用自适应天线理论控制天线阵方向图旁瓣的迭代算法

本文基于自适应天线阵列理论，提出了一种控制天线阵方向图旁瓣的新方法－迭代算法。这种方法可用于任意非均匀阵方向图旁瓣控制，并可同时计入各阵元方向图的影响。     

考虑互耦影响的阵列综合

阵列天线综合一般是基于理想的单元天线方向图，而不考虑阵元间的互耦。本文提出了一种考虑互耦的基于遗传算法的阵列天线综合方法。该方法首先利用商用仿真软件分别计算阵列中各个阵元在阵列中的方向图，再通过遗传算法优化出目标方向图。通过实例比较可以看出，这种方法能够比较精确的仿真计算阵列的方向图，易于在工程上实现高性能的天线阵列系统。     

基于GA的智能天线系统前端扇区阵列设计

使用遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm)设计了智能天线系统前端的扇区天线阵列。该天线阵列用于TD-SCDMA基站系统中。依据智能天线系统扇区覆盖模式(即广播波束)对方向图的要求，利用GA的全局搜索性能，综合了阵列结构及单元激励相位。对该阵列结构使用GA模拟了智能天线系统工作模式(业务波束)下所要求方向图的阵列激励幅度和相位。给出了实际的智能天线系统前端扇区天线阵列结构，对智能天线技术的应用具有重要意义。     

一种基于双正交模的新型天线阵方向图综合方法

本文提出一种新型综合阵列天线方向图的模式方法.该方法基于双正交模式理论,考虑了阵元之间的耦合作用的影响,可以对任意形状的阵列天线进行方向图综合.利用双正交模式综合方法可以快速有效地获得每个阵元的特定激励,以期阵列天线的方向图满足特定的需求.模式组之间的双正交特性保证了该方法所得天线阵列方向图与期望方向图之间良好的一致性.通过对所需电场的加权,可以将整个球面上的二维曲面积分运算转化为一维线积分运算,使得方向图综合过程的计算量大为减少.若干阵列天线方向图综合实例验证了该方法的正确性和有效性.     

考虑互耦的圆形天线阵列方向图综合

利用圆形阵列本征激励模式的方向图矢量叠加，计算所需的阵列方向图，醉征励模式的方向图可由或测量获得，该方法适用于任意形式单元构成的圆形阵列方向图综合。     

CDMA中智能天线的接收准则及自适应算法研究

在ＣＤＭＡ基站中采用自适应天线阵列可以降低多址干扰，提高系统容量，本文提出了一种适合于移动无线通信环境下的接收准则，最大接收信号准则，并根据该准则提出了空间变步长搜索算法。最后分析了基站采用自适应天线阵列时反向信道容量，与使用无方向天线相比，大大增加了系统容量。     

采用非线性最小二乘法实现圆环天线阵的方向图综合

为使阵列天线获得圆对称方向图,通常采用环阵的排列方式。本文研究了圆环阵列天线的特殊方向图综合方法,文中采用非线性最小二乘法对影响天线方向图的诸多参数,如单元的幅度和相位、单元间距以及单元在阵中的位置进行了优化设计,使阵列方向图在最小二乘意义上逼近预先给定的理想方向图。仿真结果表明该方法可行、有效。     

考虑互耦的阵列天线辐射近场近似计算方法

针对大规模阵列天线辐射近场电磁兼容性问题,基于有源单元方向图原理和子阵信息的综合方法计算了大规模阵列天线辐射近场场强的分布。该方法采用等效技术获取大规模阵列天线的端口特性,进一步结合天线单元的远场数据综合分析得到大规模阵列天线的近场分布;计算结果表明,在满足天线单元辐射远场条件下,该方法能够准确计算出大规模阵列天线的辐射近场分布。相较于全波分析,本方法在保证精度的同时,提高了计算效率,并且具有良好的灵活性。通过全波分析的数值算例验证了该方法的正确性。     

基于遗传算法的阵列相位自适应

提出了一种新的基于遗传算法的天线阵列的自适应算法，根据实际的硬件限制，不改变阵列的幅度加权，通过遗传算法对相位加权作局优化，为对天线性能的破坏，只优化搜索数字移相器的最后几位，就可在干扰来波方向获得相当低的零深，计算机模拟结果证实了该方法的有效性。     

双频阵列天线方向图的非线性最小二乘法综合

研究了一种20GHz和30GHz双频六角形阵列天线方向图的综合方法.采用了非线性最小二乘法对影响天线方向图的诸多参数,如单元的幅度和相位、单元间距以及单元在阵中的位置进行了优化设计,以使双频阵列方向图在最小二乘意义上逼近预先给定的理想方向图.仿真结果表明该方法可行、有效.     

A numerical pattern synthesis algorithm for arrays

A numerical technique for pattern synthesis in arrays is presented. For a given set of elements, the technique allows one to find a set of array coefficients that steer the main beam in a given direction and yield sidelobes meeting a specified criterion, if such a set of array coefficients exists. If the pattern specifications cannot be met with the given elements, the algorithm finds the best attainable pattern. The advantage of this technique is that it can be used with an arbitrary set of array elements. Different elements in the array can have different element patterns, and the array can have arbitrary nonuniform spacing between elements. The synthesis technique is based on adaptive array theory. The given array elements are assumed to be used as the elements of an adaptive array. The main beam is pointed in the proper direction by choosing the steering vector for that direction, and the sidelobes are controlled by introducing a large number of interfering signals at many angles throughout the sidelobe region. The algorithm iterates on the interference powers until a suitable pattern is obtained     

天线阵列方向图的一种数值综合算法

本文提出了一种新型阵列综合算法，目标方向图迭代算法。这种算法与现有的阵列综合方法不同，它通过对目标方向图的迭代来调整实际方向图的形状，是一种纯数值的阵列综合算法。这种算法适用于任意结构阵列的方向图综合，计算效率高，可以满足实际工程的需要。作为验证，本文综合了一些具有代表性的天线阵列，给出了计算结果，并对结果进行了讨论。     

A simple algorithm to achieve desired patterns for arbitrary arrays

A simple iterative algorithm which can be used to find array weights that produce array patterns with a given look direction and an arbitrary sidelobe specification is presented. The method can be applied to nonuniform array geometries in which the individual elements have arbitrary (and differing) radiation patterns. The method is iterative and uses sequential updating to ensure that peak sidelobe levels in the array meet the specification. Computation of each successive pattern is based on the solution of a linearly constrained least-squares problem. The constraints ensure that the magnitude of the sidelobes at the locations of the previous peaks takes on the prespecified values. Phase values for the sidelobes do not change during this process, and problems associated with choosing a specific phase value are therefore avoided. Experimental evidence suggests that the procedure terminates in remarkably few iterations, even for arrays with significant numbers of elements     

Adaptive processing using a single snapshot for a nonuniformlyspaced array in the presence of mutual coupling and near-fieldscatterers

This paper presents an adaptive technique to extract the signal of interest (SOI) arriving from a known direction in the presence of strong interferers using a single snapshot of data. The antenna elements in this method can be nonuniformly spaced and there can be mutual coupling between them. In addition, near-field scatterers can also be present. First, the voltages induced in the antenna elements of the array due to interferers, mutual coupling between the elements, and near-field scatterers is preprocessed by applying a transformation matrix to these voltages through a rigorous electromagnetic analysis tool. This electromagnetic preprocessing technique transforms the voltages that are induced in a nonuniformly spaced array containing real antenna elements to a set of voltages that will be produced in a uniform linear virtual array (ULVA) containing omnidirectional isotropic point radiators. In the transformation matrix we would like to include various electromagnetic effects like mutual coupling between the antenna elements, presence of near-field scatterers and the platform effects on which the antenna array is mounted. This transformation matrix when applied to the actual measured voltages yields an equivalent set of voltages that will be induced in the ULVA. A direct data domain least squares adaptive algorithm is then applied to the processed voltages to extract the SOI in the presence of interferers. Limited numerical examples are presented to illustrate the novelty of the proposed method     

Properties of electromagnetic beams generated by ultra-widebandwidth pulse-driven arrays

Analytical bounds on the characteristics of beams generated by an arbitrary pulse-driven array are derived and supported with numerical calculations. These bounds extend the meaning of near-field distances or diffraction lengths to the situation where the array driving functions can be broad-bandwidth signals. Particular attention is given to transmitting and receiving array systems which consist of elements that are not large in comparison to the shortest wavelength of significance contained in the signals driving them. Their output signals constitute higher-order beams whose coherence properties are degraded more slowly by diffraction than lower-order beams. It is shown that for certain measures of performance involving these beam characteristics, a localized wave pulse-driven array can outperform similar continuous-wave-driven arrays. An array with independent addressable elements is required to realize these localized wave effects. The enhanced localization effects are intimately coupled to the proper spatial distribution of broad-bandwidth signals driving the array     

On the empirical optimization of antenna arrays

Empirical optimization is an algorithm for the optimization of antenna array performance under realistic conditions, accounting for the effects of mutual coupling and scattering between the elements of the array and the nearby environment. The algorithm can synthesize optimum element spacings and optimum element excitations. It is applicable to arrays of various element types having arbitrary configurations, including phased arrays, conformal arrays and nonuniformly spaced arrays. The method is based on measured or calculated element-pattern data, and proceeds in an iterative fashion to the optimum design. A novel method is presented in which the admittance matrix representing an antenna array, consisting of both active and passive elements, is extracted from the array's element-pattern data. The admittance-matrix formulation incorporated into the empirical optimization algorithm enables optimization of the location of both passive and active elements. The methods also provide data for a linear approximation of coupling as a function of (nonuniform) element locations, and for calculation of element scan impedances. Computational and experimental results are presented that demonstrate the rapid convergence and effectiveness of empirical optimization in achieving realistic antenna array performance optimization.     

Diffraction of plane waves by a finite array of dielectric-loaded cavity-backed slots on a common ground plane for oblique incidence and arbitrary polarization

Plane-wave diffraction by a finite array of two-dimensional dielectric-loaded cavity-backed slots on a common ground plane is investigated for oblique incidence and arbitrary polarization. The governing system of coupled singular integral/integrodifferential equations is discretized using moment-method-oriented direct singular integral equation methods. Treating all singular integrals analytically via rapidly converging algorithms leads to numerically stable and efficient analytical expressions for all matrix elements. As a result, no numerical integration is required to compute these elements. Several numerical examples are presented to validate the algorithm and illustrate its convergence characteristics. Results are also presented that reveal the possibility of controlling the absorption efficiency by suitably selecting several geometrical and physical parameters of the structure.     

Accurate DOA estimation using array antenna with arbitrary geometry

The so called universal steering vector (USV) whose locus is equivalent to the array element pattern is applied to the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation by multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm. It is shown that if the USV which includes the effect of the mutual coupling between the array elements is used, the compensation for the received voltage to remove the effect of the mutual coupling is not required any more. The USV for array antennas with arbitrary geometry is derived and evaluated efficiently by using the method of moments (MoM) so that the DOA estimation can be performed accurately by using the array antenna with arbitrary geometry. Numerical examples of the DOA estimation by a dipole array antenna, and an antenna array composed of a monopole antenna and a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) mounted on a mobile handset are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于循环特性的均匀圆阵快速空间谱计算

针对在阵元数多、分辨率要求高的情况下,基于均匀圆阵的空间谱直接计算方法存在计算量大、实时性差的缺点,利用循环矩阵、离散傅里叶变换、卷积运算之间的内在联系,提出了一种快速空间谱计算方法.仿真结果表明,在保持测向性能完全一致的情况下,所提快速算法降低空间谱计算过程中角度搜索阶段的计算量随阵元数增加而增加;且在相同计算量条件下,所提快速算方法可以用于更高精度和分辨率的角度搜索.     

基于混合基线的任意平面阵列干涉仪测向方法

为了适应各种阵列构型,该文提出基于混合基线的任意平面阵列干涉仪测向方法。首先,基于无相位模糊的数学模型分析,推导了混合基线任意平面阵干涉仪测向方法。然后,针对相位模糊问题,提出了基于归一化改进方向函数的聚类方法,并给出了基线对的选取方法。最后,通过数值仿真在随机任意阵、均匀圆阵和半圆阵上验证了所提方法的有效性。该方法对所选基线对中两个基线的长度和斜率没有约束。仿真结果显示,借助灵活的基线对选择以及归一化改进方向函数的引入,混合基线算法的解模糊性能优于等长基线算法和立体基线算法。