Axial magnetic field effects on a saturated He-Ne laser amplifier

The behavior of a He-Ne laser amplifier in the presence of an axial magnetic field has been studied experimentally by measuring Faraday rotation and gain for various values of input signal intensity. Two high-gain transitions in the 3.39-μ region were used for study-aJ = 1toJ = 2transition and aJ = 1toJ = 1transition. Theoretical expressions have been developed, which included the nonlinear effects of saturation strength signals. Experimental results clearly show saturation of Faraday rotation; in addition, for theJ = 1toJ = 1transition, a Faraday rotation reversal and a traveling-wave magnetic field dip are seen. These results match the theoretical predictions and provide a method for measuring the upper (3s2) level quadrupole moment decay rate.     

Measurement of gain saturation coefficient of a DFB laser forlasing mode control by orthogonal polarization light

The frequency response of a 1.55-μm distributed feedback (DFB) laser is measured by injecting light which has an orthogonal polarization to the laser's lasing mode. The injected light, termed as orthogonal polarization light, is carefully selected to not couple to the lasing mode by adjusting its polarization to be orthogonal to that of the lasing mode and by setting its wavelength slightly different from that of the lasing mode. The wavelength of the orthogonal polarization light, however, is set within the range where the laser's active layer has a gain. The gain saturation coefficients for the lasing light are estimated to be 4.7×10^-23 cm² and that by the injected orthogonal polarization light (almost the same wavelength as the lasing mode) are 3.7×10^-23 cm², respectively     

Frequency tuning of a CW atomic iodine laser via the Zeeman effect

A continuously operating, C₃F₇I photolytic 1.315-μm atomic iodine laser has been used to make the first precise observations of frequency tuning of an atomic iodine laser by means of the Zeeman effect. Application of a uniform magnetic field to the gain region of the photolytic iodine laser causes the laser to operate at different frequencies as a function of the strength of the applied field and the polarization of the laser. With the light polarized perpendicular to the applied magnetic field by means of Brewster output windows, the laser could be tuned to frequencies near the 3-4, 2-2, and 3-3 zero-field transitions of the hyperfine spectrum of atomic iodine. With the light polarized parallel to the applied magnetic field the laser could be tuned to two frequencies bracketing the 3-4 zero-field transition and one frequency near the 2-2 transition. Measurements show close agreement between the observed frequency behavior and theoretical models     

The chemical oxygen iodine laser in the presence of a magneticfield. I. Gain measurements and polarization effects

For pt.II, see ibid., vol.29, no.3, p.944-53 (1993). The results from a combined experimental/theoretical investigation of the influence of a magnetic field on the gain and polarization in a supersonic chemical oxygen laser are described. Theoretical calculations are presented for the normalized gain as a function of magnetic field strength and are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Experimental results are given for the gain suppression for P and S polarization over the range 0-1000 G. Without polarizing elements internal to the laser cavity the degree of P polarization was measured for field strength from 0 to 200 G, and a qualitative explanation is offered for the observed behavior     

On pressure broadening in a He-Ne laser

Evidence of the combined influence of disaligning and velocity-changing collisions on laser light-induced saturation peaks or holes in the velocity distribution of Ne2p_{4}atoms was obtained by transmitting 1.15-μ light of a short single-mode He-Ne laser through the discharge tube of a long single-mode Michelson interferometer-type He-Ne laser oscillating at 0.63 μ, and by measuring the frequency-dependent single pass gain of the IR light in the discharge of the latter laser. Atoms that have undergone a transition in the linearly polarized red-laser light field are partially aligned. The width of the detected signal depends on the He gas pressure and also on the mutual polarization of the two laser fields. This indicates a smaller velocity broadening for aligned atoms than for collisionally disaligned ones. An evaluation of the data provides information on the correlation of the above-mentioned collision processes and on phase-disturbing and phase-nondisturbing contributions to the line broadening. Estimate values of the integral elastic Ne2p_{4}-He scattering cross section and a cross section for phase shifting collisions are given.     

Double resonance in gaseous lasers

The simultaneous action of a RF perturbation between the Zeeman sublevels of an atomic transition, which is also sustaining laser oscillations, is given further consideration. General equations are derived that describe the phenomena in a rotating effective magnetic field basis. These are valid for any level of the RF perturbation, being then solved by iteration to third order in the laser electric field and integrated exactly over the atomic velocity distribution. Results are given for single-π-mode laser operation on aJ = 1 rightarrow 0transition and for single-mode operation on each of the well-resolved σ components of the Zeeman splitting. The extension to more complex transitions, such as aJ = 1 rightarrow 2, is then given. A dominant resonance peak in the laser intensity occurs when the RF equals the Zeeman splitting of either the upper or lower states of the transition. Population differences amongst the upper sublevels are more effective than those between the lower sublevels and give the smallest resonance widths. For operation on the σ modes, the main effect is a reduction in the saturation coefficient β, together with smaller changes in the coupling coefficients θ between the oscillations. Such changes will affect the general behavior near the singular points of the nonlinear equations, and will change the shape of the curves of mode intensities as functions of cavity detuning and magnetic field.     

4C1--Nonlinear effects in an NMR experiment

We have studied multiple-photon transition in a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment. It is well known that a saturation of the NMR occurs when using a sufficiently high alternating magnetic field which induces multiple-photons transitions. We show theoretically that these multiphoton transitions are accompanied by an harmonic generation. For an-photon transition, this generation occurs mostly on thenth and (n pm 1)th harmonic. For an irradiating field2H_{1} cos omegat of pulsation ω such thatnomega= gamma H_{0}=omega_{0}where H0is the steady field and θ is the angle between H0and H1the amplitudesSmin{n}max{n}andSmin{n}max{n+1}of these components are given bySmin{n}max{n} = f_{n}(theta) (H_{1})^{n},Smin{n}max{n+1} = cos theta f_{n}(theta) (H_{1})^{n+1}. We have verified these equations in a low-field NMR experiment (H_{0} = 0.7Gs/s), polarizing first a flowing liquid in a high magnetic field. The liquid then flows in a modified Bloch spectrometer. The receiving coil is still perpendicular to the steady field but it is possible to adjust the angle θ between the axis of the emission coils (H1field) and the steady-field H0. Using a synchronous detection at the output of the receiving coil on the pulsation(n - 1) omega, nomega, or(n + 1) omega, we have directly detected multiphoton transistions. The above equations have been verified forn = 2ton = 5. There are slight discrepancies at high excitation which may be explained taking into account a large saturation.     

Effects of combined RF and optical fields on a laser medium

Modulation of a laser signal at radio frequencies ranging from 28 to 347 MHz is experimentally investigated by subjecting coherently emitting atoms of a Xe-He laser amplifier to simultaneous dc and RF magnetic fields. The sidebands are generated by a coherent nonlinear process that exhibits resonances when the Zeeman splitting of the laser levels equals the frequency of the magnetic field. A perturbational theory that is based on a simplified(j = 1 right arrow j = 0)atomic model adequately describes the dependence of the modulation efficiency on the dc magnetic field, the signal frequency, and atomic parameters. A presently unexplained phenomenon is the absence of the upper sideband.     

Stabilization of reproducibility of frequencies of He-Ne lasers at 0.63 µ

We have investigated the frequency reproducibility of a He-Ne laser (0.63μ). We used the dependence of absorption on frequency in the strong-field standing-wave limit to provide stabilization. An absorption cell with a pure neon discharge atT = 73degC could be placed both inside and outside the resonator. In the former case, a magnetic field was used to influence the gain profile of the line in the He-Ne mixture in such a way as to increase the accuracy with which the center of the absorption line corresponded to the frequency for maximum power output of the laser oscillation. In the latter case, we used a single-mode laser to obtain saturation of absorption in the cell. The long-term reproducibility obtained wasapprox 10^{-9}. The short-term stability was much better. To obtain a very narrow dip in the center of the absorption line and consequently much higher stability (10^-13), we have investigated the vibration spectrum of absorption in the strong field of a standing wave in the CO2laser (10.6μ) and He-Ne-Ch4(3.39μ) systems.     

The magnetic field dependency of brightness temperatures atfrequencies near the O2 microwave absorption lines

The dependence of microwave brightness temperatures on the Earth's magnetic field at frequencies within a few megahertz of the O₂ absorption line centers is examined in detail. The azimuthal angular dependence is shown to factor from the radiative transfer equation while the dependence on the angle between the propagation direction and the Earth's field direction is described by a linear or quadratic polynomial in the square of the cosine of this angle in some typical cases of potential interest for a mesospheric sounder. Dependences of the brightness temperature matrix on the magnitude of the Earth's field are derived and shown to be different according to whether linear or circular polarization is used     

480nm激光器的双光子DAVLL谱稳频

480nm激光的稳频对于实现铷原子从基态双光子相干激发到里德堡态必不可少。本工作基于梯形构型下的电磁诱导透明现象,一种新的480nm激光器稳频技术采用偏振谱稳频的780nm激光作为探测光而480nm激光则作为耦合光,在外加偏置磁场作用下产生的双光子双色原子气体激光锁频（DAVLL）谱方法,将该谱信号通过比例-积分-微分电路后反馈回480nm激光器即可实现稳频。在频率锁定后,480nm激光器和780nm激光器长时间稳频的总线宽为1MHz左右。     

Gain characteristics of a MAGPIE coaxial CO2laser system

Gain coefficient measurements of a MAGPIE (magnetically stabilized, photoinitiated, impulse-enhanced, electrically excited) coaxial CO2laser discharge are presented. The effects of gas composition, input power, pulser ionization, and magnetic field on gain are examined. Measurements of the radial gain profile and saturation intensity are also discussed. A maximum small-signal gain of 0.30 m^-1is observed, along with a saturation intensity of 190 W/cm².     

Interferometric polarization-independent modulator in LiTaO3

Polarization-independent Mach-Zehnder modulators that utilize the off-diagonal r₅₁ electrooptic coefficient are produced in LiTaO₃. The waveguides are formed by Zn vapor diffusion. Extinction values of 85% at 0.633-μm wavelength are demonstrated for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarization using a single control voltage and thermal tuning. The relatively large voltage-length product values (VL⩾15 V-cm) attained in these devices are attributed to a weak overlap between optical and electrical field profiles. Electrode alignment and dielectric loading are critical factors for the optimization of device operation     

Investigation for long wavelength fir laser lines for EPR studies: New lines from CH2=CF2

The results described in this work are part of a systematic search for long wavelength laser lines to be used in high magnetic field EPR applications and in plasma diagnostic. Four new far-infrared laser lines of CH₂ = CF₂ (1,1 difluoroethylene), optically pumped by a waveguide CO₂ laser, have been discovered and characterized in wavelength, polarization relative to the pumping radiation and offset relative to the CO₂ center frequency. New measurements of polarization and offset of 5 already known laser lines are also reported. A table of all of the known CO₂ pumped FIR laser lines from this molecule is given.     

Modeling the plasma kinetics in a kinetically enhanced copper vaporlaser utilizing HCl+H2 admixtures

A detailed computer model has been used to simulate the plasma kinetics and lasing characteristics in a kinetically enhanced copper vapor laser (KE-CVL) which utilizes Ne-H₂-HCl buffer gas mixtures. The model reproduces key features of the observed operating characteristics of the KE-CVL-in particular, relating to the electrical characteristics of the plasma tube, time evolution of Cu 4s²S _1/2 ground state density, and formation of the laser output. It is shown that the principal role of the HCl additive is to increase the electron loss rate during the interpulse period via dissociative attachment reactions between free electrons and vibrationally excited HCl (ν=1,2) molecules. This leads to a reduction of the prepulse electron density establishing more favorable prepulse conditions for laser action during the subsequent excitation phase. In the KE-CVL, the plasma skin effect governing the development of the radial electric field is greatly reduced compared to conventional CVL's, altering the spatio-temporal evolution of the optical gain and laser field intensities to substantially enhance high-beam-quality output. Comparisons between model results and experimental data for the decay rate of the Cu 4s^{2 2}D_3/2 metastable lower laser level in the early afterglow suggest that there may be an additional de-excitation mechanism for the ²D_3/2,5/2 levels in the KE-CVL plasma which has yet to be identified     

Saturation behavior of resonant degenerate four-wave and multiwave mixing in the Doppler-broadened regime: Experimental analysis on a low-pressure Ne discharge

In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of saturation effects in resonant degenerate four-wave mixing (phase conjugation) or multiwave mixing (high-order diffraction on an optically induced grating). The experiments are performed in a low-pressure Ne discharge in the Doppler-broadened regime, both on an "ideal" two- or three-level system (1s_{4}(J = 1) - 2p_{3}(J = 0)) or on a degenerate multi-level system (1s_{5}(J = 2) - 2p_{9}(J = 3)). The saturation effects appearing when both pump beams are intense are studied, and a very good agreement is found with the previously developed theory [8]. It is demonstrated that there is an absolute maximum to the phase-conjugate reflectivity, and various effects on the lineshape (splitting, linewidth, etc.) are investigated. The effects produced by the Gaussian nature of the incident beams are analyzed in order to interpret some of the discrepancies between theory and experiment. Several new theoretical results for high-order diffraction are also presented, and compared with the experiments. The possibility of dealing with the saturation effects in four-wave mixing when all three incident fields are saturating appears as a consequence of these studies on multiwave mixing. Notably discussed are the case of an intense diffracting field, and of intense grating fields, whose intensity may be unbalanced. Finally, the polarization selection rules for high-order diffraction experiments are established.     

Polarization states of a single-mode (microchip)Nd3+:YAG laser. I. Theory

We present a microscopic mathematical model for the polarization states of a single-frequency Nd³⁺:YAG laser. It is a plane wave, mean field, vector model carried to all orders in the laser field. The crystal is assumed to be optically pumped longitudinally with a laser of specified polarization. For D₂ site symmetry and an odd number of electrons, we establish the phase relationships between the components of the electric dipole matrix elements between the Kramers states. These relationships are central in determining the site-specific coupling between both, the pump and laser fields to the Nd ³⁺ ions. The laser cavity is assumed to be linear and quasi-isotropic. The residual optical anisotropies are included using a round-trip Jones matrix formalism     

磁光晶体GdYBiIG的磁致退偏效应

建立了磁光晶体磁致偏振特性测试系统。该系统采用中心波长为1538nm的WGY型半导体激光器，在0～1500mT的大范围可调磁场下，对光隔离器用磁光晶体GdYBiIG样品的退偏效应进行了测试。测试结果表明，达到磁饱和或接近磁饱和时，GdYBiIG晶体的偏振性能最优；达到磁饱和后，随着磁场的增强，出现了磁致退偏效应。分析了磁致退偏效应的产生机理，给出磁致圆二向色性及磁致线双折射是产生退偏的原因。实验测试与理论分析表明，根据磁光晶体GdYBiIG这种退偏效应的规律性，在利用该类晶体制作磁光器件时，外加磁场强度稍大于它的磁饱和强度即可。     

Gain characteristics of an axial gas discharge interacting with atransverse rotating magnetic field

Gain measurements within an axial discharge interacting with a transverse rotating magnetic field are presented. The effects of applied voltage and magnetic field strength on centerline gain are discussed. This is followed by an investigation of the radial gain profile and the saturation intensity. Observed values of the small signal gain and the saturation intensity were 0.85 m^-1 and 160 W/cm², respectively     

Raman Scattering and Nd3+ Laser Operation in NaLa(WO 4)2

The continuous-wave laser operation of Nd-doped tetragonal NaLa(WO ₄)₂ crystal is studied at room temperature by optical pumping in the spectral region overlapping AlGaAs diode laser emission. This crystal has inhomogeneously broadened optical bands. From the room-temperature spectroscopic parameters determined it is found that the optimum Nd concentration for the ⁴F_3/2rarr⁴I_J laser channels must be in the 3-5 at.% range. For J=11/2 and 13/2 channels (lambdaap1.06 and 1.3 mum) the most favourable polarization configuration is parallel to the crystallographic c axis, while for J=9/2 little polarization dependence of the laser efficiency is predicted. Laser operation was achieved with a 3.35 at.% Nd-doped sample grown by the Czochralski method. The laser operation was tested in an hemispherical optical cavity pumped by a Ti:sapphire laser. Stimulated emission at lambda=1056 nm was achieved for a wide spectral pumping range, lambda=790-820 nm. Stimulated Raman scattering was achieved in the picosecond regime with an efficiency similar to that of monoclinic KY(WO₄)₂ reference compound