Higher order impedance boundary conditions applied to scattering bycoated bodies of revolution

In this paper higher order impedance boundary conditions will be employed in the solution of scattering by coated conducting bodies of revolution. The higher order impedance solution reduces the total number of unknowns relative to the exact solution, and produces a system matrix which is less dense than that of the exact solution. The construction of the solution involves two distinct steps. In the first step the body of revolution is replaced by an equivalent set of electric and magnetic currents on its exterior surface which generate the true fields outside the body. An integral equation relating these currents through the free space Green's function is derived. Step two employs the higher order impedance boundary condition to relate the electric and magnetic currents on the surface of the body. This replaces the rigorous solution of the interior problem. The higher order impedance boundary conditions are derived by obtaining an exact impedance boundary condition in the spectral domain for the coated ground plane, approximating the impedances as ratios of polynomials in the transform variables, and employing the Fourier transform. The resulting spatial domain differential equations are solved in conjunction with the integral equation using the method of moments. Several examples of bistatic and monostatic radar cross section for coated bodies of revolution are used to illustrate the accuracy of the higher order impedance boundary condition solution relative to the standard impedance boundary condition solution and the exact solution. The effects of coating thickness, loss, and curvature on the accuracy of the solution are discussed     

Enhanced Microwave Absorption Performance from Magnetic Coupling of Magnetic Nanoparticles Suspended within Hierarchically Tubular Composite

The microwave absorption (MA) performance of carbon materials is severely hindered by their drawbacks of lacking magnetic loss ability and mismatched electromagnetic impedance. In this work, utilizing sustainable biomass kapok as a template, the hierarchically tubular C/Co nanoparticle composite is rationally constructed to acquire the enhanced MA performance for the first time. The fruit‐tree‐like hierarchical structure is composed from a “trunk” of kapok‐derived carbon microtubes, a “branch” of entangled carbon nanotubes, and “fruit” of Co nanoparticles embedded in the nanotubes. Such a hierarchically tubular structure offers the composite: i) a submillimeter‐scale 3D magnetic coupling network and reinforced magnetic loss ability, ii) a hierarchical dielectric carbon network, iii) better matched impedance, confirmed by the off‐axis electron holography and micromagnetic simulation. Accordingly, the as‐prepared hierarchically tubular carbon composite demonstrates impressive MA performance, with a maximum reflection loss of as much as ?52.3 dB and a broad absorption bandwidth of 5.1 GHz. These encouraging achievements light the way to the development of the hierarchical microstructure of magnetic absorbents.     

Analytical simplification of the 2-D method of moments impedance integral

The elements of the two-dimensional (2-D), method of moments (MoM) impedance matrix are analytically reduced by way of an integral transform. The resulting impedance expression is a single integral with an analytic integrand for nearly arbitary shape and weight function sets. The reduced expression requires fewer computations, thereby reducing the matrix fill time. This moments via integral transform method (MITM) is based on an integral representation of the Green's function (Hankel function) and utilizes a special integral transform. The method is developed for 2-D perfectly electrically conducting bodies subjected to a transverse magnetic field. A comparison between brute force and MITM is presented for polynomial shape and weight functions.     

Synthesis of octave-band quarter-wave coupled semi-trackingstripline junction circulators

The complex gyrator circuit of stripline circulators using tracking junctions which satisfy the physical and magnetic variables of the Wu and Rosenbaum boundary conditions, is a nearly frequency independent octave-band resistive network. Such a junction may exhibit two minimas in its reflection coefficient when matched by a two section impedance transformer. However, a third minima may be realised by utilizing a complex rather than a real gyrator circuit. This paper summarises this class of semi-tracking solution in a simple way as a preamble to the design of a degree-3 quarter wave coupled circulator. The overall frequency behaviour of this class of junction has been separately evaluated by combining the electromagnetic and network problems (in conjunction with a two step impedance matching network)     

Discontinuity Effects in Single Resonator Traveling Wave Filters (Correspondence)

In a previous correspondence the exact frequency response of the single resonator traveling wave directional filter was presented assuming that all transmission lines had characteristic impedances equal to the terminating impedance of the network. The purpose of this correspondence is to extend the previous work to take into account the case where the transmission lines connecting the parallel coupled lines have an arbitrary characteristic impedance Z/sub I/. The resulting structure is shown in Fig. 1.     

Variability analysis of impedance matching network

This paper investigates the L network impedance matching analytically. The equation describing the effect of load impedance variation on the impedance matching performance is derived. The deviation from perfect match is proportional to the variation in load reflection coefficient. However, if the load impedance is too large or too small, resulting in a large reflection coefficient, the solution to the impedance matching problem will have poorer quality in term of variability. The variability factor increases rapidly when the load reflection coefficient is larger than 0.7. A small variation in the load impedance will cause a large deviation from perfect match.     

Simple and Accurate Analytical Model of Planar Grids and High-Impedance Surfaces Comprising Metal Strips or Patches

Simple analytical formulas are introduced for the grid impedance of electrically dense arrays of square patches and for the surface impedance of high-impedance surfaces based on the dense arrays of metal strips or square patches over ground planes. Emphasis is on the oblique-incidence excitation. The approach is based on the known analytical models for strip grids combined with the approximate Babinet principle for planar grids located at a dielectric interface. Analytical expressions for the surface impedance and reflection coefficient resulting from our analysis are thoroughly verified by full-wave simulations and compared with available data in open literature for particular cases. The results can be used in the design of various antennas and microwave or millimeter wave devices which use artificial impedance surfaces and artificial magnetic conductors (reflect-array antennas, tunable phase shifters, etc.), as well as for the derivation of accurate higher-order impedance boundary conditions for artificial (high-) impedance surfaces. As an example, the propagation properties of surface waves along the high-impedance surfaces are studied.     

An Ordered Array of Terminated Metallic Posts as an Embedding Network for Lumped Microwave Devices

An ordered array of metallic posts is proposed as an embedding network for lumped devices at microwave frequencies. The individual metallic posts, terminated in a lumped device, extend across a parallel-plane transmission line excited by the TEM mode. In the analysis the impedance discontinuity for an individual terminated metallic post in a transmission line bounded on two sides by electric walls and two sides by magnetic walls is evaluated. Design concepts useful in employing these results with a two-dimensional array of metallic posts terminated with semiconductor devices are described.     

载波通信在舰船电网中的应用研究

建立全舰各部门各舱室的通信网络是实现舰载设备远程自动控制的需要,也是舰员生活的需要。传统方法在改造旧舰或建造新舰时单独铺设通信电缆,费时费力,干扰正常工作,破坏水密性。考虑到舰船上分布最广泛的网络——照明配电网,如果可以利用电力载波技术将配电网复用通信网,则在节约了铺设和改造网络费用的同时满足了舰船内的通信需求。这里利用就网络总体设计和阻抗匹配两方面对电力载波通信技术应用于舰船电网进行研究分析,得出了舰船照明电缆输入阻抗与频率的关系,为实现舰船调制解调器与电力线信道的匹配提供了依据。     

A Band-Limited Active Damping Circuit With 13 dB Power Supply Resonance Reduction

The impedance of a microprocessor power-delivery network peaks at ~140 MHz, resulting in power-grid resonance, which lowers operating frequency and compromises gate oxide integrity. A suppression circuit is designed using an active-damping technique with a maximum of 13 dB supply voltage noise reduction from 70 to 250 MHz in a 90 nm CMOS process.     

一种节能无线传感器网络

针对无线传感器网络节点能量受限制问题,提出一种节能网络,把监测环境中通电电缆的磁能转化为电能,实现节点能量的自给。采集的能量采用双边调谐阻抗网络传输,通过设计原副边回路参数,令其回路发生谐振来降低自身损耗;组网模式上,用节能静态网络模型代替能耗大的动态组网方式,结合需要,通过切换节点的工作方式来降低能耗。实验证明,能量采集模块一个工作周期采集的能量为10.93 mJ,能够满足传感网络节点工作周期的最大能耗4.68 mJ,验证了节能传感网络可以实现能量自給。     

Impedance control of microstrip antennas using reactive loading

It is shown that it is possible to change the input impedance of a microstrip antenna over a wide range without affecting its resonant frequency by moving short circuits along prescribed loci. This theory has been verified by experiment; specifically, it is shown that the resonant frequency of the mode is left relatively unchanged by the appropriate placement of the short circuit loads. The experiment also shows that the agreement between the predicted and observed input impedance is quite reasonable in most cases. There was qualitative agreement between theoretical antenna patterns and measured antenna patterns although the measured cross-polarized components in the double-loaded element were higher than expected from the theory. A single load, varying in position, was seen to provide a reasonable range of impedance variation while retaining a very nearly constant resonant frequency, although the resulting asymmetries in the magnetic current distribution caused a high level of cross-polarized fields. The use of two loads, instead, produced an even greater range of possible impedances, with reduced cross-polarization levels as well     

Polarization characteristics of the radiation field from anaperture in an impedance surface

The radiation field from an aperture in an impedance surface is studied by using a newly proposed expression of an equivalent magnetic current. Simple relations between the polarization and the surface impedance are derived concerning two subjects: the currents on a reflector illuminated by an aperture in an impedance surface and the cross polarization of the aperture     

Low Q electrically small linear and elliptical polarized spherical dipole antennas

Electrically small antennas are generally presumed to exhibit high impedance mismatch (high VSWR), low efficiency, high quality factor (Q); and, therefore, narrow operating bandwidth. For an electric or magnetic dipole antenna, there is a fundamental lower bound for the quality factor that is determined as a function of the antenna's occupied physical volume. In this paper, the quality factor of a resonant, electrically small electric dipole is minimized by allowing the antenna geometry to utilize the occupied spherical volume to the greatest extent possible. A self-resonant, electrically small electric dipole antenna is presented that exhibits an impedance near 50 Ohms, an efficiency in excess of 95% and a quality factor that is within 1.5 times the fundamental lower bound at a value of ka less than 0.27. Through an arrangement of the antenna's wire geometry, the electrically small dipole's polarization is converted from linear to elliptical (with an axial ratio of 3 dB), resulting in a further reduction in the quality factor. The elliptically polarized, electrically small antenna exhibits an impedance near 50 Ohms, an efficiency in excess of 95% and it has an omnidirectional, figure-eight radiation pattern.     

Power Line Conducted Interference Measurement Differences Using U. S. and CISPR Line Impedance Stabilization Networks

Measurements of power line conducted interference are commonly made on commercial equipment throughout the world using line impedance stabilization network (LISN's) in accordance with industrial and governmental procedures. Procedures in the United States applying to the 0.15-30 MHz frequency range specify an LISN that presents a frequency-dependent RF impedance to the equipment under test (EUT) whereas other national practices specify as LISN having an invariant 150-ohm impedance. This paper explores the expected measurement differences resulting from use of the two LISN's for power line interference measurements. Calculated difference factors, which depend on the EUT power line RF-input impedance, are developed. The factors have utility in assessing expected conducted interference levels in one LISN measurement configuration, given the interference levels and impedance parameters of the other. Measurement differences, in addition to those introduced by the LISN, which are attributed to variations in specified field strength meter parameters (i. e., detector, bandwidth, mechanical time constants, etc.) are beyond the scope of this paper.     

Discontinuities in Symmetric Striplines Due to Impedance Steps and Their Compensations

The theoretically known magnitude of the series lumped reactance, as a function of impedance step ratio, resulting from an impedance step discontinuity in symmetric stripline is confirmed, and an alternative expression for the inductance is given. A reduction of this reactance has been achieved by splitting the narrower strip at the impedance step junction into a multistrip configuration, while retaining the total characteristic impedance value. A way of compensating the effect of the reactance on the pass-band characteristics of quarter-wave impedance transformers and filters is developed. This is achieved by the introduction of a lumped series capacitance at the impedance step discontinuity.     

Impedance Characteristics of Two Coplanar RLTs in Millimeter Wave VCO Waveguide Cavities

Impedance characteristics of two coplanar radial line transformers (RLTs) placed in millimeter wave voltage control oscillators (VCOs) waveguide cavities have been studied in this paper. Mode matching methods are employed to calculate self impedance of the RLT mounted on active device and mutual impedance of the two coplanar RLTs. Some general rules concerning impedance characteristics of two coplanar RLTs configuration influenced by the parameters of the structure have been deduced. In addition, an equivalent network is presented based upon the impedance matrix of the coplanar RLTs; the load impedance looking outward from the active device has been derived in virtue of the equivalent network and the impedance of varactor diode. The equivalent network which describes the relationships between the load impedance and the impedance of varactor diode is helpful for developing millimeter wave varactor-tuned VCO of this structure.     

Circularly polarized rectangularly bent slot antennas backed by arectangular cavity

Rectangularly bent slot antennas backed by a rectangular cavity for circular polarization are proposed. Characteristics of three types of cavity-backed rectangularly bent slot antennas for circular polarization-the single square loop slot, the two-element square loop slot, and the two-arm square spiral slot antenna-are analyzed numerically. The generalized network formulation based on the equivalence principle is given in terms of the method of moments. The magnetic currents on the thin rectangularly bent slots in the presence of the backing cavity are obtained and used to calculate the input impedance, radiation pattern, and axial ratio. Experimental results on the input impedance, radiation pattern, and axial ratio are in good agreement with calculated data     

The surface impedance anomaly resulting from a subsurface,infinitely long conductive wire

The change in surface impedance caused by the fields generated by an infinitely long, subsurface wire located in a homogeneous lossy medium (e.g., the Earth) is investigated experimentally and numerically. Sets of curves illustrate the variation in the horizontal electric field, the horizontal magnetic field, and the surface impedance as a function of conductor depth. The half-width at half-amplitude (HWHA) can be used as a measure of the lateral dimensions of the anomaly. While the horizontal magnetic field HWHA is equal to the conductor depth, the horizontal electric field HWHA (and so the surface impedance HWHA) varies not only with depth but also with the conductivity of the medium     

Equivalent currents for an aperture in an impedance surface

Expressions of equivalent magnetic and electric currents for an aperture in an impedance surface is derived in a self-consistent manner. Each equivalent current consists of the combination of the tangential electric and magnetic fields in the aperture, and is placed in front of the original aperture where the surface is extended to close the aperture. The result is particularly useful for problems involving apertures in an impedance ground plane