粗糙金属和介质目标的太赫兹散射特性分析

太赫兹频段金属和介质粗糙目标的散射特性是研究太赫兹雷达目标特性的重要基础。当目标表面的主曲率半径远远大于入射波长,且粗糙表面高度起伏与斜率起伏远小于入射波长时,根据稳定相位法和标量近似法,可获得粗糙金属和介质目标的相干散射截面和非相干散射截面。基于稳定相位法,任意目标的相干散射截面可退化为粗糙导体、光滑介质和粗糙介质目标的相干散射。该文分析了电大尺寸光滑金属铝和介质白漆球的散射截面,与Mie理论计算的介质球的散射特性吻合,散射截面误差小于0.1 dBm2。采用朗伯定理,验证了粗糙介质球的太赫兹非相干散射精确解,当目标表面剖分精度越高,非相干散射的计算精度越高。该文数值计算了粗糙介质球的太赫兹相干和非相干散射特性,分析了表面粗糙度和表面材料对散射特性的影响,为电大尺寸空间目标太赫兹散射特性分析提供了理论基础。      

分形粗糙表面涂覆目标太赫兹散射特性

该文采用物理光学法方法研究了具有分形粗糙表面的涂覆目标太赫兹散射特性。基于分形粗糙面建立表面粗糙目标模型,根据菲涅尔反射系数得出表面电流分布进而得到涂覆粗糙目标的雷达散射截面。对比分析了具有粗糙表面和光滑目标的散射结果,详细讨论了不同频率、不同涂层厚度的表面粗糙钝锥目标模型的太赫兹散射特性,计算结果表明在太赫兹波段目标表面的粗糙度对散射有显著的影响。      

太赫兹频段粗糙目标散射中心建模研究

太赫兹雷达可获取目标的精细散射特征信息,对于目标探测、成像和识别具有重要意义。针对太赫兹频段雷达目标散射中心建模问题进行讨论,分析了散射中心模型、目标回波和目标图像之间的内在物理关系,并基于粗糙面散射理论中的全波方法和信号处理中的滤波方法提出一种构建目标散射中心模型的方法,可同时描述粗糙目标的传统相干散射中心和非相干面散射行为,为太赫兹频段粗糙目标的散射回波仿真提供了一种有效的描述手段。     

一种太赫兹频段粗糙凸体目标散射计算方法

太赫兹频段下目标散射特性计算需考虑目标表面的粗糙特性和目标材料参数。在对粗糙目标几何建模时,通常的精细面元剖分建模方法使得散射计算问题难以求解。提出确定性建模与统计性建模相结合的粗糙目标几何建模方法,并且基于全波法提出了一种太赫兹频段可计算任意材料、任意粗糙凸体目标散射场的计算方法。通过与通用电磁计算软件计算结果的比较验证了该方法的准确性。     

太赫兹低频段随机粗糙金属板散射特性研究

该文提出了一种高效混合近似算法计算太赫兹频段无限薄金属板的电磁散射特性。在太赫兹低频段,金属目标可以被视为具有微粗糙表面的理想导体,散射场可以分为相干场和非相干场。该文采用物理光学法结合截断劈增量长度绕射系数法和微扰法来计算金属板的电磁散射分布。基于蒙特卡洛方法,分别利用多层快速多极子和提出的混合算法计算太赫兹低频段金属板的雷达散射截面,仿真结果表明该文提出的混合算法能够高效快速地给出太赫兹低频段金属板的电磁散射特性。      

太赫兹频段粗糙表面散射特性研究

当电磁波频率增大到太赫兹频段时，太赫兹波的波长与粗糙表面微结构可比拟。粗糙表面将对太赫兹波的传播机理产生重要影响，散射在传播中将发挥关键作用。当下针对太赫兹频段散射特性的研究主要依靠大规模测量，较难实现。因此，使用建模的方法生成符合实际物理分布的粗糙表面，借助全波仿真的方法研究太赫兹波和表面粗糙度的作用机理是研究太赫兹波散射特性的新途径。提出使用轮廓仪捕获典型材料的物理分布特性，并从中提取粗糙面的关键统计参数。基于蒙特卡罗方法，依据统计参数重建该表面的物理分布。将测量表面和重建表面导入Feko进行全波仿真，比较并验证该研究方案的可行性。     

太赫兹频段金属粗糙表面散射特性

根据基尔霍夫近似理论分析了金属粗糙表面在太赫兹频段的散射规律及影响因素，通过加工不同粗糙度的金属铝板样品，基于远红外激光器搭建的单频点散射特性测量系统及远红外傅里叶光谱仪（FTIR）的宽带反射率测量系统，对粗糙铝板的散射规律进行了实验测量与验证，发现实验测量结果与基尔霍夫近似计算结果具有良好的一致性，证明了峰值散射系数与粗糙度和频率的负相关性，以及与入射角度的正相关性。分析了近似光滑和较大粗糙度两种极限情况下的散射特性，给出了基尔霍夫近似理论在太赫兹频段的适用条件。相关结论为复杂目标散射特性的理论计算奠定了基础，对太赫兹频段雷达相关理论和技术的发展具有重要意义。     

非均匀不稳定表面粗糙目标的太赫兹波段散射特性分析

研究了不同粗糙度的非均匀不稳定表面粗糙导体目标在太赫兹波段的散射特性,区别于采用经验公式的建模方法,提出把随机粗糙面的建模理念应用到太赫兹波段的非均匀不稳定表面粗糙目标的建模中,用描述随机粗糙面的均方根高度(h)和相关长度(l)两个物理量来调节目标表面的粗糙度变化.首先用高斯随机粗糙面模拟非均匀不稳定粗糙目标的表面,然后采用物理光学和等效电流相结合的方法进行仿真计算,分别对不同入射角、不同频率和不同粗糙度的不同非均匀不稳定表面粗糙导体目标,在太赫兹波段散射特性进行了分析,最后得出相关的结论.     

基于FE-BI的介质粗糙面上方涂覆目标电磁散射特性研究

采用有限元-边界积分（finite element boundary integral,FE-BI）方法研究了介质粗糙面上方涂覆目标的复合电磁散射特性,推导了一维介质粗糙面上方二维涂覆目标电磁散射的FE-BI公式.在仿真中,采用功能强大的有限元方法模拟涂覆目标内部场,对于涂覆目标与粗糙面之间的多重耦合作用则通过边界积分方程方法进行考虑.结合Monte-Carlo方法,数值计算了介质高斯粗糙面上方涂覆圆柱目标的电磁散射,分析了涂层材料介电常数、粗糙面粗糙度以及介质粗糙面介电常数变化对复合模型双站散射系数的影响.数值结果表明,相比于传统矩量法（method of moment,MoM）,本文方法虽然在处理理想导体模型时效率略低,但可以处理MoM难以处理的复杂媒质电磁散射问题,且计算精度较高.     

3.11THz标准体雷达散射截面测量

针对太赫兹近场散射特性测量特点,基于CO2激光抽运的太赫兹激光器和双层独立转动平台搭建了一套高频段太赫兹雷达散射截面（RCS）测量系统。利用不锈钢光滑金属球体作为标准定标体验证了系统的可靠性,测量结果与理论值误差小于3 dBsm,系统的信噪比优于24 dB。首次利用该系统开展了3.11 THz频点处不同材料及涂覆层圆形金属平板及不同底面直径圆锥体RCS的测量。通过比较分析发现了表面阳极氧化和喷漆处理的航空铝及P304不锈钢与纯航空铝平板的RCS区别,以及不同底面直径的圆锥体RCS差异,为太赫兹频段复杂目标体RCS的研究奠定基础。     

Analysis of Frequency Selective Surfaces with Metallic and Dielectric Losses at Millimeter Wave Range

In this paper, a theoretical analysis of scattering from a doubly frequency selective surfaces (FSS) with dielectric and metallic losses in the millimeter wave range is presented. The theoretical analysis involves the solution of the electric field integral equation relating the induced current in the FSS in the presence of anisotropic dielectric layers. The method of moment is employed to obtain numerical results. The frequency selective surface structure considered is composed by conducting patch elements sandwiched between two anisotropic dielectric layers. Three different anisotropic materials are considered: Epsilam-10, Alumina, and Sapphire. The sapphire presents low losses when compared with the other two dielectric materials. The most common metals, as copper and aluminum, are considered in this analysis. None significant metallic losses were observed for any considered metal. Numerical results are presented for the scattering characteristics and for dielectric and metallic losses parameters.     

Some scattering results computed by surface-integral-equation and hybrid finite-element - boundary-integral techniques, accelerated by the multilevel fast multipole method

Method-of-moments (MoM) solutions of surface integral equations are especially well suited for scattering computations involving metallic objects. Improved modeling flexibility for dielectric (possibly lossy) and mixed dielectric/metallic bodies is obtained by combining a surface-integral-equation formulation, involving electric and magnetic equivalent surface-current densities, with a volumetric finite-element (FE) model of the dielectric regions. This results in the well-known hybrid FEBI (finite-element-boundary-integral) technique. For many years, hybrid FEBI techniques, as well as stand-alone Bl (surface-integral equation, often just termed MoM) techniques, were restricted to relatively small (with respect to a wavelength) geometries. However, with the development of powerful multilevel fast multipole methods/algorithms (MLFMM/MLFMA), it has become possible to compute a larger variety of practical scattering and radiation problems with the hybrid FEBI-MLFMM technique. In this contribution, we give a short review of our hybrid FEBI-MLFMM approach, with a focus on mixed dielectric/metallic geometries and multiple Bl domains. We then present a variety of scattering results for metallic and mixed dielectric/metallic objects, together with comparisons with measured RCS (radar cross section) data. Broadband computations are used to derive high-resolution range (HRR) profiles of several configurations.     

FDFD full-wave analysis and modeling of dielectric and metalliclosses of CPW short circuits

A finite-difference method in the frequency domain (FDFD) is used to analyze the influence of lossy materials on the scattering behavior of CPW short ends. Not only dielectric losses but also realistic metallic losses are taken into account for the first time in an FDFD method. Both, the numerical results for the three-dimensional structure and the complex propagation constants of the homogeneous waveguide are presented. These are compared with those yielded by an analytical method and shown to be of good agreement. Finally, a simple model is presented, which describes the CPW short end with good accuracy     

Broadband Terahertz Refraction Index Dispersion and Loss of Polymeric Dielectric Substrate and Packaging Materials

In the effort to push the high-frequency performance of electronic circuits and signal interconnects from millimeter waves to beyond 1 THz, a quantitative knowledge of complex refraction index values and dispersion in potential dielectric substrate, encapsulation, waveguide, and packaging materials becomes critical. Here we present very broadband measurements of the real and imaginary index spectra of four polymeric dielectric materials considered for use in high-frequency electronics: benzocyclobutene (BCB), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), the photoresist SU-8, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Reflectance and transmittance spectra from ~ 3 to 75 THz were made using a Fourier transform spectrometer on freestanding material samples. These data were quantitatively analyzed, taking into account multiple partial reflections from front and back surfaces and molecular bond resonances, where applicable, to generate real and imaginary parts of the refraction index as a function of frequency. All materials showed signatures of infrared active organic molecular bond resonances between 10 and 50 THz. Low-loss transmission windows as well as anti-window bands of high dispersion and loss can be readily identified and incorporated into high-frequency design models.     

Experimental validation of surface scattering and emission models

Multifrequency polarimetric scattering and emissivity measurements have been carried out on three experimental dielectric models, characterized by random surfaces with different statistics. The results of the measurements have been compared with simulations obtained through physical models based on the classical approximations of physical optics (PO), geometrical optics (GO), small perturbation (SP), and integral equation model (IEM). The comparison of experimental data with theory has shown that, even when the parameters of the observed surface are well determined and known, some discrepancy may exist between models and measurements. Except for a few cases, this discrepancy is quite small and may be insignificant for many practical applications. The IEM has been proven to have a wider range of applicability with respect to other tested approximations     

Data Extraction from Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy Measurements

The potential of terahertz (THz) time domain spectroscopy to simultaneously determine the complex dielectric parameters of materials and their geometrical thickness is of high interest for scientific spectroscopy and for general metrology. This paper provides an overview of the background of the data extraction from THz measurements and discusses the accuracy and ambiguity of this extraction process. It is shown that the signal to noise ratio of the measurement as well as the bandwidth of the accessible THz spectrum define the limitation of the achievable accuracy in the data extraction.     

Electromagnetic THz Radiation Modeling by DPSM

THz or T-ray imaging and spectroscopy are becoming increasingly popular nondestructive evaluation techniques for damage detection and characterization of materials. In order to understand the interaction between the T-ray electromagnetic waves and dielectric media a reliable model of electromagnetic wave propagation through dielectric materials must be developed. A recently developed semi-analytical method called the distributed point source method (DPSM) is extended to model electromagnetic wave propagation in THz range. Since T-ray signals generated by emitters or sources are close to Gaussian beams, the DPSM modeling is carried out for Gaussian beams generated by finite sized emitters. The DPSM generated results are compared with the analytical and experimental results. T-ray propagation in layered structures in absence of any anomaly and the interaction between the Gaussian beam and the spherical scatterer are also investigated.     

Evaluation of layer properties of effective parameters of metallic rod metamaterials in GHz frequencies

In this paper, analytical modeling and numerical simulation of the complex effective dielectric, magnetic constants and refractive index of a metallic rod metamaterial in microwave frequency range are presented. Analytical modeling has been done using modified mathematical models of the complex dielectric and magnetic constants obtained for rod metamaterial structure. Numerical simulation of the above-mentioned parameters has been made using S-parameters obtained with the help of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations. The numerical simulation has been carried out for different thickness of rods. Remarkable coincidence between analytical and numerical results was found. The effective dielectric constant enhancement of the considered composite has been obtained. Recommendations for the practical application of considered metamaterial structure for designing patch antennas have been discussed.     

Scattering from an infinite cylinder of small radius embedded intoa dielectric one

In this paper the scattering from an infinite metallic or dielectric cylinder of electrically small radius, embedded into a dielectric cylinder, is considered. The problem is solved by the method of separation of variables, in conjunction with translational addition theorems. Analytical expressions are obtained for the scattered field and the various scattering cross-sections, when the radius of the inner cylinder is electrically small. Both polarizations are considered for normal incidence. Numerical results are given for various values of the parameters and for metallic or dielectric inner cylinder