220GHz高功率同轴谐振腔回旋管

介绍了220 GHz同轴腔回旋管的设计,工作模式为TE04圆电模式.采用自洽非线性理论对谐振腔的工作参数进行了参数优化,选取工作电压50 k V,工作电流10 A,工作磁场8.4 Tesla.设计的同轴型双阳极磁控注入式电子枪,电子注速度横纵比1.5,速度零散5.2%.并采用粒子模拟方法进行了整管仿真.理论计算与粒子模拟结果表明,设计的220 GHz同轴腔回旋管有望获得200 k W以上的输出功率与40%以上的互作用效率.     

170 GHz回旋管电子枪的设计

170 GHz回旋管是等离子体核聚变中电子回旋谐振加热的理想功率源,在功率上要求具有1 MW以上的输出功率.要产生这么大的输出功率,就需要具有足够大横向能量的电子注与高频场的横向电场进行互作用,因此要对电子枪进行专门的设计.利用绝热压缩理论及相关的仿真软件对双阳极磁控注入电子枪进行了设计,得到了较好的电子注参数.所设计的电子枪能在工作电压80 kV、工作电流40 A 的条件下为170 GHz 基波回旋管提供所需的回旋电子注,其引导中心半径为8.27 mm,横纵速度比1.5.     

高次谐波大回旋太赫兹振荡器多模工作特性

设计了一支可工作于4～9次谐波的大回旋太赫兹振荡管,借助于三维粒子模拟,研究了设计的大回旋振荡管注-波互作用机理、高次谐波工作特性、谐波模式间竞争等关键特性。结果表明,通过调节磁场强度,可以在多个相邻谐波处连续激发振荡,实现频率为240 GHz到460 GHz之间的太赫兹波辐射,最大辐射功率为19kW。同时研究了第7、8和9次谐波模式之间的竞争,讨论了实现稳定注-波互作用和高次谐波状态下单模工作的方法。此外,论文还对不同谐波状态下的欧姆损耗功率进行了研究。     

35GHz三次谐波低电压回旋管理论研究

用动力学理论分析了三次谐波复合腔回旋管中的注-波互作用,选取了工作点;建立了突变复合腔回旋管的自洽非线性理论模型,该模型既考虑了电子和高频场的自洽相互作用又考虑了复合腔过渡部分模式的耦合,基于该理论模型,对一只三次谐波35GHz突变结构复合腔回旋管中电子注与H₆₁-H₆₂高频场互作用进行了数值模拟,当电流20A,磁场为0.442T时,互作用效率为24%,输出功率为210kW.     

W波段三次谐波回旋振荡管的模拟与设计

研究了影响毫米波谐波回旋管互作用效率的多个因素,通过采用三次谐波工作,94 GHz回旋管的工作磁场降低到了1.185 T,使采用永磁体取代超导磁体成为可能.利用自洽非线性计算和粒子模拟研究了回旋振荡管的注-波互作用过程,发现了腔体品质因数与互作用效率的内在联系,研究了工作电压和电子注横纵速率比对耦合强度的影响,考虑了磁场渐变及电子注速度离散对互作用效率的影响,通过选择合理的工作模式和系统参数,当工作电压为40 kV、工作电流为12 A、电子注横向速度离散为3%时获得了95 kW的输出功率及19.7%的效率.当采用单级降压收集极后,效率可以进一步提高到39.2%.     

W波段低电压三次谐波回旋振荡管

回旋振荡管采用三次谐波工作方式的互作用磁场只有基波状态磁场的三分之一,可有效降低设计难度,具有广阔的应用前景。通过对三段式单腔结构的耦合系数、起振电流、高频场分布、模式竞争以及注波互作用研究,确定了工作模式为TE03的W波段低电压三次谐波回旋振荡管的基本工作参数;通过粒子模拟软件(PIC)模拟分析,在电子注电压、注电流及速度比分别为35 kV、4 A和1.6时,在93.7 GHz频点处获得15.57 kW的输出功率,效率约11.1%,且该管可在此工作模式下稳定工作。     

140 GHz共焦波导结构回旋行波管放大器

为减少太赫兹回旋器件模式密度和降低模式竞争问题,利用具有模式选择特点的共焦波导结构作为140 GHz回旋行波管(Gyro-TWT)的高频互作用系统。在理论分析基础上,建立注波互作用计算模型并对其进行数值计算;通过对共焦波导高频场分布、衍射损耗、耦合系数以及注波互作用效率等输出参量的分析,选择HE06作为工作模式,确定了140 GHz Gyro-TWT放大器的基本结构和工作参数,并利用注波互作用非线性理论进行分析。模拟结果表明：在注电压为35 kV,注电流2 A,速度比为0.75时,该高频结构在140 GHz频点获得12 kW峰值输出功率,17.1%电子效率和38 dB饱和增益,3 dB带宽达到6 GHz。     

频率可调太赫兹回旋振荡管互作用电路的设计与研究

根据动态核极化核磁共振成像技术对回旋振荡管的要求,设计了130 GHz 回旋振荡管的注波互作用电路,基于线性理论对互作用电路进行了研究并选择了合适的工作点,分析了电路的频率调节特性。利用相对论电子回旋脉塞非线性理论对互作用系统进行了模拟和计算,优化了工作参数,计算了磁场及电子注参数对输出功率及效率的影响。最后,用粒子模拟方法进行了模拟并与非线性理论结果进行了比较,两者符合得很好。模拟结果显示,当电压为10 kV、电流为0.3 A、磁场强度由2.34 T 增加到2.41 T 时,输出功率由1310 W 减小到230 W,对应的效率分别为43.6%和7.7%,振荡管的频率可调范围约为2.7 GHz。     

220 GHz回旋速调管放大器互作用理论的研究

应用注波互作用非自洽非线性模拟程序,对220GHz回旋速调管放大器的注波互作用进行了研究;分析了工作电流、工作电压、直流磁场对电子注效率影响。模拟结果表明,设计出的双腔回旋速调管放大器的电子效率为48%,相应的输出功率为20 kW。     

94GHz渐变复合腔回旋管的设计与实验

根据注-波互作用自洽非线性理论,设计了一种二次谐波回旋管的渐变复合腔结构,并进行了数值模拟;通过采用波纹波导结构和不同的相位重匹配技术进行优化分析,设计了一种94GHz波纹波导模式转换器;根据模拟计算结果研制出了94GHz渐变复合腔二次谐波回旋管。实际测试的结果表明：所研制的回旋管在电子注电压50kV,电流8．8A,工作磁场1．56T时工作频率为94．2GHz,峰值输出功率为115kW,平均输出功率为3kW,效率为26％。     

An Ultrahigh-order-mode, Higher-harmonic Coaxial Gyrotron Oscillator in Sub-terahertz Wave Range

A coaxial cavity gyrotron oscillator at a frequency of 0.34 THz is studied, which operates with a quite low magnetic field of 4.55 Tesla at the third cyclotron harmonic of the ultrahigh-order mode TE_43,4. Properly choosing the depth of the longitudinal corrugations on the inner rod and optimizing the electron-beam position significantly suppress the mode competition. Nonlinear multimode simulations show the feasibility of the single-mode operation with an output power of 163 kW by using an electron beam with a voltage of 70kV and a current of 30A, which corresponds to an interaction efficiency of 9.2 % with maxim density of ohmic losses 2.9 kW/cm².     

Numerical Study of Interaction Efficiency for a 170GHz Megawatt-Level Coaxial-Gyrotron

The beam-wave interaction efficiency of a 170 GHz megawatt-level corrugated coaxial-gyrotron operating with TE31,12 mode was studied numerically.According to the self-consistent nonlinear theory,the efficiencies of two types of coaxial resonator were calculated and compared.Taking into account electronic velocity spread and cavity wall resistivity,the beam-wave interactions of improved cavity were investigated.The relationships between efficiency and magnetic field,voltage,current,beam radius,velocity ratio,and parameters of groove are presented.The results show that the voltage and magnetic field have great influence on efficiency,but the current and velocity spread do slightly.The optimized geometry parameters can improve efficiency,reduce the impact of velocity spread on efficiency,and achieve around 48.6％ electronic efficiency and 1.7MW output power at 5％ velocity spread and 6.896×10-8Ωm resistivity.     

X波段同轴腔多注速调管的研究

开展了具有同轴谐振腔互作用电路和双模工作杆控电子枪的X波段同轴腔双模多注速调管的研究工作.结合数值计算和冷测实验,对工作于TM₃₁₀高次模的同轴谐振腔模式分布和特性参数进行研究,获得了可满足多注速调管要求的谐振腔特性阻抗和良好的模式稳定性.采用具有双控制极的新型杆控多注电子枪及电子光学系统,可使多注速调管具有双模的新工作特性,通过数值模拟获得了优化的几何参数和具有良好层流性和波动性的空心多电子注.对采用6个电子注和5个谐振腔的X波段多注速调管进行了注波互作用大信号计算,结果表明当电子注电压为21.5kV,脉冲电流为14.4A时,可在30MHz频带范围内获得的100kW左右的脉冲输出功率,互作用效率大于30%,增益大于36dB.     

Numerical simulation of mode interaction in 170 GHz/1 MW gyrotrons for iter

The paper presents an advanced method for and results of calculating main parameters of CW 170 GHz/1 MW gyrotrons operating at the TE_28.7 and TE_31.8 modes for ITER. Parameters are optimized to achieve maximum efficiency of the gyrotron with an acceptable Ohmic load on the cavity. Numerical modeling of starting up a gyrotron with an optimized cavity and processes of mode interaction are discussed.     

一种复合腔回旋管注波互作用的数值模拟和分析

该文基于电磁粒子模拟技术,对一种Ka波段基波渐变复合腔回旋管振荡器的注波互作用过程进行了详细的模拟计算,分析了腔体几何参数、电子注半径、工作电流及工作磁场变化对互作用效率的影响,讨论了工作模式的稳定性。模拟结果表明,适当选择上述参数,在70kV,17A及速度比1.5的电子注推动下,平均功率可达716kW,互作用效率大于60%,且工作稳定。     

Numerical Study of Mode Competition in Coaxial Cavity Gyrotrons with Corrugated Insert

A time-dependent self-consistent multimode code which allows to model the interaction between the modes of a coaxial cavity gyrotron operating at the fundamental and/or at higher harmonics of the cyclotron frequency is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) is used to obtain a rigorous solution of the eigenvalue problem for a coaxial waveguide with corrugated insert. It is shown that the use of the Surface Impedance Model for the calculation of modes operating at higher harmonics leads to incorrect results in high-power coaxial cavity gyrotrons. However, the numerical simulations based on the MoM agree well with the available experimental results.     

太赫兹二次谐波回旋振荡器时域多模分析

推导了时域多模公式并结合频域单模理论对394 GHz二次谐波回旋管进行了模式激励及模式互作用分析.当工作电压为15 kV,工作磁场为7.185 T,工作电流为0.25 A时,在频域单模稳态计算中TE_(261-)~2不能起振,工作模式TE_(261+)~2达到稳定振荡;时域多模仿真结果显示TE_(261+)~2和TE_(261-)~2均能在393.87 GH稳定振荡,TE_(261+)~2在最终振荡中占主导地位,其输出功率和效率分别为136.8 W、3.6%,两者获得的工作模式的输出特性完全吻合.     

Numerical Analysis of Weakly Relativistic Large Orbit Gyrotron with Permanent Magnet System

High-harmonic gyro-devices with axis-encircling electron beams known as large orbit gyrotrons (LOG) represent an appealing alternative to the conventional gyrotrons. In this paper we investigate the feasibility of such device operating with low current and low energy electron beams formed by a novel electron gun with a permanent magnet system. The results from the numerical experiments indicate the possibility to excite TE₄₁ mode at fourth harmonic of the cyclotron frequency. Simulations predict generation of microwave radiation with frequency 104 GHz and output power near 1 kW.     

Development of multimegawatt gyrotrons for fusion plasma heating and current drive

High-frequency gyrotrons with high output power are mainly used for microwave heating and current drive in plasmas for thermonuclear fusion. The development of high-power gyrotrons in continuous wave (CW) operation has been in progress for several years in a joint collaboration between different European research centers and an industrial partner. The status of the development of the 140-GHz continuously operating gyrotrons with an output power of 1 MW for the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X will be described. An output power of 890 kW has been achieved with a pulse length of 3 min. limited by the available high-voltage power supply at an electron beam current of 40 A. At a reduced beam current of 27 A , an output power of 540 kW was measured with a pulse length of 939 s. For the next fusion plasma device international thermonuclear experimental reactor, gyrotrons with a higher output power of about 2 MW are desirable. In short-pulse experiments, the feasibility of fabrication of coaxial cavity gyrotrons with an output power up to 2 MW, CW, has been demonstrated, and the information necessary for a technical design has been obtained. An output power of 2.2 MW has been reached in stable operation (without mode competition). At the nominal output power of 1.5 MW an efficiency of 48% could be obtained with single-stage depressed collector. The development of frequency tunable gyrotrons operating in the range from 105 to 140 GHz for stabilization of current driven plasma instabilities in fusion plasma devices (neoclassical tearing modes) is another task in the development of gyrotrons at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe.     

Calculation of a Hyperbolic Corrugated Horn Converting the TEM<Subscript>00</Subscript> Mode to the HE<Subscript>11</Subscript> Mode

Corrugated waveguide transmission lines are in use to transmit high power mm-wave radiation from gyrotrons to the plasma for electron cyclotron plasma heating in tokamaks such as ITER. The coupling efficiency of the gyrotron output radiation formed as a quasi-Gaussian beam to the waveguide mode is a critical issue. A hyperbolic corrugated horn serves as a converter of the TEM₀₀ Gaussian mode to the HE₁₁ mode of a corrugated waveguide. We report the design of a hyperbolic horn for application in the ITER transmission line at 170 GHz. The theoretical conversion efficiency of the horn is higher than 0.995.