In situ growth monitoring of AlGaN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors at 530 nm using a 633 nm laser

The metal-organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD) growth of AlGaN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) with a reflection peak at 530 nm was in situ monitored using 633 nm laser reflectometry.Evolutions of in situ reflected reflectivity for different kinds of AlGaN/GaN DBR were simulated by the classical transfer matrix method.Two DBR samples,which have the same parameters as the simulated structures,were grown by MOCVD.The simulated and experimental results show that it is possible to evaluate the DBR...     

Aluminum Nitride Films Fabricated by Mid-frequency Magnetron Sputtering

Aluminum nitride films were prepared by mid-frequency magnetron sputtering on Si (111) substrate. The grown films were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) to obtain the structural and the chemical information. The polycrystalline thin films were in a hexagonal wurtzite structure having a (002) preferred orientation, along which the columnar grain structure was found. XPS study revealed the presence of oxygen and carbon contaminations, as well as the Al-rich nature of the film. Anomalous C-V characteristics of Al/AlN/n-Si capacitors were studied. The measured C-V curves show rolloffs in the accumulation region and voltage stresses cause both horizontal and vertical shifts of the C-V curves. These anomalous behaviors are mainly due to the large current conduction and the charge trapping in the Al-rich AlN layer.     

High-energy X-ray diffraction and topography investigation of CdZnTe

High-energy transmission x-ray diffraction techniques have been applied to investigate the crystal quality of CdZnTe (CZT). CdZnTe has shown excellent performance in hard x-ray and gamma detection; unfortunately, bulk nonuniformities still limit spectroscopic properties of CZT detectors. Collimated high-energy x-rays, produced by a superconducting wiggler at the National Synchrotron Light Source’s X17B1 beamline, allow for a nondestructive characterization of thick CZT samples (2–3 mm). In order to have complete information about the defect distribution and strains in the crystals, two series of experiments have been performed. First, a monochromatic 67 keV x-ray beam with the size of 300×300 μm² was used to measure the rocking curves of CZT crystals supplied by different material growers. A raster scan of a few square centimeter area allowed us to measure the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and shift in the peak position across the crystal. The rocking curve peak position and its FWHM can be correlated with local stoichiometry variations and other local defects. Typically, the FWHM values ranging from 8.3 arcsec to 14.7 arcsec were measured with the best crystal used in these measurements. Second, transmission white beam x-ray topography (WBXT) was performed by using a 22 mm×200 μm beam in the energy range of 50 keV to 200 keV. These types of measurements allowed for large area, high-resolution (50 μm) scans of the samples. Usually, this technique is used to visualize growth and process-induced defects, such as dislocations, twins, domains, inclusions, etc. the difference in contrast shows different parts of the crystal that could not be shown otherwise. In topography, good contrast is indicative of a high quality of the sample, while blurred gray shows the presence of defects. Correlation with other techniques (e.g., infrared (IR) mapping and gamma mapping) was also attempted. Our characterization techniques, which use highly penetrating x-rays, are valid for in-situ measurements, even after electrical contacts have been formed on the crystal in a working device. Thus, these studies may lead to understanding the effects of the defects on the device performance and ultimately to improving the quality of CZT material required for device fabrication. It is important to study crystals from different ingot positions (bottom, center, and top); consequently, more systematic studies involving scans from center to border are planned.     

Structural and optical properties of polycrystalline CdS thin films deposited by electron beam evaporation

Highly crystalline and transparent cadmium sulphide(CdS) films were deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation technique.The structural and optical properties of the films were investigated.The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the CdS films have a hexagonal structure and exhibit preferred orientation along the(002) plane.Meanwhile,the crystalline quality of samples increased first and then decreased as the substrate temperature improved,which is attributed to the variation in film thickness.UV-vis spectra of CdS films indicate that the absorption edge becomes steeper and the band gap present fluctuation changes in the range of 2.389-2.448 eV as the substrate temperature increased.The photoluminescence peak of the CdS films was found to be broadened seriously and there only emerges a red emission band at 1.60 eV.The above results were analyzed and discussed.     

Polycrystalline ZnO Films Deposited on Glass by RF Reactive Sputtering

Polycrystalline ZnO films were prepared on glass wafer using Zn targets by radio frequency(RF)reactive sputtering technique under different deposition conditions.X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical transmittance spectrum were employed to analyze the structure and optical character of the films.The strain and stress in films, as well as the packing density are calculated in terms of refractive index of films measured with an elliptic polarization analyzer.It is the deposition conditions that have great effects on the structural and optical properties of ZnO films.Under the optimal conditions,the only evident peak in XRD spectrum was (002) peak with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.20° showing the grain size of 42.8 nm.The packing density,the stress in (002) plane and the average optical transmittance in the visible region were about 97%,-1.06×10~9 N/m~2 and 92%, respectively.     

The strong absorption characteristics of ternary one-dimensional photonic crystals with silver layer

In order to achieve broadband and efficient optical absorption, the multiple silver nanolayer was introduced into the photonic crystals to form a one-dimensional ternary periodic symmetric structure. The effects of thickness of each layer on the band range, absorption bandwidth, absorbance and absorption energy field distribution of the solar spectrum high absorption band were studied by the transfer matrix method. The absorption band with wavelength range from 724 nm to 1 188 nm, spectral width of 464 nm, and average absorbance of 0.78 was obtained by structural adjustment. The absorbed energy is mainly distributed in the first half of the symmetrical structure of the photonic crystal. When the thickness of the silver layer decreased from 30 nm to 15 nm, the local energy in each period increased significantly. At the same time, the distribution and transfer of energy in silicon and MgF2 layers can be controlled. The results of this paper can be used to improve the absorption of solar radiation, and provide an important basis for the design of photonic crystal and their application in solar energy utilization.     

Growth of thick CdTe epilayers on GaAs substrates and evaluation of CdTe/n<Superscript>+</Superscript>-GaAs heterojunction diodes for an X-ray imaging detector

The growth characteristics of thick (100) CdTe epitaxial layers of a thickness up to 200 μm on a (100) GaAs substrate in a metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) system and fabrication of CdTe/n⁺-GaAs heterojunction diodes for their possible applications in low-energy x-ray imaging detectors are reported. The grown epilayers were of high structural quality as revealed from the x-ray double-crystal rocking curve (DCRC) analysis, where the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values of the (400) diffraction peaks was between 50 arcsec and 70 arcsec. The 4.2-K photoluminescence (PL) showed high-intensity bound-excitonic emission and very small defect-related peaks. The heterojunction diode fabricated had a good rectification property with a low value of reverse-bias current. The x-ray detection capability of the diode was examined by the time-of-flight (TOF) measurement, where good bias-dependent photoresponse was observed, but no carrier transport property could be deduced. It was found that the CdTe layer has a large number of trapping states as attributed to the cadmium-related vacancy and Ga-impurity, diffused from the substrate, related defect complexes.     

Development of Multilayer Optics for the EUV, Soft X-ray and X-ray Regions in Tongji University

1 Introduction The EUV and X- ray optics has been regarded as one of the important fields in modern optics, having many promising applications in next generation lithography system, astronomical telescope, spectroscopy, plasma diagnostics and X- ray laser. However, in the EUV and X- ray regions, the nature of the complex optical con- stants of all materials makes the realization of the ideal optical elements like ones working in visible region im-possible. The development of EUV and X- ra…     

Solid-phase Crystallization of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon on Glass Substrates

Amorphous silicon films prepared by PECVD on glass substrate have been crystallized by conventional furnace annealing and rapid thermal annealing（RTA）, respectively. From the Raman spectra, X- ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, it is found that the grain size is crystallized at 850 ℃ in both techniques. The thin film made by RTA is smooth and of perfect structure, the thin film annealed by FA has a highly structural disorder. An average grain size of about 30 nm is obtained by both techniques.     

图形衬底上MOCVD生长光学性质改进的GaN

An improved GaN film with low dislocation density was grown on a C-face patterned sapphire substrate （PSS） by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD）. The vapor phase epitaxy starts from the regions with no etched pits and then spreads laterally to form a continuous GaN film. The properties of the GaN film have been investigated by double crystal X-ray diffraction （DCXRD）, atomic force microscopy （AFM） and photoluminescence （PL）, respectively. The full-width at half-maximum （FWHM） of the X-ray diffraction curves （XRCs） for the GaN film grown on PSS in the （0002） plane and the （1012） plane are as low as 312.80 arcsec and 298.08 acrsec, respectively. The root mean square （RMS） of the GaN film grown on PSS is 0.233 nm and the intensity of the PL peak is comparatively strong.     

4H-SiC(004)面双晶衍射摇摆曲线的分析

用X射线双晶衍射法(XRD)对4H-SiC衬底和在该衬底上外延生长的4H-SiC单晶样品(004)面进行测试,在所有样品的测试结果中发现,摇摆曲线主峰左侧160″附近均出现傍肩,并且主峰衍射强度也较低.依据X射线衍射理论对系统射线在测试样品(004)面的衍射峰位展宽进行计算,并对4H-SiC原子结构进行了分析.研究结果证实,摇摆曲线中傍肩的存在与射线源中的Ka2射线参与衍射有关,而相对较低的衍射强度受其(004)面的特殊双层原子结构的影响.     

半导体异质结构材料的X射线晶体衍射测试分析

本文介绍Ｘ射线晶体衍射的测试原理，讨论了半导体薄片异质结构材料Ｘ射线晶体衍射测量中正、负失配，晶片微弯曲，摇摆曲线的对称性，复杂曲线的分解、干涉带等问题。指出了晶体衍射测试结果对ＭＯＣＶＤ、ＬＰＥ工艺调整的重要性。     

AlGaAs／AlAs体系DBR的MOCVD生长及表征

设计并利用MOCVD在（311）GaAs衬底上生长了12．5个周期的Al0．6Ga0．4As／AlAs黄绿光分布式Bragg反射（DBR）体系，测量了白光反光谱及其外延片峰值波长分布，反射率90％以上，波长不均匀性在1．0％以下；利用了X射线双晶衍射对其进行结构表征，580nm波长DBR结构周期为84．5nm。     

GaAs／GaAlAs阴极粘结工艺的X射线双晶衍射测量

分析了ＧａＡｓ／ＧａＡｌＡｓ阴极粘结工艺中应力产生的根源和晶体中应力对Ｘ射线双晶衍射峰的宽度和强度的影响。用Ｘ射线双晶衍射仪测量了阴极和玻璃热粘结工艺过程中阴极材料外延层和衬底的双晶回摆曲线。     

X-Ray diffraction analysis of bandgap-engineered distributed bragg reflectors

Compositionally graded interfaces between constitutive layers of the distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) greatly reduce operating voltages. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) in the characterization of a bandgap-engineered DBR. The final structure of the DBR is determined by comparing the Bragg peak intensities and locations in the x-ray rocking curve measurements with those of dynamical x-ray diffraction simulations. The aluminum concentration of the graded interface region is determined as a function of distance to within 2%. The width of the interface is accurate to within 1.5 nm. Such sensitivity demonstrates the utility of the non-invasive x-ray technique in characterizing not only the DBR, but also the entire VCSEL structure.     

A study of etch pit density and x-ray rocking curves for GaAs substrate evaluation

The relationship of structural defects to the electrical properties of semiconductor materials is discussed. Etch pit density (EPD) measurements are normally used to evaluate dislocation density. A nondestructive, quantitative method for evaluation of substrate defect populations is needed for quality assurance. In this study, double crystal x-ray diffraction rocking curves are investigated for this purpose. Rocking curve widths are determined experimentally for a set of GaAs substrated with a range of EPD. The experimentally determined values are also compared with those calculated from simulated rocking curves based on x-ray diffraction theory. Limited correlation between rocking curve widths and EPD is observed. Formerly of Spectrum Technology Inc., Holliston, MA     

GaAs／GaAsAl阴极粘结X射线双晶衍射测量

分析了ＧａＡｓ／ＧａＡｓＡｌ阴极粘结工艺中应力产生的根源和晶体中应力对Ｘ射线双晶衍射峰的宽度和强度的影响，用Ｘ射线双晶衍射仪测量阴极和玻璃热粘结工艺过程中的阴极材料外延层和衬底的双晶回摆曲线，实验结果表明，ＧａＡｓ／ＧａＡｓＡｌ阴极粘结工艺没有带来明显的附加应力，外延层衍射角的展宽是由于ＧａＡｓ阴极组件窗玻璃的非晶态性所致。     

测定离子注入单晶损伤与应变的双晶(n~v,-n~v)排列方法

依据双晶摇摆曲线的形成原理,提出了一种高分辨率,高灵敏度的测定离子注入单晶损伤与应变的双晶(n~v,—n~v)排列方法。考虑到掠入射情形的色散效应,对掠射角的选择进行了讨论。对Ga注入Si单晶样品的测定证实了(n~v—n~v)排列的优越性,摇摆曲线上得到了未曾见过的细微振荡。     

用X双晶衍射法研究InGaAs/GaAs量子阱结构

用X射线双晶衍射方法对MBE方法生长的InGaAs/GaAs量子阱结构材料进行了测试分析.结果表明,在材料生长过程中,深能级的引入严重影响了材料的光学特性及界面完整性.通过改变衬底温度、V/Ⅲ速流比等实验条件,得到了质量较好的材料.同时对实验样品的双晶衍射回摆曲线中干涉条纹及峰的劈裂现象进行了理论分析.     

RTD纳米薄层的精细控制及X射线双晶衍射测量

在共振隧穿二极管(RTD)的MBE生长中,用双生长速率和束流调制技术实现了RTDnm级薄层的精细控制;用X射线双晶衍射仪扫描并分析了典型双势垒RTD样品的衍射摇摆曲线;用计算机对样品结构进行了动力学模拟分析。结果显示样品异质结界面和晶体质量良好,纳米薄膜的组分和厚度偏差分别控制在2%和3.5%之内,说明薄层的生长得到了精细控制。