pump source at 1.56 /spl mu/m reduces the average fractional inversion down to approximately 0.4, which is a desired level for gain shifting. We show experimentally that the former provides a low internal noise figure (<4 dB) due to high fractional inversion at the input end of a thulium fiber, while the latter provides a very high optical efficiency but a higher internal noise figure (/spl sim/5 dB) due to the lower fractional inversion at the input end. These characteristics were verified by numerical simulation based on a comprehensive rate equation modeling. We demonstrated a 1.4- and 1.56-/spl mu/m laser-diode-pumped GS-TDFA with an optical efficiency of 29.3% and high output power of +21.5 dBm. Gain flatness and tilt control were also investigated. These results strongly confirm the feasibility of using GS-TDFAs in practical ultralarge-capacity WDM networks.     

Hybrid fiber amplifiers consisting of cascaded TDFA and EDFA for WDM signals

The detailed gain characteristics of hybrid fiber amplifiers that consist of cascaded thulium-doped fiber amplifiers (TDFAs) and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are reported. The experimental results showed that the hybrid amplifiers have gains of over 20 dB with the bandwidth of more than 80 nm in the wavelength range between 1460 and 1560 nm. The low noise figure (NF) below 7 dB was obtained in 1460-1540 nm when placing a TDFA in the first stage followed by an EDFA and in 1480-1560 nm when placing amplifiers in a reversed order. The gain of TDFA and EDFA was optimized for minimizing the gain variation ratio (GVR=(maximumgain-minimumgain)/minimumgain: in the unit of decibels) of the hybrid amplifiers, and it could be minimized to less than 0.4 for the amplifiers that have gain in the wavelength region from 1460 to 1537 nm. The gain-equalization technique was applied, and the hybrid amplifier that had an average gain of 20 dB, a gain excursion of less than 2 dB, an output power of 14.5 dBm, and an NF of less than 7 dB in the 77-nm gain band was achieved.     

Tm-doped fiber amplifiers for 1470-nm-band WDM signals

We describe the gain characteristics of thulium-doped fiber amplifiers (TDFA) for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) signals. We optimized the TDF length and the ratio between the forward and backward pump power to realize efficient amplification. The TDFA achieved a gain of over 20 dB and a noise figure of less than 6 dB in the 1353-1483 nm wavelength region at a total pump power of 300 mW for WDM signals input at a total power of -7 dBm.     

Gain dynamics of 14xx-nm-pumped thulium-doped fiber amplifier

Upconversion pumping in the 14xx-nm range gives the thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) a 3-dB dynamic range of 15 dB, and transient power excursion much lower than the conventional erbium-doped fiber amplifier during dynamic wavelength add-drop, due to the energy transitions inherent to the Tm/sup 3+/ ion. For specific pumping scheme and operating conditions, gain increases with increasing signal input, a behavior significantly different from conventionally optical amplifiers. This phenomenon is studied experimentally and theoretically, and promises to provide insight for gain control algorithms for TDFAs under bursty traffic conditions in a metropolitan area network environment.     

Gain spectrum control method for gain-shifted TDFA employing single wavelength pumping

A novel gain spectrum control method is proposed for a bidirectional pumped gain-shifted thulium-doped fibre amplifier (GS-TDFA) with single wavelength pumping. As a result, we achieved a gain excursion of /spl plusmn/0.3 dB for a total input signal power of -7 to -30 dBm.     

Novel Gain Spectrum Control Method Employing Gain Clamping and Pump Power Adjustment in Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifier

In this paper, we propose a novel method for controlling the gain spectrum of a thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) in the S-band. The conventional gain spectrum control method used for a silica erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) cannot be applied to TDFAs because of the complicated fluctuation of the TDFA gain spectrum. Our proposed method controls the gain spectrum by a combination of gain clamping and pump power adjustment. The algorithm for the method is as simple as that for the conventional EDFA gain spectrum control method. Furthermore, we describe a function for correcting the gain excursion generated by the incorporation of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) at a signal monitoring photodiode (PD). We achieved a gain excursion of 0.35 dB against a total input signal power of 32 to 2 dBm.     

Laser-diode-pumped highly efficient gain-shifted thulium-dopedfiber amplifier operating in the 1480-1510-nm band

We have developed a gain-shifted thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) with a high optical efficiency (29%) and a high output power (+21.5 dBm) operating in the 1480-1510-nm wavelength band by employing a novel laser diode pumping scheme of 1.4 and 1.56 μm. The results we obtained confirm the feasibility of applying our gain-shifted TDFA to practical wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks     

Novel pumping schemes for fluoride-based thulium-doped fiber amplifier at 690 and 1050 nm (or 1400 nm)

Signal amplification in the S- and S/sup +/-band is demonstrated for the first time by simultaneous pumping of thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) with 690 and 1050 nm (or 1400 nm). Both pumping schemes are investigated and shown to be highly efficient: Roughly 20 dB of signal gain is available with only 80 mW of 1050 nm plus 42 mW of 690 nm, while signal input power is fixed at -35 dBm. Furthermore, these excitations can take advantage of low-cost readily available pump laser diodes at 690 nm for digital video disk applications. This makes TDFA a promising candidate for coarse wavelength-division-multiplexing applications in metropolitan area network and access network environment.