基于GPS的双基地SAR大斜视角成像算法研究

建立了基于GPS的顺轨SAR系统模型,通过将GPS信号等效为Chirp信号,研究了在该模式下的大斜视角Chirp Scaling算法.在正侧视或小斜视情况下,CS算法具有较好的聚焦性能和广泛的适用性,但在斜视角较大的情况下,该算法将散焦而不能成像,因而提出了用等效的单基地距离模型来代替双基地距离历史的方法,解决了大斜视角情况下距离模型二阶近似误差较大的问题,并结合单基地非线性CS算法,实现了在大斜视角情况下的基于GPS反射信号的双基地SAR高精度成像,最后通过Matlab仿真进行了验证.     

斜视模式下Chirp Scaling成像算法

给出基于斜视距离模型的改进Chirp Scaling算法,该算法适用于大斜视角精确SAR成像,仿真证明该算法有效.     

基于非线性FM滤波的SC-ChirpScaling算法

本文分析了Chirp Scaling算法推导过程中残留三次相位误差对成像质量的影响,在此基础上提出了一种基于非线性FM滤波的高分辨星载SAR成像处理SC-Chirp Scaling算法.该算法采用斜视等效距离模型,利用非线性FM滤波方法实现了Chirp Scaling算法的三次相位误差修正,使高分辨率星载SAR成像质量获得明显改善.计算机仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性.     

Chirp Scaling算法中的相位补偿因子研究

该文从SAR回波的二维频谱表达式入手,研究了适合高波段SAR的CS(Chirp Scaling)类算法和一种适合超宽带(Ultra Wideband,UWB)SAR成像的非线性CS算法,通过对算法推导中的近似性分析,重新刻画了SAR成像,即SAR成像是利用回波频谱特性构造频域或时域相位补偿因子的过程,尤其是对UWB SAR回波,相位补偿因子的精确性直接影响着目标聚焦性能。仿真实验表明,补偿三阶以上二维相位耦合的非线性CS算法能够在一定的测绘带内满足UWB SAR点目标的理想聚焦;同时,该算法在UWB SAR实测数据处理中也已得到成功应用。     

一种基于谱分析与改进方位非线性变标的大斜视聚束成像算法

针对大斜视聚束SAR成像中方位频谱混叠,且距离向与方位向严重耦合的问题,该文提出一种利用谱分析(SPECtral ANalysis, SPECAN)解方位频谱混叠、距离向采用调频变标(Chirp Scaling, CS)、方位向采用改进非线性变标(Extended Non-linear Chirp Scaling, ENCS)的大斜视聚束成像算法,首先将回波信号走动校正,然后利用SPECAN消除方位频谱混叠。进行距离徙动校正(Range Cell Migration Correction, RCMC)之后,利用CS消除距离弯曲的空变性,方位向采用 ENCS 补偿沿方位向变化的多普勒调频率,从而有效地提高了方位向的聚焦深度。仿真结果和分析表明,该方法能够在较大斜视角的聚束SAR模式下得到聚焦良好的高分辨率场景。     

发射机固定的斜视双基地SAR的NLCS算法

针对发射机固定的斜视双基地SAR新成像雷达体制，建立了雷达信号的回波模型，推导了此模型下的非线性Chirp Scaling算法（NLCSA）。仿真证明，该算法可对双基地SAR在较大的斜视角下，不进行插值操作而实现精确的距离徙动枝正，得到聚焦良好的SAR图像，其处理速度快，非常适合斜视双基地SAR的高速并行信号处理。     

基于NCS算子的大斜视SAR压缩感知成像方法

该文针对大斜视合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)成像进行研究,提出了一种基于非线性频调变标(Non-linear Chirp Scaling, NCS)算子的大斜视SAR压缩感知成像方法。首先在详细分析大斜视SAR回波信号模型的基础上,给出了一种基于全采样数据的NCS成像算法,该算法有效完成了回波数据的走动补偿与解耦合处理,实现了准确成像。其次针对降采样的大斜视SAR回波数据成像问题,提出将上述成像算法构造成NCS算子并基于该算子建立压缩感知重构模型,通过对模型的优化求解直接获得最终的成像结果。该方法对于稀疏性成像场景能够有效降低回波数据采样率实现高质量成像,对于非稀疏成像场景在满采样条件下能够提高成像质量。最后的点目标和面目标的仿真实验验证了该文所提方法的有效性和可行性。      

斜视聚束模式合成孔径雷达的频率Scaling成像算法

作为一种新的聚束模式合成孔径雷达(Spotlight SAR)成像算法,频率Scaling算法(FSA)在不进行插值操作的情况下,可以对距离单元徙动(RCM)实现精确校正.本文详细研究了频率Scaling算法在大斜视角情况下Spotlight SAR的成像算法.在原有算法的基础上提出了斜视模型下的频率Scaling算法.点目标仿真和对原始回波数据的成像结果都证实了该算法的可行性.     

高分辨星载SAR改进ChirpScaling成像算法

本文提出了一种用于星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)的改进Chirp Scaling成像处理算法.本文分析了三种星载SAR距离模型,根据误差最小的斜视等效距离模型,推导了改进Chirp Scaling算法,给出了实现步骤.该算法适用于大距离徙动高分辨率星载SAR精确成像.并且基于改进的Chirp Scaling算法,分析了多普勒参数误差对成像质量的影响.最后通过计算机仿真,验证了算法的有效性.     

机载SAR大斜视角成像算法及其性能分析

文章研究了机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)在大斜视角下的成像算法,并分析了算法的成像性能。根据大斜视角SAR成像的空间几何模型和回波信号特点,提出了RD算法的改进方案。对改进的RD算法和ECS算法的仿真表明,其成像性能满足了大斜视角下机载SAR成像处理的要求。     

Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling

A space-variant interpolation is required to compensate for the migration of signal energy through range resolution cells when processing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, using either the classical range/Doppler (R/D) algorithm or related frequency domain techniques. In general, interpolation requires significant computation time, and leads to loss of image quality, especially in the complex image. The new chirp scaling algorithm avoids interpolation, yet performs range cell migration correction accurately. The algorithm requires only complex multiplies and Fourier transforms to implement, is inherently phase preserving, and is suitable for wide-swath, large-beamwidth, and large-squint applications. This paper describes the chirp scaling algorithm, summarizes simulation results, presents imagery processed with the algorithm, and reviews quantitative measures of its performance. Based on quantitative comparison, the chirp scaling algorithm provides image quality equal to or better than the precision range/Doppler processor. Over the range of parameters tested, image quality results approach the theoretical limit, as defined by the system bandwidth     

Nonuniform azimuth image shift observed in the Radarsat images of ships in motion

This paper describes, for the first time to the authors' knowledge, the phenomenon of nonuniform azimuth image shift of a rigid body observed in the Radarsat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of cruising ships. The effect is caused by the different slant-range velocities of coherent scatterers across the hull associated with the ship motions. The slant-range velocity is estimated from the SAR image of an identified ship, and it is compared with that computed from a numerical model using the ship's specification and meteorological data. The result indicates that the dominant contribution to the nonuniform image shift is the pitching motion of the ship. Further comparison is made with the wave orbital velocity, and the results are shown to be in good agreement. Comparisons are also made between the SAR-derived slant-range velocities of two unknown ships and wave orbital velocities, and reasonable agreement is obtained. One of the ships' images exhibits not only nonuniform shift but also image skew. The latter skewing effect may be caused by rolling of the ship.     

A back-projection autofocus algorithm based on flight trajectory optimization for synthetic aperture radar imaging

In this paper, a new autofocus algorithm is presented for back-projection (BP) image formation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. The approach is based on maximizing a cost function obtained by prominent points in different sub-apertures of constructed SAR image by varying the flight trajectory parameters. While image-quality-based autofocus approach together with BP algorithm can be computationally intensive, we use approximations that allow optimal corrections to be derived. The approach is applicable for focusing different signal processing algorithms by obtaining modified flight trajectory parameters. Different examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the new autofocus approach applied to the frequency modulated continuous wave mode SAR dataset.     

检测SAR图像中径向慢速动目标

该文提出了一种从SAR图像中检测径向匀速动目标的方法,将SAR图像信号在频域分为正频部分和负频部分,静止背景的正负频分布对称,而径向动目标的多普勒质心与静止背景相比有一频移,信号在正负频域能量分布不对称。将分开的正负频域信号分别回到时域成像,计算这两幅复图像对应位置的模差绝对值,可对消静止背景,突显出径向动目标。仿真数据表明本算法有效。     

Glacier motion estimation using SAR offset-tracking procedures

Two image-to-image patch offset techniques for estimating feature motion between satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are discussed. Intensity tracking, based on patch intensity cross-correlation optimization, and coherence tracking, based on patch coherence optimization, are used to estimate the movement of glacier surfaces between two SAR images in both slant-range and azimuth direction. The accuracy and application range of the two methods are examined in the case of the surge of Monacobreen in Northern Svalbard between 1992 and 1996. Offset-tracking procedures of SAR images are an alternative to differential SAR interferometry for the estimation of glacier motion when differential SAR interferometry is limited by loss of coherence, i.e. in the case of rapid and incoherent flow and of large acquisition time intervals between the two SAR images. In addition, an offset-tracking procedure in the azimuth direction may be combined with differential SAR interferometry in the slant-range direction in order to retrieve a two-dimensional displacement map when SAR data of only one orbit configuration are available.     

Analytical modelling and software implementation of synthetic aperture radars

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging systems are a complement to passive remote sensing. However, the process of image formation is so complex that the final image in the system is formed only after three basic steps: raw data acquisition, forming the signal and the image space. In addition, there are various factors that are involved in the information recorded by SAR within the system and outside the system, such as radar, platform, processing algorithm, imaging region and channel. Each of these factors has been formed by many parameters and this issue adds to the complexity of the behaviour of SAR. Therefore, due to the complexity, providing a model that describes how the SAR imaging system works is highly important. In this paper, the performance of SAR in the image formation section is analytically modelled at first, and then implemented as software. Raw data acquisition is performed in CST software and the signal and image formation are performed in MATLAB software. This implementation provides many abilities, such as better interpretation of SAR images, simulating the effect of the important parameters in SAR images, etc.     

一种基于二维信号稀疏重构的互质采样星载SAR成像处理方法

互质采样星载SAR通过方位互质采样代替传统方位均匀采样,可有效缓解空间分辨率与有效成像宽度之间的相互制约,提升SAR系统的对地探测性能。然而,方位向互质采样使得回波信号呈现方位欠采样及非均匀采样特性,导致传统SAR成像处理方法无法实现互质采样星载SAR的有效成像处理。该文提出一种基于2维信号稀疏重构的互质采样星载SAR成像处理方法。该方法在距离向脉冲压缩后,根据各距离门的多普勒参数截取2维观测信号并构造相应的稀疏字典,然后通过改进的2维信号稀疏度自适应匹配追踪算法完成方位聚焦处理。该方法不仅可以补偿SAR回波信号的距离方位2维耦合,还可以消除成像参数随距离空变对稀疏重构造成的影响,从而实现全场景的精确重构。点目标及分布目标仿真实验结果验证了所提算法可在远低于奈奎斯特采样率的情况下实现稀疏场景的有效重构。      

前视阵列SAR回波稀疏采样及其三维成像方法

针对高分辨前视阵列SAR三维成像系统面临的距离采样率高和回波数据量大的问题,本文利用地面散射源在三维空间中的稀疏性,提出距离频域和沿航向时域二维稀疏采样并稀疏重构地面三维图像的方法.从前视阵列SAR角度观察三维地面,地面散射源在距离向和沿航向二维空间中是稀疏的,在该二维方向上联合稀疏采样有望实现最佳的稀疏采样效果.为避免距离向时域稀疏采样造成的三维成像复杂化,提出利用子脉冲结合距离频域稀疏采样的方法来实现距离向稀疏采样.同时,结合地面散射源连续性特点,提出低信噪比情况下稳健的信号重构方法.与传统三维匹配滤波成像方法相比,本方法降低了距离采样率和回波数据量,并直接重构地面散射源信息以实现三维成像.     

利用频谱合成实现分布式卫星SAR高距离分辨力成像

在正侧视模式下,以不同视角对同一地域进行观测可获得多组回波数据,通过对多组回波数据的综合处理可提高SAR的距离向分辨力。该文研究了由收发分置平台以不同视角、不同观测模式(正侧视和斜视)对同一地域进行观测获取的多组回波数据,指出由于雷达天线波束中心与卫星垂直轨道面夹角的不同,导致回波信号所处频段的不同;通过对不同频段回波信号的频谱合成可提高距离向分辨力。此外,该文还讨论了分布式卫星SAR 系统的一些参数对频谱合成的影响。