电子定标法测试天线罩瞄准误差原理之分析

论述了电子定标法测试天线罩瞄准误差的原理方法,并分析了该方法成立的理由。电子定标法的步骤依次为:收发天线机械轴对准－天线和差通道自检－收发天线电轴对准－电子定标寅无罩测试寅带罩测试－查表计算天线罩瞄准误差。电子定标原理和实测结果表明:测试过程中接收天线差电压与和电压之商,可分解为相对自检过程的共模分量和正交分量;定标过程共模分量保持不变,它决定天线的零深;正交分量随收发天线夹角变化,不受天线零深影响,其曲线为定标曲线;无罩和带罩定标曲线线性度极好,其斜率为天线差斜率;天线加装高性能天线罩后,差斜率变化微小;故可以使用无罩天线差斜率和带罩测试的和差通道电压,计算得出天线罩瞄准误差。差斜率近似引入的误差很小,电子定标法成立。     

偏置抛物面天线的空域瞬态极化特性及仿真分析

在天线空域瞬态极化特性的表征的基础上,研究了偏置抛物面天线在雷达坐标系下的天线主极化和交叉极化方向图,探讨了利用天线主瓣内和主瓣外扫描时不同方位和俯仰向上的空域极化特性,充分诠释了天线极化状态的变化规律.通过计算机仿真和分析比较,结果表明,在空域指向的不同位置,不同的尺寸和不同的焦径比的影响下,天线的极化特性服从一定规律变化,有共性也有差异,这对天线空域极化特性的应用提供了理论依据和支持.     

天线罩交叉瞄准误差成因分析

提出了均匀对称天线罩具有交叉瞄准误差的可能性,通过对天线罩入射波垂直分量的精确推导,进而对均匀对称天线罩交叉瞄准误差的产生机理进行了严格分析,指出了均匀对称天线罩产生交叉瞄准误差的条件,即完全均匀对称的天线罩在非垂直、水平极化情况下将产生交叉瞄准误差。并通过理论计算天线罩的瞄准误差进行了验证。而对天线罩的交叉瞄准误差实测结果也与上述结论吻合。     

天线空域极化特性的表征及分析

在充分诠释天线的空域极化,尤其是空域瞬态极化概念的基础上,建立了天线空域极化特性的表征框架,给出了天线空域的经典极化描述子和瞬态极化描述子.分析了理论正交偶极子天线和实际干扰机天线的空域极化特性;讨论由于天线在空域的极化变化及极化不纯对雷达接收极化损耗的影响,并进行了相应的计算机仿真.结果表明:天线的极化特性在不同空间辐射方向是按一定规律变化的;而且这种变化特性影响着雷达接收损耗、抗干扰性能等各个方面.     

由平面波谱法求解天线罩瞄准误差的一种方法

天线罩是用来保护无线电系统免受外界影响的一种装置,为了保证在天线扫描角范围内电磁波通过天线罩时得到最大的功率传输系数和最小的相位畸变,运用平面波谱法分析天线罩对天线电磁性能的影响,采用数值积分法求得远区方向图,结合优化方法求解出瞄准误差.     

频选膜拼接工艺误差对复材天线罩电性能的影响

加载频率选择表面(FSS)薄膜的复合材料天线罩在实际制作过程中,需将若干FSS薄膜结构进行拼接以构成一个整体,FSS膜的拼接工艺误差则对天线罩的电性能产生实质性的影响。文中设计了一款X波段的A夹层平板复合材料天线罩,并建立了由拼接工艺误差带来的FSS膜搭接和FSS膜缝隙的电磁仿真模型,研究了不同拼接工艺对复合材料天线罩的透波率、电磁波传输特性的影响以及对天线辐射特性的影响。研究结果表明：天线罩中的FSS薄膜结构的拼接错位对电磁波传输影响明显,会明显降低天线主瓣增益和天线罩透波率;当入射电磁波的极化方向与FSS薄膜结构的搭接缝方向相同时,FSS膜结构对天线罩透波率影响较大,当极化方向与FSS薄膜结构的搭接缝方向垂直时,则其对天线罩透波率影响较小;两块FSS膜结构边缘搭接的相对位置和搭接距离对天线方向图有明显影响;两块FSS薄膜结构边缘无搭接且存在缝隙则对天线罩透波率影响较小。该研究对复合材料天线罩的制造工艺具有工程指导意义。     

面向高铁卫星通信系统的高性能天线罩设计

设计了一款适用于高铁平台卫星通信相控阵天线的高性能天线罩.该天线罩针对载体应用环境，设计了双向对称、低剖面的气动外形，以满足载体高速双向对开时低空气阻力的要求；同时根据卫星通信相控阵天线波束扫描的特点，设计了变厚度夹层结构，以实现天线罩对任意极化方向的电磁波宽角入射时高透波率的电性能.以Ku频段为例，根据设计结果进行了实物制作和测试验证，测试结果显示在10.5~13 GHz频率范围内，采用垂直极化波和水平极化波分别照射时，天线罩在0~70°的入射角范围内，透波率均保持在80%以上，同时天线罩对相控阵扫描波束的指向误差维持在±0.5°范围内.     

任意极化波的传输效率对天线测量的影响

在测量圆极化天线辐射特性时,无论采用何种极化的测试信标天线,都会存在极化损失,即功率传输效率小于1,由此引入的测量误差是信标天线及待测天线极化特性的函数,因此需要对测量数据进行误差分析以及适当的修正。文中导出了任意两个椭圆极化波在一般情况下功率失配因子随轴比y和轴倾角r变化的计算公式,对工程中常见的几种情况进行了定量分析计算,讨论了功率失配校正因子的取值范围,以及对天线辐射特性测量精度的影响。     

任意极化波的功率传输效率计算及其对天线测量精度的影响

在测量圆极化天线辐射特性时，无论采用何种极化的测试信标天线，都会存在极化损失，即功率传输效率小于1，由此引入的测量误差是信标天线及待测天线极化特性的函数，因此需要对测量数据进行误差分析以及适当的修正。本文导出了任意两个椭圆极化波在一般情况下功率失配因子随轴比γ和轴倾角τ变化的计算公式，对工程中常见的几种情况进行了定量分析计算，讨论了功率失配校正因子的取值范围，以及对天线辐射特性测量精度的影响。     

天线罩对抛物面单脉冲天线极化特性的影响机理和仿真分析

单脉冲定向技术是目前最准确的电子定向技术之一, 被广泛应用于微波毫米波跟踪、监视、通信、测量、天文观测等系统.为了保护雷达天线免受环境的影响, 许多单脉冲天线都采用天线罩, 这会对单脉冲天线方向图的极化结构产生影响, 另外, 有意的电子欺骗干扰如交叉极化干扰会对定向性能产生较大影响.文章以雷达导引头普遍采用的X波段抛物反射面幅度比较单脉冲天线为对象, 分析了抛物面结构、初级馈源特性、天线罩引起交叉极化分量的机理, 建立了典型物理参数下的计算模型, 在Ludwig第三定义下对加入天线罩前后单脉冲天线交叉极化特性进行仿真, 综合考虑了天线几何形状、偏置结构、天线扫描等因素对极化特性的影响.结果表明:多种因素会引起单脉冲天线显著的去极化效应, 复杂的方向图极化结构使得单脉冲雷达导引头的定向精度敏感于电波极化方式, 这为进一步开展交叉极化对抗单脉冲跟踪技术研究提供了重要理论基础.     

A streamlined metallic radome

The results of research and development, fabrication, and measured transmission performance for a specific streamlined metallic radome are contained in this paper. The measured results presented demonstrate that high-quality radome transmission performance can be attained with a streamlined metallic radome. The conical metallic radome presented is 6 ft 4 in long and has a base diameter of 25.5 in. The specially designed resonant slotted surface of the metallic radome consists of 90 percent metal and, for frequencies within its operating band, the radome permits transmission with any signal polarization over a wide range of scan angles. At its 8.90 GHz resonant frequency the metallic radome introduces less than 0.5 dB signal loss and less than 2 mrad boresight error. This radome has been purposely designed for operation over a narrow frequency band. Over a 200 MHz band, measured insertion loss and boresight error values of 1 dB and 6 mrad, respectively, are attained.     

Absolute radiometric calibration of the CCRS SAR

Determining the radar scattering coefficients from SAR (synthetic aperture radar) image data requires absolute radiometric calibration of the SAR system. The authors describe an internal calibration methodology for the airborne Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) SAR system, based on radar theory, a detailed model of the radar system, and measurements of system parameters. The methodology is verified by analyzing external calibration data acquired over a six-month period in 1988 by the C-band radar using HH polarization. The results indicate that the overall error is ±0.8 dB (1σ) for incidence angles ±20° from antenna boresight. The dominant error contributions are due to the antenna radome and uncertainties in the elevation angle relative to the antenna boresight     

采用一维物理光学法的天线罩瞄准误差补偿

针对雷达天线罩瞄准误差的补偿问题，提出了一种适用于各向同性的天线罩瞄准误差修正方法。构建了基于一维物理光学法的天线罩瞄准误差的数学模型，推导了雷达导引头测量目标角度和角速度的误差修正公式。试验结果表明，该方法有效降低了天线罩瞄准误差对目标角速度性能的影响。     

机载宽频带雷达罩双向变厚度设计方法

新一代战机的火控雷达向着宽频带和相控阵方向发展。针对宽频带相控阵机头雷达罩的高性能要求,提出了“高传输、低反射、等插入相位延迟”综合设计准则。分析了宽频带夹层罩壁结构的电性能特性,针对其相位特性差的情况给出了一种新的双向变厚度设计方法。通过雷达罩轴向变厚度设计以适配不同的入射角获得高传输/低反射性能,通过环向变厚度设计以适配不同的极化角获得接近的插入相位延迟,实现了优良的宽频带传输性能和方向图特性,在雷达罩产品研制中得到应用并发挥了重要作用。     

Fully polarimetric bistatic radar scattering behavior of forestedhills

The bistatic radar scattering measurements of forested hills were performed at grazing incidence and at azimuth scattering angles from 28° to 66° from the forward scatter plane. Using pulse-to-pulse switching between orthogonal transmitted polarizations, the radar simultaneously measures two orthogonally polarized components of the scattered wave to obtain full polarimetric information about the scattering process. These are the first fully polarimetric terrain clutter measurements to be conducted at large bistatic angles. The complete Stokes matrix, computed by averaging successive realizations of the polarization scattering matrix, is used to examine the polarization sensitivity of the bistatic clutter. It is found that the polarization state of the EM wave scattered out of the plane of incidence strongly depends on the polarization orientation of the incident electric field. Unlike the monostatic case, these two incident wave polarization states are found to produce substantially different scattered wave behavior when trees are viewed at large bistatic angles. Scattered fields resulting from vertically oriented incident fields are found to be highly polarized and to produce bistatic clutter power levels that are strongly dependent on the polarization of the receiving antenna. In contrast, horizontally oriented incident fields are found to produce weakly polarized scattered waves with bistatic clutter power levels that are insensitive to the polarization of the receiving antenna     

Boresight errors induced by missile radomes

Radome induced boresight errors are defined in terms of antenna difference port to sum port voltage ratios. The antenna port voltages are derived using the reaction integral for the case of a planar waveguide slot array in the presence of a dielectric radome. Radome transmission uses planar slab results. Both the antenna reflection and the radome shadow contribution are taken into account. Although only linear copolarized comparisons are presented here, the analysis is kept arbitrary with respect to incident and seeker antenna polarizations. Measurements include a line source experiment that tests the antenna model sensitivity to geometry. A simple distributed source experiment, in the form of a planar slab radome with thickness corrugation, tests the influence of transmission through varying wall thickness. Effects of curvature are assessed with an offset hemisphere radome and finally a series of tangent ogive radome comparisons verify the limits of the analysis. A trend for the yaw errors to be less accurate than the pitch errors is consistently noted for the tangent ogive radomes, and this behavior is discussed.     

基于遗传算法对二维天线罩瞄准误差的优化

基于物理光学法及表面积分法计算了二维相控阵天线罩的瞄准误差并利用遗传算法对瞄准误差进行优化。首先建立二维相控阵天线一罩系统的数学模型并对瞄准误差进行分析计算,并在此基础上利用遗传算法对天线罩的壁厚分布进行编码以实现对瞄准误差的优化。