Blind successive interference cancellation for DS-CDMA systems

We propose a blind successive interference cancellation receiver for asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems using a maximum mean energy (MME) optimization criterion. The covariance matrix of the received vector is used in conjunction with the MME criterion to realize a blind successive interference canceler that is referred to as the BIC-MME receiver. The receiver executes interference cancellation in a successive manner, starting with the most dominant interference component and successively cancelling the weaker ones. The receiver is compared against various centralized and decentralized receivers, and it is shown to perform well in the presence of estimation errors of the covariance matrix, making it suitable for application in time-varying channels. We also analyze properties of the covariance matrix estimates which are relevant to the performance of the BIC-MME receiver. Further, the BIC-MME receiver is particularly efficient in the presence of a few strong interferers as may be the case in the downlink of DS-CDMA systems where intracell user transmissions are orthogonal. An iterative implementation that results in reduced complexity is also studied     

Space-Time Optimum Combining for CDMA Overlay for Personal Communications Systems

The requirement to suppress narrowband interferences in CDMA communication stems from the overlay concept, i.e., coexistence of different types of signals in the same frequency band. This paper describes the performance analysis of a direct-sequence (DS) CDMA personal communication system sharing a common spectrum with narrowband microwave radio links in the 1.85 to 1.99 GHz band. The coexistence of these two systems within the same frequency band will improve the overall spectrum efficiency, but will also cause interference to both systems. In this paper it is shown that joint spatial and temporal optimum combining provides an efficient means of improving the performance of the DS-CDMA system through cancellation of the narrowband signal and the co-channel interferences. The proposed space-time architecture provides degrees of freedom for both diversity and interference cancellation. It is shown that the joint space-time receiver is robust with respect to the narrowband interference signal bandwidth and its carrier frequency offset from the DS-CDMA carrier frequency.     

On Multirate DS-CDMA Schemes with Interference Cancellation

This paper investigates interference cancellation (IC) in direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems that support multiple data rates. Two methods for implementing multiple data rates are considered. One is the use of mixed modulation and the other is the use of multicodes. We introduce and analyze a new approach that combines these multiple data rate systems with IC. The cancellation in the receiver is performed successively on each user, starting with the user received with the highest power. This procedure can in turn be iterated, forming a multistage scheme, with the number of iterations set as a design parameter. Our analysis employs a Gaussian approximation for the distribution of the interference, and it includes both the AWGN and the flat Rayleigh fading channel. The systems are also evaluated via computer simulations. Our analysis and simulations indicate that the IC schemes used in mixed modulation or multicode systems yield a performance close to the single BPSK user bound and, consequently, give a prospect of a considerable improvement in performance compared to systems employing matched filter detectors.     

联合均衡块迭代软判决反馈干扰抵消接收机

CDMA扩频通信系统在低扩频比时,路径间干扰(IPI, inter-path interference)变得非常严重。本文将块迭代干扰抵消同MMSE均衡器相结合,提出了一种适用于CDMA扩频通信系统低扩频比情况下的联合均衡块迭代软判决反馈干扰抵消(MMSE-BIIC)接收机结构。理论分析与计算机仿真表明,本文提出的MMSE-BIIC接收机同传统的Rake接收机、线性MMSE均衡器以及多级干扰抵消接收机相比在性能上有较大改善。     

Multistage linear receivers for DS-CDMA systems

A new family of multistage low-complexity linear receivers for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) communications is introduced. The objective of the proposed design is to mitigate the effect of multiple access interference (MAI), the most significant limiting factor of user capacity in the conventional DS-CDMA channel. The receivers presented here employ joint detection of multiple users and therefore require knowledge of all the signature codes and their timing. In addition, for a multipath environment, reliable estimates of the received powers and phases are assumed available for maximal ratio RAKE combining. Each stage of the underlying design recreates the overall modulation, noiseless channel, and demodulation process. The outputs of these stages are then linearly combined. The combining weights can be chosen to implement different linear detectors, including the decorrelating and minimum mean square error (MMSE) detectors. In this paper, we focus on implementing the MMSE detector. Simulation results illustrate that significant performance gains can be achieved in both synchronous and asynchronous systems.This work was presented in part at IEEE Communication Theory Workshop, April 23–26, 1995, and at IEEE MILCOM '95, November 5–8, 1995.This work was submitted in partial fulfillment of Ph.D. requirements at The City University of New York.     

Iterative interference cancellation and channel estimation in multibeam satellite systems

This paper deals with the use of non‐linear multiuser detection techniques to mitigate co‐channel interference on the reverse link of multibeam satellite systems. These techniques allow more capacity efficient frequency reuse strategies than classical ones, as they make possible to cope with lower C/I. The considered system takes as a starting point the DVB‐RCS standard, with the use of convolutional coding, and the use of the Ka‐band. We propose different iterative interference cancellation schemes, which operate at the beamformer outputs, and which use information from decoders. The proposed receivers assume an initial single‐user synchronization step: frame synchronization and timing recovery, and then perform channel estimation: beamformer coefficients; signal carrier phases and signal amplitudes. In a first step, these receivers are evaluated by simulation in terms of bit error rate and of channel estimation error on two interference configurations. For one of these receivers, sensitivity to imperfect timing recovery and to low‐frequency offsets from user terminals is evaluated. In a second step, since the receiver performances highly depend on the interference configuration, we propose an approach to evaluate performances on a multibeam coverage (by taking into account the variability of interference configurations on the coverage). This method is used to compare different receivers on an example based on a coverage designed on a digital focal array feed reflector antenna. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Joint Iterative Multiuser and Narrowband Interference Suppression in Coded Asynchronous DS-CDMA Channels

Multiuser interference suppression in coded direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) uplink channels is significantly impacted by the application of the turbo processing concept. This paradigm essentially involves the iterative exchange of soft information between a multiuser demodulator and a bank of single-user decoders, to their mutual benefit. The present work proposes a joint iterative minimum mean square error (MMSE) multiuser and narrowband interference suppressor for coded asynchronous DS-CDMA channels. Since the parameters of the narrowband interference are unknown a priori, the first iteration in this scheme is effectively just MMSE multiuser interference suppression. The outputs of all users' soft decoders (available at the end of each iteration) are fed back to subtract their (estimated) cumulative contribution from the received signal vector. The residue comprises the narrowband interference embedded in wideband noise, so that the former can be piecewise interpolated over chip intervals of appropriate duration, and then subtracted from the received signal, to provide a narrowband-interference-free input signal for the next iteration. The soft-decoded feedback estimates of the interferers' signals are used in each iteration also to perform soft MMSE multiuser interference suppression, in conjunction with subtractive interference cancellation. This scheme performs well at both low and high received signal powers, and displays the successive cancellation property across iterations, exhibiting good near-far resistance. Introducing multisensor arrays at the receiver relaxes the limitations imposed by the inherent suboptimality of MMSE multiuser demodulation, insofar as it enhances interuser separation, now in the spatial sense. Simulations indicate that the performance of the proposed technique surpasses that of all existing suboptimal algorithms in this context.     

Blind Multiuser Detection in Frequency Domain for MC-CDMA Systems Using Particle Swarm Optimization

In digital communication systems, the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) for blind multiuser detector has some disadvantage such as slow convergence speed and weight phase rotation. In this paper, we put forward a novel receiver, which combines CMA blind adaptive multiuser detection and particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique in frequency domain for multi-carrier direct sequence code division multiple access (MC DS-CDMA) systems. By this approach we present an adaptive multistage structure based on PSO technique. In this structure, the weights are obtained by PSO technique between the received signal and its estimate through a CMA. The resulting weights contain reliability information for the hard decisions made in the previous stage. The simulation results show that BER performance of the PSO-based CMA blind multiuser detector is superior to that of steepest decreasing constant modulus algorithm (SDCMA), linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA), CMA based multiuser detection and is worthy due to its significant detection performance to achieve desirable improvement in convergence speed and tractability.     

Minimum Mean-Squared Error Iterative Successive Parallel Arbitrated Decision Feedback Detectors for DS-CDMA Systems

In this paper we propose minimum mean squared error (MMSE) iterative successive parallel arbitrated decision feedback (DF) receivers for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. We describe the MMSE design criterion for DF multiuser detectors along with successive, parallel and iterative interference cancellation structures. A novel efficient DF structure that employs successive cancellation with parallel arbitrated branches and a near-optimal low complexity user ordering algorithm are presented. The proposed DF receiver structure and the ordering algorithm are then combined with iterative cascaded DF stages for mitigating the deleterious effects of error propagation for convolutionally encoded systems with both Viterbi and turbo decoding as well as for uncoded schemes. We mathematically study the relations between the MMSE achieved by the analyzed DF structures, including the novel scheme, with imperfect and perfect feedback. Simulation results for an uplink scenario assess the new iterative DF detectors against linear receivers and evaluate the effects of error propagation of the new cancellation methods against existing ones.     

Robust blind PIC with adaptive despreader and improved interference estimator

An effective design of multistage parallel interference cancellation (PIC) receiver using blind adaptive (BA) despreader and pre‐respreader interference estimator for uplink CDMA is proposed and analysed. A novel algorithm is designed, which exploits constant modulus (CM) property of the users' transmitted signals and inherent channel condition to perform adaptive despreading based on minimum error variance criteria. This is carried out by BA weighting of each chip signal for accurate tracking of the desired user's signal power and hence for more improved data detection at the output of each stage of PIC. Furthermore, the despreader weights are used within the adaptive pre‐respreader interference estimation and cancellation to obtain online scaling factors during every symbol period, without any knowledge of users' channels or the use of training sequences. It is found that this way of estimation is optimal in minimum mean squared error sense, and hence, significant reduction in interference and noise variance is observed in detection and estimation of the desired users' signals compared with conventional PIC. Bit error probability of the proposed PIC is obtained using Gaussian Approximation method. Extensive simulation results are shown, which demonstrate impressive performance advantage in fading environments, high system loading, and severe near far conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MMSE receivers for multirate DS-CDMA systems

Minimum-mean squared error (MMSE) receivers are designed and analyzed for multiple data rate direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. The inherent cyclostationarity of the DS-CDMA signal is exploited to construct receivers for asynchronous multipath channels. Multiple- and single-bandwidth access are treated for both single and multicarrier scenarios. In general, the optimal receiver is periodically time-varying. When the period of the optimal receiver is large, suboptimal receivers are proposed to achieve a lower complexity implementation; the receivers are designed as a function of the cyclic statistics of the signals. In multiple chipping rate systems, the complexity of receivers for smaller bandwidth users can also be controlled by changing their front-end filter bandwidth. The effect of front-end filter bandwidth on receiver performance and system capacity is quantified for a variable chipping rate system. Analysis and simulation show that significant performance gains are realized by the periodically time-varying MMSE receivers over their time-invariant counterparts     

一种低复杂性的自适应干扰消除接收机方案

本文提出一种适用于码分多址系统的低复杂度自适应干扰消除接收机。 在此接收机中，我们首先基于第i个用户的第m个比特的输出引入一组可靠度因子 ，然后根据这组可靠度因子估算出多址干扰，最后通过执行干扰消除可得到符号判决值。通过在加性高斯白噪声信道和多径衰落信道中进行仿真。结果表明，本文提出的这种接收机方案的性能优越于传统检测器和一些已经存在的干扰消除算法，同时保持有较低的算法复杂度。     

Iterative QR Detection for BLAST

We study an iterative detection algorithm of an uncoded multi-transmittermulti-receiver system. The main data stream is demultiplexed into Msubstreams, and each substream is modulated independently then transmitted byits dedicated antenna. The receiver disposes of N M antennas. Over eachreceive antenna the signal is a superposition of the M substreams affected byindependent fades and disturbed by AWGN. The detection algorithm is based onthe QR decomposition of the channel transfer matrix which is then used toperform hard or soft inter-substream interference cancellation. Comparisonsare done with the V-BLAST optimal order (OPT) detection algorithm. Theproposed algorithm is 4 to 8 times less complex than that of the V-BLAST OPT,while maintaining comparable performance.     

Signal Processing by Generalized Receiver in?DS-CDMA Wireless Communication Systems with?Frequency-Selective Channels

The generalized receiver (GR) based on a generalized approach to signal processing (GASP) in noise is investigated in a direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) wireless communication system with frequency-selective channels. We consider four avenues: linear equalization with finite impulse response (FIR) beamforming filters; channel estimation and spatially correlation; optimal combining; and partial cancellation. We investigate the GR with simple linear equalization and FIR beamforming filters. Numerical results and simulation show that the GR with FIR beamforming filters surpasses in performance the optimum infinite impulse response beamforming filters with conventional receivers, and can closely approach the performance of GR with infinite impulse response beamforming filters. Channel estimation errors are taken into consideration so that DS-CDMA wireless communication system performance will not be degraded under practical channel estimation. GR takes an estimation error of a maximum likelihood (ML) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel estimation and GR spatially correlation into account in computation of minimum mean square error (MMSE) and log-likelihood ratio (LLR) of each coded bit. The symbol error rate (SER) performance of DS-CDMA employing GR with a quadrature sub-branch hybrid selection/maximal-ratio combining (HS/MRC) scheme for 1-D modulations in Rayleigh fading is obtained and compared with that of conventional HS/MRC receivers. Procedure of selecting a partial cancelation factor (PCF) for the first stage of a hard-decision partial parallel interference cancellation (PPIC) of the GR employed in DS-CDMA wireless communication system is proposed. A range of optimal PCFs is derived based on the Price’s theorem. Computer simulation results show superiority in bit error rate (BER) performance that is very close to that potentially achieved and surpasses the BER performance of the real PCF for DS-CDMA systems discussed in literature.     

An improved blind adaptive MMSE receiver for fast fading DS-CDMAchannels

Blind adaptive minimum mean-squared errors (MMSE) receivers for multiuser direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems that assume knowledge of the steering vector, i.e., the cross-correlation between the desired output and the input signal, are known for their robustness against channel fading as they do not attempt to explicitly track the channel of the user of interest. However, these receivers often have higher excess mean squared error and, hence, poorer performance than training-sequence based adaptive MMSE receivers. In this paper, an improved correlation matrix estimation scheme for blind adaptive MMSE receivers is provided. The new scheme takes advantage of the fact that the desired linear receiver can be expressed as a function of the interference correlation matrix only, rather than the total data correlation matrix. A theoretical analysis is performed for the flat fading case which predicts that the new estimation scheme will result in significant performance improvement. Blind adaptive MMSE receivers with the new estimation scheme appear to achieve performance comparable to the training-sequence based adaptive MMSE receivers. Detailed computer simulations for the fast multipath fading environment verify that the proposed scheme yields strong performance gains over previous methods     

Performance Analysis of Parallel Interference Cancellation for Multi-carrier DS-CDMA

The parallel interference cancellation for multi-carrier DS-CDMA （which is termed FDC-PIC） is proposed by integrating frequency diversity combination. The simulations are made over FDC-PIC with respect to different decision ways hard, soft and linear decisions, respectively, and we conclude that FDC-PIC acquires superior performance improvement over correlation reception of multi-carrier DS CDMA. With an increase in interference cancellation stages, the system performance is improved further. The initial 2 stages bring about the most dominant performance improvement, but up to the 3rd stage the system performance is improved little. It is also shown by the simulation results that FDC-PIC with soft decision would exhibit the best performance with a high implementation complexity, while FDC-PIC with linear decision acquires performance comparable to that of FDC-PIC with soft decision with a reduced-complexity if the number of the interference cancellation stages is the same, which indicates that FDC-PIC with linear decision has optimal performance/complexity tradeoff and therefore will be suitable for practical application in future.     

Adaptive parallel interference cancellation for CDMA systems—A weight selection and filtering scheme

Parallel interference cancellation (PIC) is a well-known multiuser detection algorithm in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. It is typically implemented with a multi-stage architecture. One problem associated with the PIC is that unreliable interference cancellation may occur in the early stages and the system performance may be degraded. Thus, the partial PIC detector was developed to control the cancellation level by use of interference cancellation factors. Partial PIC can be implemented with an adaptive form, in which optimal weights are derived using the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. In this paper, we propose an algorithm improving the conventional adaptive partial PIC. The main idea is to reduce the number of active weights in the LMS algorithm, and to perform weight post-filtering such that the resultant excess mean square error can be reduced. We also analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm and derive the bit error rate of the second stage output. Simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional partial PIC, and derived analytical results are accurate.     

Multistage decision-directed channel estimation scheme for DS-CDMAsystem with M-ary orthogonal signaling

A multistage decision-directed channel estimation scheme is proposed for a coherent direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) system with M-ary orthogonal signaling. The receiver with a multistage decision-directed channel estimator makes alternate use of symbol detection and channel estimation in an iterative manner, resulting in a multistage structure where each stage consists of an estimator and a detector. The estimator obtains the estimates of the channel by using the decisions from the detector in the previous stage, and the detector uses these estimates for coherent detection of the transmitted symbols. Modifications to the process of generating the channel estimates and the decision variables are made to mitigate the error propagation in successive stages. It is shown that the performance of the proposed estimation scheme is better than the conventional scheme, especially for channels with high diversity order. The gain is mostly achieved by two stages for channels with low diversity order and by five stages for channels with high diversity order. The proposed scheme can be used to increase the capacity of DS-CDMA systems currently operating in such environments     

Selective partial PIC for wireless CDMA communications

This paper deals with a cancellation multiuser detector for CDMA communication systems. The proposed receiver, defined as selective partial parallel interference cancellation (SP‐PIC), is supposed to be used at the end of an up‐link channel characterized by multipath fading phenomena. The SP‐PIC main feature is to perform a weighted selective cancellation of the co‐channel interfering signals according to the received power level. With respect to other approaches, the proposed detector exhibits an improved bit error rate (BER) and a low computational complexity, linear with the number of users. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adaptive multistage parallel interference cancellation for CDMA

Although the multistage interference cancellation detector is simple in structure, its performance degrades when the number of active users becomes large. In some cases, the performance is even worse than that without cancellation, due to the lack of the exact knowledge of the interfering signal in cancellation. Partial interference cancellation suggested by Divsalar and Simon (see IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.46, p.258-68, 1998) tries to remedy this weakness by reducing the cost of a wrong interference estimation through a weight in each stage. This paper presents an adaptive multistage structure based on the partial interference cancellation approach. In this structure, the weights are obtained by minimizing the mean-square error between the received signal and its estimate through a least mean square (LMS) algorithm. The resulting weights contain reliability information for the hard decisions made in the previous stage. Neither a training sequence nor a pilot signal is needed in the proposed scheme, and its complexity is much lower than that of linear multiuser detectors. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can outperform some of the existing interference cancellation methods in both the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and the multipath fading channels