智能天线在未来移动通信系统中的应用

智能天线是近年来移动通信领域中的一个研究热点,是解决频率资源匮乏的有效途径,同时还可以提高系统容量和通信质量。智能天线利用数字信号处理技术,产生空间定向波束,使天线主波束对准用户信号到达方向,旁瓣或零陷对准干扰信号到达方向,以达到充分高效利用移动用户信号并消除或抑制干扰信号的目的。智能天线是一个具有良好应用前景且尚未得到充分开发的新技术,是第三代移动通信系统中不可或缺的关键技术之一。智能天线自适应天线是采用迭代自适应算法、应用于抗干扰军用通信的阵列天线。智能天线是一种应用于个人通信,能够根据所处…     

TD-SCDMA智能天线现场测试要点

1概述 智能天线的原理是将无线电信号导向具体的方向，产生空间定向波束，使天线主波束对准用户信号到达方向（Direction of Arrival，DOA），旁瓣或零陷对准干扰信号到达方向，达到充分高效利用移动用户信号并消除或抑制干扰信号的目的。TD-SCDMA系统中，智能天线以多个高增益窄波束动态地跟踪多个期望用户。接收模式下，来自窄波束之外的信号被抑制；发射模式下，能使期望用户接收的信号功率最大，同时使窄波束照射范围以外的非期望用户受到的干扰最小。     

浅析MUSIC到达方向估计算法

阵列天线是移动通信中应用智能天线系统的关键,是当前无线通信领域广为关注和研究的热点之一。天线阵列可将无线电的信号导向具体的方向,产生空间定向波束,使天线主波束对准用户信号到达方向DOA,旁瓣或零陷对准干扰信号到达方向,达到充分高效利用移动用户信号并删除或抑制干扰信号的目的。同时,利用各个移动用户间信号空间特征的差异,通过阵列天线技术     

智能天线技术

智能天线利用数字信号处理技术产生空间定向波束,使天线主波束对准用户信号到达方向,旁瓣或零陷对准干扰到达方向,达到充分高效利用有用信号,并抑制甚至删除干扰的目的。使用智能天线可提高移动通信系统性能：扩大系统覆盖区域,提高系统容量,提高数据传输速率,提高频谱利用效率,降低基站发射功率,节省系统成本,减少信号间干扰与电磁环境污染。     

智能天线算法测试研究

1引言智能天线是利用数字信号处理技术产生空间定向波束,使天线的主波束眼踪用户信号到达方向,旁瓣或零陷对准干扰信号到达方向,利用多个天线单元空间的正交性和信号在传输方向上的差别,将同频率或同时隙、同码道的信号区分开来,最大限度地利用有限的信道资源。     

自适应波束形成器的研究设计

自适应波束形成技术是智能天线领域的核心技术,其利用自适应波束形成算法,根据用户的空域信息来产生空间定向波束,将波束的主瓣对准期望用户的来波方向,旁瓣或零陷对准干扰信号的来波方向.文中介绍了一种基于DSP结合FPGA的波束形成器的实现形式,该系统能够实时地处理数据,并很好地完成预定指标.     

恒模数字波束形成器在多天线软件无线电平台中的实现

在一个多天线软件无线电平台上实现了基于恒模算法(CMA)的数字波束形成器。利用DSP的EDMA传输方式可以提高数据传输的速率,增加波束形成的实时性。试验结果表明:采用恒模数字波束形成算法,可以使天线主波束对准用户信号到达方向,旁瓣或零陷对准干扰信号达到方向,达到抑制干扰的目的。当采样速率为500 kHz时,在我们的平台上可以实时实现数字波束形成。     

基于FPGA的自适应天线阵复数LMS算法研究

自适应天线阵能够实时地调整天线方向,使天线的主波束对准期望信号方向,零陷对准干扰方向从而抑制干扰信号,因而在军事和民用通信系统中都得到广泛的重视。主要给出了基于FPGA的自适应天线阵复数LMS算法的流程,并且对该算法的性能进行了分析,最后通过仿真表明该算法具有较强的抗干扰性能。     

TD-SCDMA系统中智能天线波束形成的研究

波束形成算法是智能天线的核心和理论基础,TD-SCDMA系统中应用的智能天线技术与传统的切换波束技术相比,最大的优点在于可以自适应的根据用户的方位调整波束方向,将主波束对准来波方向(DOA),而将旁瓣和零陷对准干扰.文中先阐述了智能天线的基本原理,介绍了Capon算法和MUSIC算法以及它们在智能天线波束形成中的应用,进而用Matlab进行了数值仿真,并且讨论了相关参数设置对于算法性能的分析.文章为以后的理论研究提供了平台,对于今后的理论研究有一定的指导意义和参考价值.     

皮智能天线中的LMS自适应波束形成研究

自适应波束形成是智能天线的核心技术,其主要思想是利用自适应算法调整阵列权向量,使天线主瓣指向有用信号,干扰方向对准零陷,尽可能地提高阵列输出所需信号的强度,同时减小干扰信号的强度,从而提高阵列输出的信噪比.运用MATLAB仿真对LMS算法收敛性能进行常规研究,但重点研究了收敛因子、阵元个数、阵元间距等阵列系统因素,以及阵列接收信号过程中两波束夹角对LMS自适应波束形成性能的影响,为进一步优化自适应波束形成的性能奠定了基础.     

Quadratically constrained adaptive beamforming for coherent signalsand interference

Severe signal cancellation often occurs in conventional adaptive beamforming if coherent interferers are present. The paper proposes adding quadratic constraints to a linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) adaptive beamformer to prevent signal cancellation in coherent interference environments. The additional constraint limits the beamformer output mean squared error to be less than a specified level. It is shown that if the quadratic constraint is properly chosen, then the original linearly constrained beamformer's signal cancellation is reduced to an arbitrarily small level while the interference cancellation is unchanged. In practice, the quadratic constraint is constructed based on estimates of the interference parameters. Sensitivity analyses show the performance of the resulting beamformer is robust with respect to this approximate constraint. The effectiveness of the quadratically constrained adaptive beamformer is further illustrated through simulations     

A two-sensor array blind beamformer for direct sequence spreadspectrum communications

We present an efficient blind beamformer dedicated to the problem of interference mitigation in direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communication systems using a two-sensor array. A closed-form solution for the blind identification of the communication channel is derived by exploiting the temporal properties of the desired signal and the interference. The optimal beamformer is derived from the maximization of the signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) at the output of the receiver in terms of the blindly estimated channel coefficients. Three structures of the DSSS receiver are presented. One structure consists of the blind beamformer followed by the spread spectrum demodulator. The other two structures consist of the spread spectrum demodulator followed by the blind beamformer. The performance of these structures is discussed in terms of the achieved SINR and the computational cost. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed blind beamformers in interference excision     

基于稀疏约束和SRV约束的宽带自适应波束形成

针对传统的宽带MVDR自适应波束形成中,抑制干扰的同时会抬高旁瓣电平,且过多的线性约束会导致波束输出的SINR性能下降的问题,提出了一种基于SRV约束和稀疏约束的低旁瓣、高增益宽带自适应波束形成方法.该方法在窄带MVDR自适应波束形成基础上,通过增加波束图稀疏约束来降低波束的旁瓣电平,同时利用空间响应偏差(SRV)约束将窄带算法推广到宽带MVDR 自适应波束形成中,极大地降低了算法的复杂度,改善了波束输出的SINR 性能.与传统方法相比,该方法在降低宽带波束的旁瓣电平的同时,还具有良好的干扰抑制效果.数值仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性.     

A robust adaptive beamformer for microphone arrays with a blockingmatrix using constrained adaptive filters

This paper proposes a new robust adaptive beamformer applicable to microphone arrays. The proposed beamformer is a generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) with a new adaptive blocking matrix using coefficient-constrained adaptive filters (CCAFs) and a multiple-input canceller with norm-constrained adaptive filters (NCAFs). The CCAFs minimize leakage of the target-signal into the interference path of the GSC. Each coefficient of the CCAFs is constrained to avoid mistracking. The input signal to all the CCAFs is the output of a fixed beamformer. In the multiple-input canceller, the NCAFs prevent undesirable target-signal cancellation when the target-signal minimization at the blocking matrix is incomplete. The proposed beamformer is shown to be robust to target-direction errors as large as 200 with almost no degradation in interference-reduction performance, and it can be implemented with several microphones. The maximum allowable target-direction error can be specified by the user. Simulated anechoic experiments demonstrate that the proposed beamformer cancels interference by over 30 dB. Simulation with real acoustic data captured in a room with 0.3-s reverberation time shows that the noise is suppressed by 19 dB. In subjective evaluation, the proposed beamformer obtains 3.8 on a five-point mean opinion score scale, which is 1.0 point higher than the conventional robust beamformer     

Simple adaptive beamforming with only real weights based on covariance differencing

A simple adaptive beamformer is suggested that uses real weights only without phase shifting. The proposed beamformer finds the orthogonal complement of a subspace that contains the interference subspace which can be readily obtained using only the imaginary part of the covariance matrix of received signals. Simulation results show the beamformer converges as quickly as a complex eigenspace-based one     

Capacity enhancement using adaptive arrays in an AMPS system

Adaptive arrays for an advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) system can significantly increase cell capacity, improve signal quality, and reduce transmitter power requirements. In this paper, we investigate the capacity improvement that can potentially be achieved using adaptive arrays at the base station of an AMPS system. For the analysis, we use two types of spatial filters at the base station: an ideal and flat-top beamformer. An ideal beamformer has a flat main lobe and no side lobes, while a flat-top beamformer has flat main and side lobes. Analysis includes calculation of outage probability when a beamformer is used at the base station, and then we calculate the capacity increase that can be offered by practical antenna arrays. In this paper, we show that spatial-division multiple access (SDMA), i.e., all the users in a cell occupying the same frequency, is impossible to achieve in an AMPS system. A cell-reuse factor of four can be easily achieved with a five-element uniform linear array (ULA) with λ/2 spacings, but to achieve a reuse factor of three, a ULA with eight elements is required     

Modified constant modulus algorithm for digital signal processingadaptive antennas with microwave analog beamforming

This paper proposes a novel algorithm, called modified constant modulus algorithm (M-CMA), which is able to give adaptability to microwave beamforming phased array antennas. Since microwave analog beamformers basically require much fewer RF devices than digital beamformers, microwave analog beamformers based on M-CMA, that is, adaptive microwave beamformers, can be cheaply fabricated. Therefore, they are very suitable for mobile communication systems where both miniaturization and low cost are required for the mobile terminals. M-CMA obtains a gradient vector by a combination of analytical calculation and perturbation of the microwave beamforming control voltage. Though M-CMA is implemented with a digital signal processor, M-CMA controls the microwave analog beamformer by utilizing the gradient vector. The microwave analog beamformer based on M-CMA is analyzed to have the following characteristics: (1) the beamformer can point its main beam to the desired direction in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels; (2) although the beamformer may possibly fail in ill solutions in cochannel interference (CCI) channels, M-CMA can converge to the optimum solution when the desired direction is roughly a priori known     

Time-delay- and time-reversal-based robust Capon beamformers for ultrasound imaging

Currently, the nonadaptive delay-and-sum (DAS) beamformer is extensively used for ultrasound imaging, despite the fact that it has lower resolution and worse interference suppression capability than the adaptive standard Capon beamformer (SCB) if the steering vector corresponding to the signal of interest (SOI) is accurately known. The main problem which restricts the use of SCB, however, is that SCB lacks robustness against steering vector errors that are inevitable in practice. Whenever this happens, the performance of SCB may hecome worse than that of DAS. Therefore, a robust adaptive beamformer is desirable to maintain the robustness of DAS and adaptivity of SCB. In this paper we consider a recent promising robust Capon beamformer (RCB) for ultrasound imaging. We propose two ways of implementing RCB, one based on time delay and the other based on time reversal. RCB extends SCB by allowing the array steering vector to be within an uncertainty set. Hence, it restores the appeal of SCB including its high resolution and superb interference suppression capabilities, and also retains the attractiveness of DAS including its robustness against steering vector errors. The time-delay-based RCB can tolerate the misalignment of data samples and the time-reversal-based RCB can withstand the uncertainty of the Green's function. Both time-delay-based RCB and time-reversal-based RCB can be efficiently computed at a comparable cost to SCB. The excellent performances of the proposed robust adaptive beamforming approaches are demonstrated via a number of simulated and experimental examples.     

A multiple time scale modularized adaptive beamformer

This paper analyzes the cascaded equivalent form of the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer. A unique feature of the modularized MVDR (M²VDR) beamformer is the ability to distribute adaptive degrees of freedom (DOF) among beamformer stages. This property of the M²VDR beamformer allows DOF to be adapted over different time scales. As a consequence of the multiple stage decomposition adaptive beamformer weights appear in a form which suggest an apparent increase in the number of DOF. To properly analyze this ease an alternative interpretation of adaptive DOF is introduced to establish the equivalence between the MVDR beamformer and its cascaded realization. In the second part of this paper the distribution for the output power estimate of a P stage M²VDR beamformer is derived. Analysis reveals the necessity of placing constraints on the adaptation time assigned to each beamformer stage. Simulation experiments are presented that demonstrate the applicability of the M ²VDR beamformer in resolving closely spaced sources under impulsive interference conditions     

一种稳健的低旁瓣波束形成技术

为了更好地抑制来自非期望方向的信号,波束形成器形成较低的旁瓣以抑制干扰。针对传统的最小方差无畸变响应(MVDR)波束形成器抑制干扰性能不稳健的缺点,提出了一种自适应MVDR波束形成方法。该算法通过对已形成波束图搜索极值点,排序取次大值即最高旁瓣,将其对应方向增加到"零陷"方向组,不断迭代以降低旁瓣级。结合均匀半圆阵所作的计算机仿真验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。