双向协作系统的中继选择和功率分配策略

针对瑞利衰落信道下双向多中继协作通信系统,为了降低中断概率,提出了一种基于最小化中断概率的中继选择策略和功率分配方案。首先联合考虑两条链路的中继节点处信噪比和信道增益实现双链路中继选择,然后推导出一种新的最优中继下双向放大转发协作中断概率的近似表达式上界,并利用凸优化求解得到使中断概率最小的最优功率分配解。仿真结果表明,与现有策略相比,提出的策略能够明显降低系统中断概率和误码率,显著提高系统性能。     

一种基于分布式空时码的协作MIMO分集复用折衷新方案

协作MIMO通过多个单天线节点的相互协作构造多发射天线,以此形成一种虚拟MIMO多天线阵列获得空间分集增益。考虑到协作MIMO特点,天线间采用分布式空时编码进行编码协作。文章研究了协作MIMO中基于分布式空时码(DSTC)的分集复用折衷(DMT)新方案,该方案通过推导两种DSTC的中断概率与分集增益表达式,结合两类DSTC的DMT策略,根据改变复用增益阈值自适应获得最佳DMT与中断性能。数值仿真表明,所提的DMT策略可以逼近协作MIMO的DMT上限,协作节点采用该策略的中断性能仅次于上限的中断性能。在多节点构成协作MIMO网络分布式空时编码协作中,提出的DMT新方案可使系统高效地获得协作分集增益与中断性能。     

非对称协作通信中的时变功率分配算法

针对反射、散射影响下的非对称无线协作通信网络,提出了一种时变功率分配(Time Variant Power Allocation, TVPA)算法。根据无线协作网络中,各节点之间信道条件实时变化且不对称的特点,在信号传输过程中对信源节点和中继节点的发送信号功率进行优化分配。借助信道编码定理,将系统错误概率最小的非凸优化问题转化为最大化系统容量的凸优化问题来解。与固定功率分配(Fixed Power Allocation, FXPA)算法和平均功率分配(Average Power Allocation, AVPA)算法相比,该算法能充分利用无线信道的时变特性,重新分配功率以降低系统错误概率。在多种网络模型中的仿真结果表明,准静态瑞利衰落信道下,相比于FXPA算法,TVPA算法可获得多达5.5dB的比特错误概率性能增益。随着网络质量的进一步改善,该性能优势也逐步增大。      

无线传感器网络中一种基于OSTBC的高效协作传输技术

针对发端能量受限的无线传感器网络提出了一种基于OSTBC的高效虚拟MIMO协作传输策略.在无线传感器网络的每个簇内采用一种全速率的分布式OSTBC传输方案,同时对调制方式的星座大小进行优化,创建了一种更高效的无线传感器网络和MIMO通信相结合的模型.针对该模型在接收端进行迭代译码,并推导出该系统的总能耗函数和网络时延算式.通过仿真显示,该模型不仅能够极大的降低发端能耗,对任意协作节点数目均能够实现全速率传输,解决了传统分布式空时码用于无线传感器网络时发端的数据积压问题,减小了网络时延.因此本协作传输模型从能量消耗和网络时延两方面对无线传感网的性能进行了提升,能够为无线传感网的应用提供有意义的参考.     

闭环MIMO的容量损失研究

首先建立了闭环MIMO(multiple-input-multiple-output)的系统模型,推导出了闭环MIMO容量损失与反馈信道速率之间的数学关系。通过仿真这个数学关系,得出了在不同信噪比、天线数、中断概率下,容量损失相对于反馈信道速率变化规律的相关结论。这个数学关系和这些结论,为实际的闭环MIMO系统设计提供了一定的基础依据,对综合考虑信噪比、天线数、中断概率、闭环MIMO容量损失和反馈信道速率的系统设计有参考意义。     

非对称信道下协作通信系统中断概率的研究

首先建立了非对称信道下协作系统的数学模型,考虑了源节点到目的节点的直通链路,利用特征函数法推导出协作系统的平均中断概率公式,通过仿真验证了该中断概率公式的精确性,理论和仿真都表明协作系统的中断概率和中继节点的个数、位置分布以及协作系统的功率分配因子有着密切关系,并且考虑源到目的节点的直通链路相对于不考虑直通链路的情况具有更高的性能增益;然后又在此公式基础卜就协作系统中继节点的位置分布对最优功率分配因子的影响进行了仿真分析,并指出协作系统的最优功率分配因子受制于中继节点的位置分布情况.     

无线传感器网络中协作通信的能耗优化方法研究

针对能量受限的无线传感器网络,该文综合考虑了协作节点数量和调制方式对系统能量有效性的影响,提出一种能量最优的综合优化方法。文中首先给出了在Rayleigh衰落信道环境下,协作通信系统采用二相相移键控(BPSK)和M进制正交幅度调制(MQAM)时误码率的闭式表达,同时对协作通信的系统能耗进行了分析。在此基础上,根据能耗最小化原则对协作节点数量和调制方式进行了联合优化。仿真结果表明,与调制方式固定或协作节点数固定的系统相比,该方案能进一步降低协作通信的系统能耗。     

多中继AF协作系统功率分配研究

功率分配是协作通信中一个重要的研究方向,文章分析了放大转发（AF）协作方式下,基于正交信道的多协作中继系统模型,在此基础上推导了系统中断概率。并以最小化系统中断概率为目标,给出系统功率分配约束表达式,进一步分析了功率分配与中继节点位置的关系,计算求得单中继和两中继情况系统最优功率分配系数。系统仿真表明最优功率分配相对常规的等功率分配,系统性能明显提升。     

复合衰落信道下分布式MIMO系统下行中断概率分析

针对复合衰落信道模型下分布式MIMO系统下行中断概率问题,首先建立了一个综合考虑Nakagami-m衰落、路径损耗和阴影衰落的复合衰落信道模型;然后针对存在中心基站的分布式MIMO系统,提出了一种更符合实际应用环境的准均匀小区移动台分布模型;接着利用矩生成函数、Gauss-Hermite积分公式和Simpson积分公式等数学手段推导了任意移动台分布下、单小区内系统平均下行中断概率闭合表达式;最后将准均匀移动台分布模型应用到该中断概率闭合表达式,并通过MATLAB仿真证明了所推导得到的闭合表达式及小区分布模型的合理性。     

信源间全双工协作通信的空时编码算法研究

研究了具有三个全双工源节点的协作通信系统,为提升系统有效性和可靠性,提出了两种信源间全双工协作通信的空时编码方案。将正交空时码理论应用其中,可以有效利用空间分集增益,抵抗多径衰落,提高系统性能。方案分为共享兼传输阶段与协作传输阶段。在共享兼传输阶段进行信源间的信息共享同时也会向目的节点发送信息,在协作传输阶段,源节点间形成虚拟MIMO向目的节点发送信息。推导了系统各个接收端的中断概率,仿真结果表明,与现有源节点工作在半双工模式下的协作传输方案对比,该方案有效提升了吞吐量和中断概率性能,在中断概率为10-3时,该方案有1.5 dB左右的信噪比增益,与无协作传输对比,该方案有约8 dB左右的信噪比增益。      

Energy efficiency of some non-cooperative, cooperative and hybrid communication schemes in multi-relay WSNs

In this paper we analyze the energy efficiency of single-hop, multi-hop, cooperative selective decode-and-forward, cooperative incremental decode-and-forward, and even the combination of cooperative and non-cooperative schemes, in wireless sensor networks composed of several nodes. We assume that, as the sensor nodes can experience either non line-of-sight or some line-of-sight conditions, the Nakagami-m fading distribution is used to model the wireless environment. The energy efficiency analysis is constrained by a target outage probability and an end-to-end throughput. Our results show that in most scenarios cooperative incremental schemes are more energy efficient than the other methods.     

Distributed beamforming with one-bit feedback and clustering for multi-node wireless energy transfer

To resolve energy depletion issues in massive Internet of Things sensor networks, we developed a set of distributed energy beamforming methods with one-bit feedback and clustering for multi-node wireless energy transfer, where multiple single-antenna distributed energy transmitters (Txs) transfer their energy to multiple nodes wirelessly. Unlike previous works focusing on distributed information beamforming using a single energy receiver (Rx) node, we developed a distributed energy beamforming method for multiple Rx nodes. Additionally, we propose two clustering methods in which each Tx node chooses a suitable Rx node. Furthermore, we propose a fast distributed beamforming method based on Tx sub-clustering. Through computer simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed distributed beamforming method makes it possible to transfer wireless energy to massive numbers of sensors effectively and rapidly with small implementation complexity. We also analyze the energy harvesting outage probability of the proposed beamforming method, which provides insights into the design of wireless energy transfer networks with distributed beamforming.     

On the energy utilization for WSN based on BPSK over the Generalized-K shadowed fading channel

Energy is a scarce resource in the battery-powered nodes of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper the energy utilization for WSN based on BPSK communications has been investigated over the Generalized-K shadowed fading channel. A comprehensive analysis is reported based on the various important performance metrics like: amount of fading, average bit error probability, outage probability and energy utilized per bit (EUB). Simulation results reveal that composite use of shadowing and fading degrade energy levels to a considerable extent and hence contribute in downsizing the network life-span. We have derived the EUB metric and performed its evaluation with respect to optimal transmit energy levels by varying fading and shadowing severity parameters. We also considered the impact of varying transmit energy levels on the outage probability and hence on transmit and EUB levels. Although, embedding of training sequences and re-transmissions do help in enhancing effective synchronization and improved reliability, but this is done at a cost of higher energy utilization. Under the given set of assumptions, it is observed that an decrease in fading by about 11 %, improves the EUB by about 7 %. With increase in outage probability by about 10 %, EUB improves by about 3 %. An increase in SNR by 6 % improves the EUB levels by about 7 %. The investigations reported in this paper may enable designers to optionally choose suitable parameters to make WSN communications energy-efficient.     

异构携能通信网络中基于人工噪声辅助的鲁棒安全传输方案

异构携能通信网络中信道状态信息不准确时,为保证信息、能量传输的安全性与可靠性,该文提出一种基于人工噪声辅助的鲁棒安全传输方案。通过联合设计宏基站、微基站的下行信息波束及人工噪声矩阵,干扰窃听者,同时提升系统能量接收性能。在基站的发送功率约束、合法用户的信息接收及能量接收中断约束和窃听者的窃听信息中断约束下,以最大化系统能量接收性能为目标进行建模。针对该问题的非凸性,首先将其等效转化为一种易于处理的形式;而后进一步利用Berstein-type不等式处理其中的中断概率约束,将其转化为凸的问题进行求解。仿真结果验证了该方案的安全性和鲁棒性。     

一种基于无交集节点分组的无线传感器网络覆盖算法

无线传感器网络是一种无线自组织网络,它由大量能量有限的传感器节点组成.能量消耗和网络覆盖是无线传感器网络的两个核心问题,网络覆盖决定了无线传感器网络对物理世界的监测能力,能量消耗则决定了无线传感器网络的生存时间.本文研究了一种改进的基于无交集节点分组算法,针对随机选取节点实现无交集节点分组方式获得的分组个数少且节点通信...     

Analysis of Network Path Selection Based on Outage Probability in Cognitive Relay Networks

This paper evaluates the outage performance of cognitive relay networks with mutual interference between secondary users and primary users under the underlay approach, while adhering to the interference constraint on the primary user. A network path selection criterion, suitable for cognitive relay networks, is provided, from which we derive the outage probability expression of cognitive relay networks. It is shown that the outage probability considering the interference to secondary user from primary user is higher than that without considering the interference to secondary user from primary user. In addition, the outage probability is affected by key network parameters. We analyze network path selection method based on outage probability and prove that the interference to secondary user from primary user has a significant effect on the network path selection and can not be ignored in practical wireless communication environments. Simulation investigation is also provided and used to verify the theoretical analysis.     

Performance Analysis and Enhancement for Opportunistic Analog Network Coding with Imperfect CSI

Imperfect channel state information (CSI) is among the main factors that affect system performance in wireless networks. In this paper, we investigate the impact of imperfect CSI on the performance of analog network coding (ANC) for a two-way relaying system based on opportunistic relay selection (ORS). An exact and generalized closed-form expression for system outage probability is presented in a Rayleigh flat-fading environment. To provide more insights, the closed-form asymptotic expression is then obtained. It is shown that the presence of channel estimation error causes outage probability maintain a fixed level even when a noiseless channel is adopted. Therefore, to mitigate the negative impact of imperfect CSI, we deduce the power allocation to minimize the system outage probability based on the knowledge of instantaneous channel information. Numerical results validate the accuracy of the derived expressions and highlight the effect of proposed power allocation algorithm compared with conventional uniform power allocation.     

Distributed Sensor Networks Deployment Using Fuzzy Logic Systems

The effectiveness of distributed wireless sensor networks highly depends on the sensor deployment scheme. Given a finite number of sensors, optimizing the sensor deployment will provide sufficient sensor coverage and ameliorate the quality of communications. In this paper, we apply fuzzy logic systems to optimize the sensor placement after an initial random deployment. We use the outage probability due to co-channel interference to evaluate the communication quality. Fenton–Wilkinson method is applied to approximate the sum of log-normal random variables. Our algorithm is compared against the existing distributed self-spreading algorithm. Simulation results show that our approach achieves faster and stabler deployment and maximizes the sensor coverage with less energy consumption. Outage probability, as a measure of communication quality gets effectively decreased in our algorithm but it was not taken into consideration in the distributed self-spreading algorithm.     

Optimal power control in interference-limited fading wirelesschannels with outage-probability specifications

We propose a new method of power control for interference-limited wireless networks with Rayleigh fading of both the desired and interference signals. Our method explicitly takes into account the statistical variation of both the received signal and interference power and optimally allocates power subject to constraints on the probability of fading induced outage for each transmitter/receiver pair. We establish several results for this type of problem. We establish tight bounds that relate the outage probability caused by channel fading to the signal-to-interference margin calculated when the statistical variation of the signal and interference powers is ignored. This allows us to show that well-known methods for allocating power, based on Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue theory, can be used to determine power allocations that are provably close to achieving optimal (i.e., minimal) outage probability. We show that the problems of minimizing the transmitter power subject to constraints on outage probability and minimizing outage probability subject to power constraints can be posed as a geometric program (GP). A GP is a special type of optimization problem that can be transformed to a nonlinear convex optimization problem by a change of variables and therefore solved globally and efficiently by interior-point methods. We also give a fast iterative method for finding the optimal power allocation to minimize the outage probability     

EARQ: Energy Aware Routing for Real-Time and Reliable Communication in Wireless Industrial Sensor Networks

Wireless industrial sensor networks are wireless sensor networks which have been adapted to industrial applications. Most techniques for wireless sensor networks can be applied to wireless industrial sensor networks. However, for industrial applications of wireless industrial sensor networks, new requirements such as real-time, reliable delivery need to be considered. In this paper, we propose EARQ, which is a novel routing protocol for wireless industrial sensor networks. It provides real-time, reliable delivery of a packet, while considering energy awareness. In EARQ, a node estimates the energy cost, delay and reliability of a path to the sink node, based only on information from neighboring nodes. Then, it calculates the probability of selecting a path, using the estimates. When packet forwarding is required, it randomly selects the next node. A path with lower energy cost is likely to be selected, because the probability is inversely proportional to the energy cost to the sink node. To achieve real-time delivery, only paths that may deliver a packet in time are selected. To achieve reliability, it may send a redundant packet via an alternate path, but only if it is a source of a packet. Experimental results show that EARQ is suitable for industrial applications, due to its capability for energy efficient, real-time, reliable communications.